The link between aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and resource gradients generated by complex terrain (solar radiation, nutrients, and moisture) has been established in the literature. Belowground ecosystem stocks and functions, such as soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and belowground productivity have also been related to the same topography and resource distributions, and therefore it is expected that they share spatial and temporal patterns with ANPP. However, stand structure on complex terrain is a function of multiple trajectories of forest development that interact with existing resource gradients, creating feedbacks that complicate the relationships between resource availability and ANPP. On a 96 ha forested watershed in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Western Cascades range of Oregon, spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the secondary succession of a replanted Pseudotsuga menziesii stand following harvest results from the interaction of stand composition and abiotic drivers and may create unique "hot spots" and "hot moments" that complicate gradient relationships. In this dissertation, I tested the hypotheses that (chapter 3) multiple successional trajectories exist and can be predicted from a general linear model using specific topographic, historical, and biological parameters and that an estimated "maximum ANPP" may better represent stand characteristics than ANPP measured at a particular moment in time. I also test that (chapter 4) the distribution of light fraction carbon (LFC; C with a density of less than 1.85 g/cm��) is spatially variable, elevated on hardwood-initiated sites (hardwood biomass > 50% of biomass), and positively correlated with litter fall and ANPP. Chapter 4 also tests that heavy fraction carbon (HFC; C with a density of greater than 1.85 g/cm��) is a function of both soil mineralogy, stand composition, and ANPP, such that edges observed spatially in site mineralogy (changes in soil type) are reflected in sharp changes in the composition of the forest community and the magnitude of HFC stores. Finally, I hypothesized (chapter 5) that in complex terrain, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export can be predicted from landform characteristics, relates to ANPP, and may be measured by several methods which are well-correlated with one another. In chapter 6, I discuss how litter fall measurements can be extrapolated to a watershed extent, and use litter fall as an example of the error that can occur in scaling up measurements taken at a small scale, within a heterogeneous stand on complex terrain, to a landscape scale extent. / Graduation date: 2013

Se estudia el ciclo del carbono en diferentes usos del suelo (uso forestal, campo agrícola abandonado y olivar de secano) de un ecosistema mediterráneo ante la perspectiva del cambio climático. La hipótesis general de esta tesis es que los cambios en los patrones (estructura y distribución espacial) y tipo de vegetación resultantes de la intensificación de los usos del suelo causarán alteraciones en las condiciones microclimáticas (temperatura y humedad del suelo) y en las características del micrositio (comunidades microbianas del suelo, calidad de los detritos procedentes de la vegetación, patrones de escorrentía y erosión del suelo), que afectarán a los flujos de carbono (entradas y salidas), a los factores que controlan dichos flujos y a la capacidad de secuestro de carbono del ecosistema. Para validar dicha hipótesis se plantean los siguientes objetivos generales: i) caracterizar los reservorios y los flujos de carbono; ii) evaluar la importancia relativa de los diferentes componentes del balance de carbono; e iii) identificar los factores que controlan los flujos de carbono más importantes que regulan la capacidad subterránea de secuestro del mismo en un gradiente de intensificación de usos del suelo. / This thesis provides a useful database of carbon (C) pools and fluxes under different land uses (open forest, old-field, olive grove) in a dry Mediterranean ecosystem of Southeast Spain. To understand how global climate change and alterations in land use are affecting Mediterranean soil biogeochemical processes, I completed four studies that investigated the different C components within the C balance of each land use type, the interactions between them, and their controlling factors. The main objectives were: 1) to quantify C pools and fluxes (outputs and inputs) under different land uses over a three-year period (2006-2009); 2) to compare two C balance approaches based on steady-state or non-steady-state conditions in order to assess the relative importance of the different C fluxes within the C balance of each land use type; and 3) to identify the factors controlling the main C fluxes within each land use type.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T19:48:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndersonTSF_TESE_ Capa_ate_pag22.pdf: 11459625 bytes, checksum: fd30a979bc39cf6180f782c772106ee3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-16 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This paper presents models of parameters of Sea Surface Layer (SSL), such as chlorophyll-a, sea surface temperature (SST), Primary Productivity (PP) and Total Suspended Matter (TSM) for the region adjacent to the continental shelf of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil. Concentrations of these parameters measured in situ were compared in time quasi-synchronous with images AQUA-MODIS between the years 2003 to 2011. Determination coefficients between samples in situ and bands reflectance sensor AQUA-MODIS were representative. From that, concentrations of SSL parameters were acquired for the continental shelf of the RN (eastern and northern) analyzing the geographic distribution of variation of these parameters between the years 2009-2012. Geographical and seasonal variations mainly influenced by global climate phenomena such as El Ni?o and La Ni?a, were found through the analysis of AQUA-MODIS images by Principal Components Analysis (PCA). Images show qualitatively the variance and availability of TSM in the regions, as well as their relationship with coastal erosion hotspots, monitored along the coast of the RN. In one of the areas identified as being of limited availability of TSM, we developed a methodology for assessment and evaluation of Digital Elevation Models (DEM) of beach surfaces (emerged and submerged sections) from the integration of topographic and bathymetric data measured in situ and accurately georeferenced compatible to studies of geomorphology and coastal dynamics of short duration. The methodology consisted of surveys with GNSS positioning operated in cinematic relative mode involved in topographic and bathymetric executed in relation to the stations of the geodetic network of the study area, which provided geodetic link to the Brazilian Geodetic System (GBS), univocal , fixed, and relatively stable over time. In this study Ponta Negra Beach, Natal / RN, was identified as a region with low variance and availability of MPS in the region off, as characterized by intense human occupation and intense coastal erosion in recent decades, which presents potential of the proposed methodology for accuracy and productivity, and the progress achieved in relation to the classical methods of surveying beach profiles / Este trabalho apresenta modelos de par?metros da Camada Superficial do Mar (CSM), tais como: Clorofila-a, Temperatura da Superf?cie do Mar (TSM), Produtividade Prim?ria (PP) e Material Particulado em Suspen??o (MPS), para a regi?o adjacente a plataforma continental do Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brasil. Concentra??es desses par?metros medidos in situ foram comparadas em tempo quase-s?ncronos com imagens AQUAMODIS entre os anos de 2003 at? 2011. Coeficientes de determina??o foram representativos entre as amostras in situ e as bandas de reflect?ncia do sensor AQUAMODIS. A partir disso, concentra??es de par?metros da CSM foram adquiridos para a plataforma continental do RN (Plataforma Oriental e Setentrional) analisando a distribui??o geogr?fica da varia??o desses par?metros entre os anos de 2009-2012. Varia??es geogr?ficas e sazonais influenciadas principalmente por fen?menos clim?ticos globais como o fen?meno El Ni?o e La Ni?a, foram constatadas atrav?s das an?lises das imagens AQUA-MODIS por an?lise de Principais Componentes (PC). As imagens apontam de maneira qualitativa a vari?ncia e disponibilidade do MPS nas regi?es, assim como sua rela??o com hotspots de eros?o costeira, monitorados ao longo do litoral do RN. Em uma das regi?es identificadas como sendo de pouca disponibilidade de MPS, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para levantamento e avalia??o de Modelos Digitais de Eleva??o (MDE) de superf?cies praiais (setores emersos e submersos) a partir da integra??o de dados topogr?ficos e batim?tricos mensurados in situ e georreferenciados com precis?o compat?vel aos estudos de geomorfologia e din?mica costeira de curta dura??o. A metodologia desenvolvida consistiu de levantamentos com posicionamentos GNSS operados no modo relativo cinem?tico envolvidos nos levantamentos topogr?ficos e batim?tricos executados em rela??o ?s esta??es da rede geod?sica da ?rea de estudo, que forneceram referencial geod?sico vinculado ao Sistema Geod?sico Brasileiro (SGB), o qual ? un?voco, fixo e relativamente est?vel no tempo. No estudo foi apresentado a Praia de Ponta Negra, Natal/RN, identificada como uma regi?o com baixa vari?ncia e disponibilidade de MPS ao largo, assim como, caracterizada por intensa ocupa??o antr?pica e intensa eros?o costeira nas ?ltimas d?cadas, no qual s?o apresentadas as potencialidades da metodologia proposta, quanto ? acur?cia e produtividade, al?m dos avan?os alcan?ados em rela??o aos m?todos cl?ssicos de levantamento de perfis de praia

Les lacs piègent des particules sédimentaires au fil du temps de manière à former des archives sédimentaires. Tracer l’origine des particules archivées avec une résolution stratigraphique particulièrement détaillée conduit à reconstituer une ou des informations paléoenvironnementales permettant d’identifier les changements environnementaux passés. Afin de décrypter ces informations, les techniques d’analyse des carottes sédimentaires nécessitent d’identifier des marqueurs de leur composition à haute résolution. L’imagerie l’hyperspectrale demeure une des rares techniques capables de représenter ces marqueurs en deux dimensions pour caractériser les variations de la composition du sédiment et les structures stratigraphiques les plus fines. Dans ce mémoire, le potentiel de l’imagerie est mis en valeur à travers l’étude de plusieurs cas. L’objectif est de reconstituer des changements environnementaux à partir de l’origine des matières organiques (MO) sédimentaires à hauterésolution rapidement et sans destruction des archives. Plusieurs marqueurs hyperspectraux permettant de comprendre l’origine des MO sont développés sur deux sites d’étude choisis pour leur potentielle signature organique sédimentaire. Dans un environnement méditerranéen, les apports en MO détritique dans les sédiments du lac Bresson tracent les épisodes d'incendie du couvert forestier alors que les variations de carbone organique total (COT) dans une série d’archives sédimentaires reconstruisent les fluctuations de l’érosion glaciaire dans un lac arctique. Dans ces deux cas, la MO d’origine détritique est tracée pour la première fois par une méthode non-destructive et le traçage de la MO issue de la productivitéprimaire aquatique (plus classique) est amélioré par un nouvel indice spectroscopique. Ces marqueurs sont validés par des méthodes utilisées en routine (HPLC, comptage des particules de charbon, pyrolyse Rock-Eval 6) puis calibrés par ces techniques pour reconstruire des concentrations en COT à haute résolution. L’imagerie hyperspectrale permet donc de tracer lacomposition sédimentaire, voire des variations géochimiques, pour quantifier l'origine des apports organiques. Ces résultats apparaissent comme prometteurs et fournissent les bases essentielles pour développer l'utilisation en routine de cette nouvelle technique afin de reconstituer finement les changements environnementaux passés. / Over time, lakes trap sedimentary particles that form sedimentary reserves. Tracing the origin of those particles with a precise stratigraphic resolution, involves reconstituting one or more paleo environmental information thus allowing the identification of past environmental changes. Decrypting that information requires a sedimentary carrot analysis technic to identify their high resolution composition indicators. Hyperspectral imagery remains one of the rare technics capable of showing those indicators in a two dimensional form so as to characterize the variations in the composition of the sediment as well as the finer stratigraphic structures. In comparison to the methods used routinely, hyperspectral imagery is a highresolution (nanometers resolution) technic that does not destroy the core of the sediment and is time efficient (1 hour per meter of sediment). In this thesis, the potential of the high resolution imagery is highlighted through the study of several case studies. The aim is to reconstitute environmental changes based on the origin of high resolution sedimentary organic matter (OM) quickly whilst preserving their history. Several hyperspectral indicators have been developed on two carefully chosen study sites to understand the origins of those OM. Those sites were chosen based on their potential sedimentary organic signature. In a Mediterranean environment, detrital OM inputs in the Bresson lake give a history of the various forest fires whereas the organic carbon variations in a series of reserve sediments, reconstruct the fluctuations of glacier erosion in an artic lake. In both cases, the OM of detrital origin is traced for the first time through a non-destructive method. Tracing OM issued from Primary aquatic production is improved with a new spectroscopic index. These indicators are validated by the methods routinely used (HPLC and RE6) then are calibrated by these technics in order to rebuilt high resolution COT concentrations. Hyperspectral imagery allows to trace the sedimentary composition and to see geo chemical variations in order to quantify the origin of organic inputs. Those results seem promising and bring essential foundations to develop the routine use of this new technic in order to reconstitute accurately past environmental changes.

Using a comparative spatial and temporal analysis on sediment cores from 8 lakes in the Mackenzie River Delta uplands region, NT, Canada, this study assessed how persistent organic pollutant (POP) deposition to lake sediments was affected by: (1) the presence of retrogressive thaw slumps on lake shores; and (2) changes occurring with increased autochthonous primary productivity. POPs examined included polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), penta- and hexachlorobenzenes (CBzs), and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and metabolites (DDTs). Surface sediments of slump-affected lakes contained higher total organic carbon (TOC)-normalized POP concentrations than nearby reference lakes unaffected by thaw slumps. Inorganic sedimentation rates were positively related to contaminant concentrations, suggesting that the influx of siliciclastic material reducing organic carbon in slump-affected lake water indirectly results in higher concentrations of POPs on sedimentary organic matter. This explanation was corroborated by an inverse relationship between sedimentary POP concentrations and TOC content of the lake water. Deposition proxies of autochthonous carbon were not significantly correlated to POP fluxes of surface sediments, and historical profile fluctuations did not coincide with variation in POP deposition. Thus this study does not support the contention that algal-derived organic carbon increases the delivery of organic pollutants to sediments (the algal-scavenging hypothesis), as previously proposed for mercury. Higher POP concentrations observed in surface sediments of slump-affected lakes are best explained by simple solvent switching processes of hydrophobic contaminants onto a lower pool of available organic carbon when compared to neighbouring lakes unaffected by thaw slump development.

Using a comparative spatial and temporal analysis on sediment cores from 8 lakes in the Mackenzie River Delta uplands region, NT, Canada, this study assessed how persistent organic pollutant (POP) deposition to lake sediments was affected by: (1) the presence of retrogressive thaw slumps on lake shores; and (2) changes occurring with increased autochthonous primary productivity. POPs examined included polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), penta- and hexachlorobenzenes (CBzs), and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and metabolites (DDTs). Surface sediments of slump-affected lakes contained higher total organic carbon (TOC)-normalized POP concentrations than nearby reference lakes unaffected by thaw slumps. Inorganic sedimentation rates were positively related to contaminant concentrations, suggesting that the influx of siliciclastic material reducing organic carbon in slump-affected lake water indirectly results in higher concentrations of POPs on sedimentary organic matter. This explanation was corroborated by an inverse relationship between sedimentary POP concentrations and TOC content of the lake water. Deposition proxies of autochthonous carbon were not significantly correlated to POP fluxes of surface sediments, and historical profile fluctuations did not coincide with variation in POP deposition. Thus this study does not support the contention that algal-derived organic carbon increases the delivery of organic pollutants to sediments (the algal-scavenging hypothesis), as previously proposed for mercury. Higher POP concentrations observed in surface sediments of slump-affected lakes are best explained by simple solvent switching processes of hydrophobic contaminants onto a lower pool of available organic carbon when compared to neighbouring lakes unaffected by thaw slump development.