Additiv tillverkning (AT) eller 3D-utskrivning är en teknologi som har berömts den senaste tiden och förutsägs kommer att förändra hela tillverkningsindustrin. Dessa termer hänvisar båda till ett antal tillverkningstekniker där ett objekt framställs skikt för skikt genom att successivt tillföra material i tunna lager.Baserat på en litteraturstudie och intervjuer med experter inom området undersöker denna studie möjligheten att använda AT inom företaget CJ Automotive (CJA) vilket är en underleverantör inom fordonsindustrin som tillverkar olika slags pedalsystem. Rapporten beskriver additiv tillverkning, dess fördelar och olika användningsområden. Olika AT-tekniker, AT-material och välkända 3D-skrivartillverkare presenteras. Signifikanta fakta rörande både kvalitet, kostnad och teknik redogörs för. Även en jämförelse mellan olika tekniker redovisas.Denna rapport innehåller riktlinjer för hur ett företag ska tänka och vilka faktorer som är viktiga vid val av rätt 3D-skrivarteknik. Studien pekar på att det finns många fördelar med att utnyttja 3D-skrivare under utvecklingsprocessen på företaget. Detta kommer att påskynda utvecklingsprocessen och eventuellt förbättra produkterna till följd av mer flexibilitet och designmöjligheter. Slutligen föreslås två AT-tekniker som tycks vara de lämpligaste med tanke på företagets verksamhet. / Program: Högskoleingenjörsexamen i Maskiningenjörprogrammet - Produktutveckling

Os Processos de Decisão de Markov (PDMs) são uma importante ferramenta de planejamento e otimização em ambientes que envolvem incertezas. Contudo a especificação e representação computacional das distribuições de probabilidades subjacentes a PDMs é uma das principais dificuldades de utilização desta ferramenta. Este trabalho propõe duas estratégias para representação destas probabilidades de forma compacta e eficiente. Estas estratégias utilizam redes Bayesianas e regularidades entre os estados e as variáveis. As estratégias apresentadas são especialmente úteis em sistemas onde as variáveis têm muitas categorias e possuem forte inter-relação. Além disso, é apresentada a aplicação destes modelos no gerenciamento de grupos de impressoras (um problema real da indústria e que motivou o desenvolvimento do trabalho) permitindo que estas atuem coletiva e não individualmente. O último tópico discutido é uma análise comparativa da mesma aplicação utilizando Lógica Difusa. / Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) are an important tool for planning and optimization in environments under uncertainty. The specification and computational representation of the probability distributions underlying MDPs are central difficulties for their application. This work proposes two strategies for representation of probabilities in a compact and efficient way. These strategies use Bayesian networks and regularities among states and variables. The proposed strategies are particularly useful in systems whose variables have many categories and have strong interrelation. This proposal has been applied to the management of clusters of printers, a real problem that in fact motivated the work. Markov Decision Processes are then used to allow printers to act as a group, and not just individually. The work also presents a comparison between MDPs and Fuzzy Logic in the context of clusters of printers.

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) is widely used in many industries that needs high speed machining of the parts with high precision, accuracy and good surface finish. In order to avail this the generation of the CNC part program size will be immensely big and leads to an inefficient process, which increases the delivery time and cost of products. This work presents the automation of high-accuracy CNC tool trajectory planning from CAD to G-code generation through optimal NURBs surface approximation. The proposed optimization method finds the minimum number of NURBS control points for a given admissible theoretical cord error between the desired and manufactured surfaces. The result is a compact part program that is less sensitive to data starvation than circular and spline interpolations with potential better surface finish. The proposed approach is demonstrated with the tool path generation of an involute gear profile and a topologically optimized structure is developed using this approach and then finally it is 3D printed.

O aumento na longevidade humana fez surgir uma série de doenças com a idade; em contrapartida o avanço da medicina possibilitou o diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento de várias doenças antes incuráveis. Esse cenário atual estendese também aos animais domésticos (cães e gatos - PETs) que dobraram sua expectativa de vida nas últimas décadas, fato que os humanos demoraram séculos para alcançar. Do mesmo modo que os humanos, esse aumento na longevidade dos animais veio acompanhado de doenças relacionadas com a idade, entre elas o câncer. Uma das terapias utilizadas atualmente no tratamento do câncer é a radioterapia, técnica que utiliza a radiação ionizante para destruir as células tumorais (volume-alvo) com mínimo prejuízo aos tecidos circunvizinhos sadios (órgãos de risco). Essa técnica exige a realização periódica de testes de controle de qualidade, incluindo a dosimetria com a utilização de objetos simuladores equivalentes ao tecido, de modo a verificar a dose de radiação recebida pelo paciente em tratamento e compará-la posteriormente com a dose de radiação calculada pelo sistema de planejamento. A rápida expansão do mercado de impressoras 3D abriu caminho para uma revolução na área da saúde. Atualmente os objetos simuladores por impressão 3D estão sendo usados em planejamentos de Radioterapia para a localização espacial e mapeamento das curvas de isodose, realizando, assim, um planejamento mais personalizado para cada campo de radiação, além da confecção de implantes dentais, customização de próteses e confecção de bólus. Diante do exposto esse trabalho projetou e desenvolveu um objeto simulador chamado de \"Canis Morphic\" utilizando uma impressora 3D e materiais tecido-equivalentes para a realização dos testes de controle de qualidade e otimização das doses na área de Radioterapia em animais (cães). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram-se promissores na área de criação de simuladores por impressão 3D, com materiais de baixo custo, para aplicação no controle de qualidade em Radioterapia veterinária. / The increase in human longevity caused a number of diseases with age; in contrast the advancement of medicine made possible the early diagnosis and treatment of several previously incurable diseases. This scenario is also important for domestic animals (dogs and cats - PETs) that have doubled their life expectancy in recent decades, a fact that humans took centuries to reach. Like humans, this increase in animal longevity was accompanied by age-related diseases, including cancer. One of the therapies currently used in the treatment of cancer is radiation therapy, a technique that uses ionizing radiation to destroy tumor cells (target volume) with minimal impairment to healthy surrounding tissues (organs at risk). This technique requires periodic quality control testing, including dosimetry with the use of tissue-equivalent phantoms, in order to verify the dose of radiation received by the patient being treated and to compare it subsequently with the calculated radiation dose by the treatment planning system. The rapid expansion of the 3D printer opened the way for a health revolution. Currently the 3D impression of phantoms are being used in Radiation therapy\'s planning for the spatial location and mapping of the isodose curves, thus realizing a more personalized planning for each radiation field, besides the preparation of dental implants, customization of prostheses and build of bolus. This work aimed has designed and developed a simulator object called \"Canis Morphic\" using a 3D printer and tissue-equivalent materials to perform quality control and dose optimization tests in the area of Radiation therapy in animals (dogs). The results obtained demonstrated be promising in the area of development of phantoms by 3D printing, with materials of low cost, for application in quality control in Veterinary Radiation therapy.

Há vários métodos descritos na literatura sobre a forma como os piezoeletretos ou ferroeletretos podem ser fabricados, sendo que cada uma dessas técnicas apresenta suas vantagens e desvantagens. Por exemplo, espumas de polipropileno (PP) são fáceis de serem processadas em grande escala aliada a um baixo custo de produção, entretanto, seu efeito piezoelétrico é dependente da temperatura, assim como não há um controle dos vazios internos durante sua fabricação, ocasionando uma heterogeneidade da geometria desses vazios. Por outro lado, em outros métodos as dimensões das cavidades podem ser controlada e polímeros termicamente mais estáveis podem ser utilizados, no entanto, a um maior custo de produção. Em relação aos métodos que visam a produção dos piezoeletretos, neste trabalho é apresentada uma nova técnica baseada em termo selagem e template de água para criar piezoeletretos com canais tubulares abertos. Este tipo de estrutura vazada foi inicialmente produzida pela laminação de filmes de etileno propileno fluorado (FEP) com o template de politetrafluoretileno (PTFE) entre eles, sendo o template descartado após a laminação, gerando resíduos. Com a substituição do template de PTFE pela água na etapa de produção dos novos piezoeletretos, foi possível eliminar o descarte de resíduos sólidos ao mesmo tempo em que um tratamento químico foi efetuado na superfície do filme. Pelo método desenvolvido, a estabilidade térmica do piezoeletreto foi melhorada sem a necessidade de um tratamento prévio ou posterior dos filmes, diminuindo assim o custo de produção. Outro método inovador para produção dos piezoeletretos também foi exposto neste trabalho. Essa inovação consiste na fabricação de piezoeletretos com cavidades controladas por meio da impressão de filmes de ABS. Para a impressão dos filmes uma impressora 3D de baixo custo foi utilizada. / There are several methods described in the literature on how piezoelectrets or ferroelectrets can be manufactured, each of these techniques present their advantages and disadvantages. For example, foamed polypropylene (PP) are easy to be processed on a large scale combined with a low cost of production, however, its piezoelectric effect is temperature dependent, and there is no control of internal voids during its manufacture, causing a heterogeneity of the geometry of these empty. Furthermore, in other methods the cavities dimensions can be controlled and more thermally stable polymers can be used, however, with a higher production cost. Regarding the methods for producing piezoelectrets, in this work we present a new technique based on hot sealing and water template for creating multi-layered piezoelectrets with open-tubular channels. This type of voided structure have been initially produced by laminating fluoroethylene-propylene (FEP) films with a polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) template in between although the template was discarded after lamination, creating residual waste. With the replacement of the PTFE template by water in the production step of the new piezoelectrets, it was possible to eliminate the disposal of solid waste at the same time a chemical treatment was performed on the film surface. By the developed method, the piezoelectrets thermal stability was improved without the need for a prior or subsequent treatment of the films, reducing the production cost. Another innovative method for production of piezoelectrets was also exposed in this work. This innovation consists in manufacturing piezoelectrets with cavities controlled by printing ABS films. In order to print the films, a 3D printer was used.

O aumento na longevidade humana fez surgir uma série de doenças com a idade; em contrapartida o avanço da medicina possibilitou o diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento de várias doenças antes incuráveis. Esse cenário atual estendese também aos animais domésticos (cães e gatos - PETs) que dobraram sua expectativa de vida nas últimas décadas, fato que os humanos demoraram séculos para alcançar. Do mesmo modo que os humanos, esse aumento na longevidade dos animais veio acompanhado de doenças relacionadas com a idade, entre elas o câncer. Uma das terapias utilizadas atualmente no tratamento do câncer é a radioterapia, técnica que utiliza a radiação ionizante para destruir as células tumorais (volume-alvo) com mínimo prejuízo aos tecidos circunvizinhos sadios (órgãos de risco). Essa técnica exige a realização periódica de testes de controle de qualidade, incluindo a dosimetria com a utilização de objetos simuladores equivalentes ao tecido, de modo a verificar a dose de radiação recebida pelo paciente em tratamento e compará-la posteriormente com a dose de radiação calculada pelo sistema de planejamento. A rápida expansão do mercado de impressoras 3D abriu caminho para uma revolução na área da saúde. Atualmente os objetos simuladores por impressão 3D estão sendo usados em planejamentos de Radioterapia para a localização espacial e mapeamento das curvas de isodose, realizando, assim, um planejamento mais personalizado para cada campo de radiação, além da confecção de implantes dentais, customização de próteses e confecção de bólus. Diante do exposto esse trabalho projetou e desenvolveu um objeto simulador chamado de \"Canis Morphic\" utilizando uma impressora 3D e materiais tecido-equivalentes para a realização dos testes de controle de qualidade e otimização das doses na área de Radioterapia em animais (cães). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram-se promissores na área de criação de simuladores por impressão 3D, com materiais de baixo custo, para aplicação no controle de qualidade em Radioterapia veterinária. / The increase in human longevity caused a number of diseases with age; in contrast the advancement of medicine made possible the early diagnosis and treatment of several previously incurable diseases. This scenario is also important for domestic animals (dogs and cats - PETs) that have doubled their life expectancy in recent decades, a fact that humans took centuries to reach. Like humans, this increase in animal longevity was accompanied by age-related diseases, including cancer. One of the therapies currently used in the treatment of cancer is radiation therapy, a technique that uses ionizing radiation to destroy tumor cells (target volume) with minimal impairment to healthy surrounding tissues (organs at risk). This technique requires periodic quality control testing, including dosimetry with the use of tissue-equivalent phantoms, in order to verify the dose of radiation received by the patient being treated and to compare it subsequently with the calculated radiation dose by the treatment planning system. The rapid expansion of the 3D printer opened the way for a health revolution. Currently the 3D impression of phantoms are being used in Radiation therapy\'s planning for the spatial location and mapping of the isodose curves, thus realizing a more personalized planning for each radiation field, besides the preparation of dental implants, customization of prostheses and build of bolus. This work aimed has designed and developed a simulator object called \"Canis Morphic\" using a 3D printer and tissue-equivalent materials to perform quality control and dose optimization tests in the area of Radiation therapy in animals (dogs). The results obtained demonstrated be promising in the area of development of phantoms by 3D printing, with materials of low cost, for application in quality control in Veterinary Radiation therapy.

Today's product development process should be rapid andcost-efficient, and should result in innovative and reliableproducts. A crucial factor is the dynamic behaviour of theproduct. This thesis focuses on theoretical, numerical andexperimental approaches to achieve a comprehensiveunderstanding of dynamical phenomena occurring in nonlinearproducts, especially in products with parts that includeimpacts. The aim is to show the usefulness of nonlineartheories to better understand and optimise the dynamicbehaviour of products and thereby account for nonlinearphenomena already in the product development process. This is achieved through an investigation of researchefforts in the field of nonlinear dynamics; identification ofimportant research directions; a study on the effect ofcouplings between nonlinear parts; a detailed study on thedynamic behaviour of a product component; investigations oflow-cost strategies for controlling the dynamics of a nonlinearsystem; and the design and implementation of experimentalset-ups of two studied products. The investigation of research efforts shows that nonlinearparts are frequently included in products. Most common areparts that are nonlinear due to impacts and friction. Twoimportant areas are identified; to study coupling effectsbetween nonlinear subsystems and to study how nonlinearanalysis can be used to improve existing designs. Considering the studied products; a pantograph on a trainand a Braille printer, it can be concluded that thecharacteristics of a part can largely affect the dynamicbehaviour of the product. Typical nonlinear behaviour, such ascoexisting solutions and irregular motions, do occur. Theanalysis of the pan- tograph motion shows important aspects toconsider in the modelling process; coupling effects. In thecase of the Braille printer it is shown possible to create alow-cost control, by taking advantage of an existingdiscontinuity, to achieve a desired motion. Altogether, this work contributes to improved understandingof the be- haviour of nonlinear parts in products, especiallythose including impacts, pro- viding greater knowledge aboutaspects to consider in the design process. Keywords:Nonlinear Dynamics, Impacts, Discontinuities,Subsystems, Chaos, Irregular Behaviour, Printer Dynamics,Suspensions, Coupled Systems, Control. / QC 20100621

This thesis presents a comparative study between two silver nanoparticle inks that were deposited using a Drop-on-Demand (DoD) inkjet printer, aiming at finding a functional ink that can be used to print electrodes in Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells (LECs). To achieve this, a DoD inkjet printer was installed and an acquaintance with the printer was attained. Among the two inks, one was employed as received while the other was reformulated, and successful deposition of both the inks was observed. During the reformulation process, it was seen that the highly volatile tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent can be used to improve the ink properties, in contrast to what is recommended. After that, the inks were deposited on UV-ozone treated glass substrates, sintered at an elevated temperature under ambient conditions, and their specific resistances and thicknesses were measured. Finally, the inks were used to print the anode in a structured sandwich-cell LEC. The performance comparison was conducted by observing the emitted light of the LECs. The results indicate that the reformulated ink performs better, probably due to the lower silver concentration that results in flatter surface, which in turn effectively alleviates shorts.

Office waste paper is one of the fastest growing segments of the recycled fiber industry. Toner particles are rigid, insoluble and difficult to disperse and detach from fibers. Therefore papers made from recycled office waste having high toner content will contain noticeable ink particles. This work will consider an alternative way of efficient de-inking using plasma polymers which will not affect the fibers chemically or mechanically. The focus is development and characterization of plasma-deposited films to serve as a barrier film for the adhesion of ink toner to the paper fibers and thereby enhance ink lift off from the fibers. The plasma treated paper is coated with fluorocarbon (PFE) and polyethylene glycol (PFE) films, with constant thickness of PFE and varying the thickness of PEG by 1500, from 1500 to 4500, for the three cases studied (PFE greater than PEG, PFE=PEG, PFE less than PEG). Handsheets were made using virgin fibers to eliminate effects of fillers. Once the sheets were coated and printing performed, they were re-pulped and both the slurry and the de-inking surfactant were placed in a flotation cell. Handsheets were made from the collected foam and stock and were scanned for particle count. The results indicated higher ink loss for the cases with increased thickness of polymer films. A handsheet with a 7500 film (PFE = 3000 and PEG = 4500) showed 61% ink removal compared to 38% for handsheets with no film deposited. There was also less material loss for the cases with higher polymer film thickness.

Spausdinimo įrenginys „CITIZEN MD-910“ naudojamas kasos aparatuose, kaip kliento ir kontrolinės juostų spausdintuvas. Šis spausdintuvas plačiai naudojamas šiuose kasos aparatuose: ELCOM EURO-2000M, CASIO FE-800, DATECS MP-500, KONIC SR508F. Šiuos spausdintuvus remontuojant kasos aparatuose, iškyla pavojus, panaikinti kasos aparato atmintį, kurioje saugomi programiniai ir apyvartų duomenys. Spausdinimo įrenginio „CITIZEN MD-910“ patikros stendas kuriamas, tam, kad palengvinti kasos aparatų remonto darbus, taip sumažinant tikimybę panaikinti remontuojamo kasos aparato atmintį. Darbo tikslas – išnagrinėti spausdinimo įrenginio „CITIZEN MD-910“ veikimo principą, elektrines bei mechanines charakteristikas. Taip pat, išsiaiškinti spausdintuvo dvigubos galvos adatų išsidėstymą, sukurti spausdinimo algoritmą, simbolių biblioteką ir valdymo programą. Spausdintuvas „CITIZEN MD-910“ bus dedamas į stendą ir pasiuntus į jį iš valdymo programos tekstą, tikrinamas jo veikimas. Stendas atitiks spausdintuvo realų darbinį režimą. Iš to, kaip vyks spausdinimas, ir iš atspausdinto teksto ant popieriaus juostos, bus sprendžiama apie spausdintuvo mechaninius ir elektronikos gedimus, adatų veikimą ir jų mušimo jėgą į popierių, bei tinkamumą tolesnei eksploatacijai. Spausdinimo įrenginio „CITIZEN MD-910“ patikros stendo pagrindinė kūrimo priežastis yra ta, jog nėra sukurtų panašių analogų, kurie palengvintų šių kasos aparatų spausdinimo įrenginių remonto darbus. / Dot impact printer mechanism “CITIZEN MD-910” is used in cash registers as a printer for customer receipts and journal paper ribbons. This printer is widely used in the cash registers such as ELCOM EURO-2000M, CASIO FE-800, DATECS MP-500, KONIC SR508F. Repairing these printers inside the cash registers there is a risk to delete the cash register’s memory in which programs and data of a turnover is stored. The dot impact printer mechanism “CITIZEN MD-910” test stand is being worked out to make the cash registers repairing easier and in this way to reduce the risk of deleting cash registers memory. The printer “CITIZEN MD-910” will be placed in the test stand and its work will be tested by sending text from the operating program into it. The stand will simulate real working conditions of the printer. Analyzing the printing process and the printed text on the paper ribbon it will be possible to decide on printer’s mechanical and electrical damage, work of wires and force they dot the paper, also, further usability. There are no similar analogues which could make the repairing of the cash registers dot impact printer mechanism “CITIZEN MD-910” easier and this is the main reason to work out the dot impact printer mechanism “CITIZEN MD-910” test stand.