The purpose of this study was to examine and analyse how the transformation taking place at the University of Dar es Salaam in the context of corporatisation addressed the challenges of access and equity as central features of national development. The study was based on the premise that widening access to and equity in higher education contributes to the development and prosperity of the nation in Tanzania. The study used a qualitative case study design. Epistemologically, the study was located within the constructivist paradigm which is premised on a social construction of reality. I used both purposive and snowball sampling techniques to select both the research site and the participants. Face-to-face, semi-structured interviews and an in-depth document analysis were used to collect the requisite data. The data were analysed qualitatively by developing themes using the Atlas.ti program. The findings revealed firstly that both internal and external factors had provided the impetus for the transformation of the university. The findings also indicated a strong move towards the privatisation of the university. This was evident in the outsourcing of the non-core activities of the university as well as the introduction of market-driven programmes. Secondly, the implementation of corporate strategies had both–positive and negative, planned and unplanned consequences. While the university had significantly increased its student intake, improved the efficient utilisation of its resources and diversified its sources of income, it had, nevertheless, been unable to match the increased student intake with improved teaching and learning resources as well as enhanced student support services. In addition, the influence of both donors and the organisational culture shaped and influenced the adoption and implementation of a corporate culture with regard to the management of the university. With respect to the role played by the university in national development, the adoption and implementation of the market approach was characterised by a paradigm shift from viewing the university as a social institution that serves the community to that of an institution that meets the demands of the market. Overall, the findings indicate that effective leadership, supported by a favourable policy environment, was a critical component in the realisation of the institutional transformation goals. The study suggests that a combination of both the state-controlled model and the market model in public higher education institutions should be encouraged and promoted for the purposes of equity, efficiency and effectiveness. Accordingly, this study suggests that the idea of „asymmetrical balance‟ is a strategic approach that will enable the university to mediate the contesting demands of both the national and the market imperatives. The notion of asymmetrical balance argues that the goals of national development and efficiency are not mutually exclusive and that they could potentially be mutually beneficial. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Education Management and Policy Studies / PhD / Unrestricted

L'ENI – Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi – est un des plus grands groupes pétroliers au monde et un des plus grands groupes entrepreneuriaux d'Italie ; ancien groupe public, privatisé depuis 15 ans, il est un bon cas d'étude pour donner une réponse à la question posée par le titre : La privatisation d'une entreprise modifie-t-elle la gouvernance?La réponse est complexe et est rendue plus difficile du fait des problèmes et des faits qui se sont passés pendant les années et qui ont été exposées dans la thèse. On avait beaucoup de questions préalables à considérer avant de comprendre si la gestion avait-elle modifié par la privatisation et si avait-elle eu du succès ou non. Avant tout quelle était la période à prendre en considération ?Il était nécessaire de regarder toute la période depuis l'aboutissement de la privatisation jusqu'à nos jours, car c'était la seule manière de comprendre. Et on avait encore une raison liée au domaine pétrolier pour regarder à la période la plus longue : on a parfois besoin de 15 à 20 ans pour voir les résultats d'un investissement tel que l'exploitation d'un gisement : donc on ne pouvait pas se limiter à une courte période, mais toute la période à disposition.Enfin il y avait encore un autre problème : le rôle des actionnaires. Leur activité avait-elle appuyé une politique destinée à obtenir des gains et à éviter des pertes dans le groupe ENI ? Le groupe a-t-il vraiment été capable d'obtenir toujours le maximum et, si non, quel a été le rôle de ses actionnaires, ou mieux, le rôle du plus important de ses actionnaires, qui est encore l'Etat italien ? Et ce rôle est-il expliqué de quelle manière ? A-t-il optimisé les résultats entrepreneuriaux ou non et, le cas échéant, a-t il permis au groupe d'atteindre ces résultats d'optimisation, de baisse de prix et d'amélioration du produit et du service au client qui, selon les théoriciens, devraient être le but et à la fois le résultat d'une privatisation ? / ENI – Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi – is one of the leading oil group in the world and a major enterprise in Italy. A former public group, it was privatized 15 years ago and it is a good case-study providing an answer to the question included in the title : does privatization modify an enterprise's governance?The answer is complex and it is made harder due to facts and problems occurred during the years and which are exposed in dissertation. It was necessary to consider many questions before realizing whether privatization modified governance and if the latter was successful or not. first of all, which was the period to take in consideration? It was necessary to look at the whole period since the start of privatization till our days, because it was the only way to understand the situation.There was an additional reason, strictly linked to oil-system to look at the longest period: on whole: sometimes 15 up to 20 years are needed to get the results of an investment as the exploitation of an oilfield, hence, it was impossible to consider a short term and it was necessary to look at the whole period.Last, there was one more problem : stakeholders' role. Did stakeholders support a gain-getting and a no-losses policy in the ENI Group ? Was the Group really able in getting always the best result and, in case not, which was its stakeholders' role, or which was its major stakeholder's - that is to say the Italian State – role? And how was this role explained ? Did it optymize entrepreneurial results or not, and, if so, did it allow the Group to get the results in optymization, prices lowering, product improvement, and client satisfaction which, according to the scholars, should be at the same time the task and the result of a privatization ?

My diploma thesis deals with the public administration reform consisting in the change of the former district hospitals into regional hospitals, with the organisational and legal status of the hospitals, and with their transformation from contributory organisations into joint-stock companies. The aim of my diploma thesis is to analyze the administration, efficiency and capacities of the hospitals in the Central Bohemia region with the special focus on the Oblastní nemocnice Kladno, a.s. hospital, to carry out the financial analysis, and compare it with other hospitals in the Central Bohemia region. The analysis of the hospitals in the Central Bohemia region is based on the data provided by the Institute of Health Information and Statistics of CR, and the analysis of the Oblastní nemocnice Kladno, a.s. hospital is based on the 2003 -- 2007 balance sheets and gain-and-loss accounts, restricted documents of the hospital and on the interviews with the general and commercial managers of the hospital. From the financial analysis of the Oblastní nemocnice Kladno, a.s. hospital and the comparison with the situation of other hospitals in the Central Bohemia region it is obvious that the hospital experiences a similar development as the trend in the Central Bohemia region and the whole EU suggests.The hospital is not trying to reduce costs at the expense of the health care offered to its patients. On the contrary, it is trying to improve the quality and scope of the health care provided, which should bring additional revenues. The hospital management is becoming more responsible, which results in a more transparent accounting and an obligatory audit.

The aim of the diploma thesis is the analysis of housing policy the town of Tábor. It seeks to provide an overview of the current situation in the housing, the analysis of local housing policy and its future devolopment. In the beginning of the work deals with the definition of basic concepts in the field of housing policy and housing market characteristics. Furthermore, focusing on the role of the state in areas of housing policy, examines the essential characteristics of the housing stock and the tools to promote housing, these types of instruments, their significance and use. The second part of the work focuses on analysis of housing policy solutions in the city of Tabor. Evaluate the implementation of housing policy in terms of management of housing stock, the analysis of demand and supply in the housing market, used tools and support for city participation in city housing. The privatization process of the city housing stock and its alternatives are current problems of the city core.

This paper analyzes the concept of housing policy at a municipal level. It looks at current status of areas in the Czech Republic in relation to their housing provision and individual stakeholders' roles in this process. The key role is played by the government and its influence of housing policy through legislation. Various general as well as individual areas' issues are explored and solutions discussed. One example outlines detailed analysis of a situation in a specific area of the country.The analysis was conducted based on current data provided by the Ministry of Local Development and the local council and a research conducted by the author. The aim is to define and analyze current housing policy in the Czech Republic and discuss potential solutions.

My research analyses issues in the relationships between the state and the market, including the roles of key institutions and organisations and their interactions in the policy and regulatory governance arenas. The findings, based on documentary analysis, focus group discussions, perceptions analysis and in-depth interviews with representative actors in the public policy system in Sri Lanka, focus specifically on the linkages between the country’s institutional endowments, the reform process and regulatory governance; and the role of mental models, path dependence and ideology – specifically that of the donor and local epistemic community – in influencing economic reforms and regulatory governance. The analysis set forth in this thesis draws on Douglass North’s conceptualisation of New Institutional Economics as well as on the conceptualisation of public policy by seminal scholars in the field such as Harold Lasswell, David Easton, Bill Jenkins, Michael Hill and Wayne Parsons. These theoretical constructs are particularly useful in exploring and obtaining a rich understanding of complex institutional and policy processes and relationships, as well as policy outcomes. Moreover, this framework sits well with the interpretivist research philosophy, inductive approach and qualitative research methods which I use to gather “thick” information on privatisation, competition and regulatory governance in Sri Lanka and in Sri Lanka’s telecommunications sector. An overview of the existing literature on privatisation, competition and regulatory governance in general and in the telecommunications sector in particular, points to a paucity of public policy analyses in developing countries. As such, whilst acknowledging the limitations of single case study research in relation to policy transfer, I posit that my research findings do shed light on a number of critical issues that are relevant to scholars and practitioners interested in understanding the policy process in developing countries. My research findings provide a real world illustration of the futility of dichotomising the state and markets; instead, constructs such as policy and regulatory space are more useful than those such as the regulatory state. Incorporating these constructs of policy and regulatory space also allows for a “thick” understanding of the dynamics between political and socio-economic institutions, organisations and individuals and their impact on policy outputs and outcomes. My findings also provide for a better understanding of regulatory governance in developing countries. Constructs such as responsive regulation, regulatory society and independent regulation that are typically conceived in the literature in a developed country context are critically explored in the Sri Lankan setting. Finally, my research findings extend the literature on privatisation, competition and regulatory governance by illustrating that forces of competition and contestability are more important than ownership change in terms of policy outputs and outcomes, and that – as reflected in the case of Sri Lanka’s telecommunications sector - competition and contestability can in fact transcend forces of weak regulatory governance.

Central and Eastern Europe(CEE) is the region where the ownership of banks has been through the most fundamental and massive changes during the past two decades. This paper analyses the role of state-ownership in commercial banks, whether and why state ownership imposes negative effects on commercial banks in CEE transition countries, through both theoretical arguments and empirical testings. The thesis summarizes previous literature and analyses the role of banking ownership and performance, particularly though a dynamic view of the banking privatisation process. It investigates the reasons why state-owned banks are harmful in CEE countries from a corporate governance point of view. Followed by empirical tests on this topic, including banking production efficiency measurement using Stochastic Frontier Analysis and second-stage regression analysis about the effects of ownership on banking efficiency and asset quality. This paper finds out that the state ownership of banks imposes negative effects on bank performance and hinders successful privatisation of enterprises. Banking production efficiency has been improving greatly in late 1990s and stayed at a constant high level in 2000s. Through panel data regressions, we find the negative effects of state-ownership on banking production efficiency and asset...

"Against the preceding background, the phenomenon of privatisation has come to be a particularly important factor with respect to the progressive realisation of the right to water. Privatisation is the process of transferring property from public ownership to private ownership or transferring management of a service or activity from government to the private sector There has been a rapid growth in the privatisation of essential services in many African states, based on the belief that the private sector can deliver growth and efficiency more effectively than the public sector. This supposition has not been borne out by the available evidence. Cote d'Ivorie was the first African state to privatise its water delivery system in 1960. Since then, over 18 major water contracts have been awarded by at least 14 African states, including Senegal and South Africa, to private concernts for the delivery of water. A host of other states are planning to or are already in the process of privatising their water delivery systems. The main impetus behind this spate of sometimes frenzied privatisation, has been the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), who make the privatisation of public services or utilities an unavoidable condition for loans to African states. These two institutions have however, quite recently, come under serious pressure to fundamentally rethink the use of conditionality and have initiated a series of evaluations which are expected to result in some critical conclusions. This study aims to demonstrate through the two case studies of Senegal and South Africa that privatisation of water by African states can affect the process of 'progressive realisation' and may actually result in the violation of the right to water guaranteed under international human rights law. It investigates whether privatisation of water by African states affects the obligation of progressive realisation of the right to water. The choice of Senegal and South Africa is based on the fact that studies on the development and impact of water privatisation in both states have been carried out and futher whilst Senegal is an example of 'privatisation forced by the World Bank', South Africa is not. In addition, both states are parties to international human rights instruments that implicitly or explicitly guarantee the right to water. ... Chapter 2 will discuss the 'right to water' and the obligation of progressive ralisation with regard to the overall promotion and protection of economic, social and cultural rights. It will examine whether such a right actually exists under international human rights law, its nature and extent and the content of the obligation to progressively realise it. Chapter 3 will focus on the process of privatisation, its varous forms and the impetus for such a process. It will also explore arguments in support of, and against, privatisation. Chapter 4 will analyse the impact of privatisation on the obligation to progressively realise the right to water by looking at the situation pre- and post-privatisation. Some concluding remarks will be made in chapter 5." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006. / Prepared under the supervision of Prof. J. Oloka-Onyango at the Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / This study examined the issues and concerns for improving productivity in the public sector in South Africa, aligned in particular with the processes of its fundamental transformation, and the aims and objectives of the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP). More than that, it provided the view, the approach, the strategies and techniques to bring about productivity improvement. Productivity is not presented as a panacea to solve all problems. It is presented mainly as an attitude about the importance of productivity that must be acquired followed by suggestions for how to bring about its development. To provide both a comprehensive and at the same time a focused approach to improving productivity in the public sector. A second objective was to describe new skills and proven strategies that could be used for productivity improvement. The study discusses various approaches to improving productivity in the public sector that can be implemented in a number of practical ways. A third and primary objective was to recommend a model that would effectively improve productivity in the public sector. This model deals with the quantification of productivity gains through the restructuring of budgets and thereby achieving significant savings that could be transferred to priority RDP programmes. This study used both qualitative and quantitative methods. The study reviewed both domestic and international published work and current research within universities, policy bodies, government departments and elsewhere, including a reconsideration of previous work. The following conclusions were reached and recommendations made: Substantial efficiency and productivity gains are envisaged through the introduction of various models for improving productivity which include a structured productivity improvement programme, the use of performance enhancing methods, performance measurements and performance related pay. Furthermore, savings, resources and capacity can be released by the RDP programmes through: Restructuring and reprioritizing the budget programmes by making small cuts in what were apartheid-serving programmes and reallocating the human, material and financial resources thus released for high priority RDP programmes/projects. International experiences show that a direct link between falls in public investment, physical infrastructure and decline in productivity exists. The effectiveness of the public sector to a large extent conditions economic development. The move towards a leaner and more cost effective public service in South Africa should be based, not on privatisation, but on the creation of effective partnerships between government, labour, business and civil society, and the building of high levels of community involvement in the local delivery of services.

In this work I have been looking at three small everyday sites that can tell big and unexpected stories of how we live together. These sites appear unremarkable at first glance, but on a second look are filled with contradictions and conflicts of interest. I speculate that these marginalised sites operate like “architectural footnotes” helping break the tempo, rhythm and tone of the city while expanding the scope of the narrative beyond the local and specific reading. I’m interested in how we can make sense of the city and critique it in a meaningful way when it appears so fragmented and seems impossible to define in single terms. I have been testing different approaches ranging from surveying, counting, measuring and mapping, to model making, interviews, drawing, film-making and texts. I have been interested in how these diverse methods can help me understand the city in different ways and what they do when used together.In part one: A Fence I investigate a trend towards the increasing enclosure of private courtyard/gardens and the severing of established pathways that are incredibly important for navigating the area. This led to questioning how ground-floor habitation, different forms of tenure, and regulation, affects public access and passage in the area.In part two: A Drinking Fountain I attempted to map the defunct drinking fountains in Stockholm and trace the origin of their (ubiquitous) design. Instead of finding fountains, however, I found a vacuum of responsibility, and questions were raised around why some infrastructures are more important than others and how shared/societal needs seem to have been increasingly privatised. In part three: Some Planting I looked at a recently built area of “urban-community-farming” in the middle of local park. Here tensions between the public, private and common are brought to the fore, questioning how attempts towards more local and participatory democratic processes affect rights of access to, and use of, public spaces, around flexibility and durability, and how we balance short term demands with long term visions.When seen together these “footnotes” can describe a trend towards withdrawal of the state and municipality through the dismantling of infrastructures, deregulation and outsourcing, resulting in an increasingly individualistic and privatised city. This is perhaps unsurprising in itself, but the work that comes out of these sites has helped reveal (to me at least) some of the surprising ways in which this has happened and continues to do so (albeit in different forms) and how this affects the ways in which we inhabit the everyday city.