There are 4 billion poor living on 2 dollars or less per day that make up the bottom of the economic pyramid (BOP). If a company calculates their aggregated purchasing power they could be a huge and profitable market. By studying the roles of the different actors and their pre-conditions in BOP-markets the purpose with this thesis is to find out how the private sector can pursue a sustainable market development strategy at the bottom of the economic pyramid and if it really will help to reduce poverty.

Diskussionen om den svenska vården är ständigt aktuell, särskilt den som rör de tio till tolv procent som utgör privat verksamhet. De ekonomiska drivkrafter som finns i ett företag med vinstintresse kan anses vara oförenliga med vård av god kvalitet. Det är viktigt att kunna balansera incitamenten kvalitet och vinstintresse för att undvika att patienter eller brukare blir missgynnade. Den privata vården och omsorgen tampas med dagens rådande organisationskultur som säger att det är fult att tjäna pengar på vård. Den offentliga sektorn i sin tur arbetar mot kvalitetsmål vare sig de är företagsekonomiskt effektiva eller ej, samtidigt som de brottas med svårigheter gällande krav på ökad ekonomisk effektivitet, åtstramningar och problem med att mäta graden av framgång baserat på prestationer. Det komplexa i att kunna balansera vinstintresse och kvalitet och på bästa sätt möta omvärldens krav på styrning och mål har lett fram till denna undersöknings forskningsfråga som lyder: Vilka likheter och skillnader förekommer i mellanchefers målarbete beroende på vinstintresse? I en kvalitativ studie har sex stycken mellanchefer inom vård- och omsorgssektorn intervjuats med avsikt att skapa förståelse kring hur deras målarbete bedrivs. Vidare syftar studien till att försöka urskilja om och i så fall på vilket eller vilka sätt incitamentet vinstintresse påverkar detta målarbete. Utifrån studien har flera slutsatser dragits. Det finns skillnader i målarbete på grund av incitamentet vinstintresse. Exempel på dessa är konkretisering av mål och förtydligande av övergripande syfte. Samtidigt kan detta incitament inte betraktas som angörande för hur målarbetet utförs. Nyckelord: Incitament, offentlig sektor, privat sektor, vinstintresse, mål.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka om det förelåg några skillnader i upplevelsen av arbetsmotivation och arbetstillfredsställelse bland lärare avseende organisationsform och kön samt om det fanns en interaktion mellan organisationsform och kön avseende arbetsmotivation och arbetstillfredsställelse. Totalt deltog 84 respondenter i undersökningen. Mätinstrumenten som användes var Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire och Basic Need Satisfaction at work scale. Resultatet visade att det inte förelåg några signifikanta skillnader i arbetsmotivation beroende på organisationsform och kön. Vidare visade resultatet att det fanns signifikanta skillnader i yttre, inre och generell arbetstillfredsställelse beroende på organisationsform, där privatanställda var mer tillfredsställda i jämförelse med offentligt anställda. Resultatet visade också att det förelåg signifikanta skillnader i yttre, inre och generell arbetstillfredsställelse beroende på kön, där män var mer tillfredsställda än kvinnor. Ytterligare visades ingen interaktion mellan organisationsform och kön avseende arbetsmotivation och arbetstillfredsställelse. / The purpose of the study was to examine whether there were any differences in teachers' work motivation and job satisfaction depending on sector and gender and whether there was an interaction between sector and gender regarding work motivation and job satisfaction. A total of 84 respondents participated in the study. The instruments used were the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire and Basic Need Satisfaction at work scale. The results showed that there were no significant differences in work motivation depending on sector and gender. Further the results showed that there were significant differences in extrinsic, intrinsic and general job satisfaction due to sector, where private sector employees were more satisfied compared to public sector employees. The results also showed that there were differences in extrinsic, intrinsic and general job satisfaction depending on gender, where men were more satisfied than women. Finally there was no interaction between sector and gender regarding work motivation and job satisfaction.

Disasters can occur anywhere in the world and when they do, human lives as well as infrastructure are affected in diverse ways. The impact of disasters usually warrant an immediate response from aid agencies because human lives are at stake and that is where humanitarian logistics comes into play. Humanitarian organizations involved in relief efforts have an enormous task of responding to emergencies in a very swift manner and are constantly seeking for new and innovative ways to reach their beneficiaries with utmost satisfaction. One way of doing this is through collaboration and engaging in partnerships with private sector companies. Given the fact that humanitarian organizations and private sector companies operate in different sectors, such partnerships could be challenging yet beneficial in diverse ways. The purpose of this thesis was to analyze the cross-sector partnership between humanitarian organizations and the private sector. In order to achieve this aim, a frame of reference was developed with an operational partnership model and theory whislt examining and contrasting both humanitarian and business supply chains. Our methodology involved both primary and secondary data collection with empirical data collected from two private companies and one humanitarian organization. Data collected for the study were then analyzed in relation to the literature and models outlined in the frame of reference. The results of the study showed that the partnerships between the firms of the two sectors studied were philanthropic, long-term and mutually beneficial in diverse ways. Whilst the private companies benefit through improvements in Corporate Social Responsibility, creating public awareness of their corporate image, and brand among other benefits by engaging in the partnership, humanitarian organizations on the other hand, partner with companies which fit their expressed needs and gain benefits in both monetary and non-monetary terms. Moreover, knowledge transfer through the sharing of skills, experiences, resources and expertise are also very important elements which add to the benefits gained by both partners. In addition, the findings obtained from the respondents of the study demonstrated that trust, personal connection, regular communication and working together are very important elements which can be considered as critical success factors which sustain partnerships.

The purpose of this study is to gain increased understanding of managers´ attitudes and knowledge about its role in the internal organizational communication. We want to understand how managers define dialogue and further understand the role that dialogue plays for managers. We want to see whether the different managers highlight some common foundations or differences in the dialogue. With the help of the following two questions we wish to understand managers´ relationship to the dialogue within the internal organizational communication:   -What meaning does the dialogue have for managers in the private sector? -What role does the dialogue play in the internal organizational communication according to these managers?   We use qualitative interviews as the data collection method of our material. Using material from the interviews and mainly in accordance with William Isaacs’ theory of dialogue, we can answer our questions.   The result shows that managers' views on the dialogue in many cases are similar to Isaacs’ vision but differs in part. The managers believe that employees are there to contribute to the company. The dialogue is used so that the employees in the business understand and reach the financial goals and visions. Isaacs says that all people are part of a whole and the dialogue is needed to achieve agreement and change. Isaacs also takes up the four pillars of an effective dialogue: listen, respect, await and talk undisguised.  Several of the managers agree with Isaacs that there has to exist a certain platform for an effective dialogue. We discovered three categories of the dialogues’ meaning and role for the managers and that the categories depend on the type of organization. All managers believe that the dialogue’s role is an important part of a well functioning organization. / Syftet med denna undersökning är att få ökad förståelse kring chefers syn och kunskap om dialogens betydelse inom den interna organisationskommunikationen.  Vi vill förstå hur chefer definierar dialog och vidare försöka förstå vilken roll dialogen spelar för chefer. Vi vill se om de olika cheferna belyser några gemensamma grundpelare eller skillnader vad gäller dialog. Med hjälp av följande två frågeställningar önskar vi förstå chefers relation till dialogen inom intern organisationskommunikation:    - Vad betyder dialog för chefer inom den privata sektorn? - Vilken roll spelar dialogen i den interna organisationskommunikationen enligt dessa chefer?   Vi använder oss av kvalitativa intervjuer som insamlingsmetod av vårt material. Med hjälp av materialet från intervjuerna och huvudsakligen William Isaacs teori om dialogen kan vi besvara våra frågeställningar.    Resultatet visar att chefers syn på dialogen i många fall är lik Isaacs syn men skiljer sig delvis.  Cheferna anser att människan är till för verksamheten och dialogen är till för att människorna i verksamheten ska kunna förstå och nå de ekonomiska mål och visioner vilka är uppsatta. Isaacs menar att alla är delar av en helhet och dialogen krävs för att kunna uppnå samförstånd och förändring. Isaacs tar även upp fyra grundpelare för en fungerande dialog; lyssna, respektera, avvakta och tala oförställt. Flera av cheferna håller med Isaacs om grunderna för en dialog. Vi kommer fram till tre kategorier för dialogens betydelse och roll för cheferna och att kategorierna är beroende av verksamhetstypen.  Samtliga chefer anser att dialogens roll är en viktig del för en fungerande verksamhet.

The aim of this thesis is to see in a descriptive manner, whether there is a difference in the ethical disposition of public and private banking sector managers in T&uuml / rkiye, according to two ethical theories: consequentialism (based on the consequences of the action) and deontologism (based on principles). The study analyzes the preferences of the managers both in the way of thinking and acting to see whether people act consistently with their way of thinking. The degree of validity of consequentialism/deontologism dichotomy and the daptability of these western theories to the Turkish context are also analyzed. Two hypotheses have been formed: private sector managers, young and male managers tend to be more consequentialist whereas public sector managers, elderly and female managers have a tendency toward deontologism. These hypotheses were tested on 58 managers working in the headquarters in Ankara (34 in the public, 24 in the private sector) through vignettes and interviews as data collection methods. As a result of the ANOVA analysis and content analysis performed on the data, private sector managers and male managers seem to be more consequentialist and they are consistent in their way of thinking and acting, but public sector managers, elderly and female managers do not have a tendency toward deontologism. The semistructured interviews showed that the level of awareness of the term ethics was low. Due to radical changes in social values in the last two decades in T&uuml / rkiye, contradictory values co-exist. The suitability of the consequentialist/deontological dichotomy may be questioned for T&uuml / rkiye.

This study investigates the determinants of financial development and private sector credits for a panel of 85 developing and industrial countries using annual data from 1980 to 2006. The results from the panel cross-sectional fixed effects procedure suggest that an increase in the public sector credits and central government debt leads to a decrease in private sector credits in low income and lower middle income counties. For this group of countries, public sector credits, albeit leading to a financial crowding out, are found to be enhancing financial development. For the upper middle income and high income countries, private sector credits are found to increase with public sector credits and financial development and decrease with central government debt. Financial development is affected adversely from inflation and positively from real GDP and public sector credits in high income countries. In upper middle income countries both real GDP and credits to public sector affect financial development positively. In low income countries, on the other hand, public sector credits and inflation are correlated positively with financial development.

Information Technology (IT) is considered as a very important part of today&rsquo / s world of business and researches indicate that it helped and still helps companies to lower their costs and increase the information quality with speed. On the other hand, Senior IT Managers, such as Chief Information Officers (CIO) roles are very important in the IT department more than other department&rsquo / s relationships with their senior managers. This study investigates the identification of the effects and importance of the activities and skills of senior IT managers and their impact to the organization in the private sector. Previous studies generally studied the IS/IT Managers skills and their effects to the IS/IT department and also listed those skills and tasks. Also literature researchers focused on IS/IT managers skills, IS/IT managers effects to the IT/IS departments and IS/IT departments effects to the organization. This research study helps to highlight the importance and role of IS/IT Managers within not only private but also public sector organizations and other industries.

Urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector is a kind of land-developing method in order to execute the land policies and to implement the urban planning. After the Government established this system in 1979, landowners may apply for permits to the Government as per the regulations. However, it has incurred many problems for the past years after the implementation. It has resulted in differences between laws and practices. Besides, disputes among landowners were aroused endlessly. The uncertainty for the Government to acquire land for public facility use makes the function of urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector unable to be developed effectively. The purpose of this research is to help the Government timely reviews the defects of this system in order to ensure the landowners¡¦ legal rights of acquisition of properties by impartial, reasonable and legal ways to solve the disputes resulting from the transaction of urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector on the basis of equal rights. This dissertation mainly applies the review of literature and refers to the related literature analyses. Firstly, it is to clarify the fundamental legal principles of the execution processes of urban land readjustment implementation by the public authority and by the private sector. It is also to clarify the sources of law for the urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector in Taiwan. In addition, the differences between the execution results of urban land readjustment implementation by the public authority and by the private sector during the same period shall be compared and verified by cases. Furthermore, the related legal problems are clarified by evaluating the execution processes of urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector. The practical examples of juridical judgments are also taken to verify the disputed legal claims, which were often found in the practical cases when executing the urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector. By the application of legal methods, it is anticipated to make up the ways of claims in order to fairly protect the landowners¡¦ rights when executing the urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector. This research finds out problems and provides several suggestions to the policy-making authorities for reference: In the aspect of legislation: 1. The ¡¥Regulations for Encouraging Land Owners to Implement Urban Land Readjustment¡¦ shall be upgraded to the legislative level. Alternatively, it may combine with the ¡¥Regulations for the Urban Land Readjustment¡¦ into the complete ¡¥Laws of Urban Land Readjustment¡¦. 2. When the adjustment association is established, it shall be set as a corporation as soon as possible. 3. It shall be clearly regulated that the encouragement of the urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector is limited to the free-selected areas within the range of urban planning. 4. It is to increase the areas for and number of landowners who agree to execute the urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector. In the aspect of execution: 1. The increase of burden ratio of public facilities should follow the example of urban land readjustment implementation by the public authority. 2. The calculation of burden ratio of the average shared cost should use a unified, standard formula. 3. The transaction of urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector should not be open to the cities which have no experience in transaction of urban land readjustment implementation by the public authority. 4. The development duration of urban land readjustment implementation by the private sector should not last too long.

<p>There are 4 billion poor living on 2 dollars or less per day that make up the bottom of the economic pyramid (BOP). If a company calculates their aggregated purchasing power they could be a huge and profitable market.</p><p>By studying the roles of the different actors and their pre-conditions in BOP-markets the purpose with this thesis is to find out how the private sector can pursue a sustainable market development strategy at the bottom of the economic pyramid and if it really will help to reduce poverty.</p>