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<p>Background: Following the wave of privatisation and deregulation during the last decades, buyers of infrastructure constructions, such as dams, roads and telecommunication, have changed from states or public authorities to private companies. Private buyers do not always have the financial strength to arrange the financing for a project and providing a financial arrangement, for example by helping customers to obtain loans, has become a means to compete on the market. </p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyse how Swedish companies arrange project finance for large-scale projects.</p><p>Method: In order to gain knowledge of our area of investigation we searched for relevant literature and articles from magazines. </p><p>Result: The result of this study has showed that three factors are of special importance when choosing a certain financial arrangement. These three factors are the region in which the project is located, duration of the project and its size measured in monetary terms.</p> / <p>Bakgrund: Privatiseringsvågen och avregleringarna de senaste decennierna har medfört att många köpare av infrastruktur, t.ex. dammar, vägar och telekommunikation, gått från att vara statligt ägda företag till att vara privata företag. Privata köpare har inte alltid möjligheten att ordna finansieringen av projektet. Således har det blivit en viktig del av säljarens erbjudande att kunna erbjuda köparen en finansiell lösning, t.ex. förmedling av lån. </p><p>Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva och analysera hur svenska företag organiserar finansieringen av storskaliga projekt. </p><p>Resultat: Resultatet av denna studie pekar på att det är tre faktorer som är speciellt viktiga när det gäller hur man ska organisera en projektfinansiering. Dessa tre faktorer är regionen där projektet är lokaliserat, projektets löptid och dess storlek.</p>

<p>The main purpose of this thesis is to analyse the possibilities and problems facing a privatised work injury insurance. This discussion includes the element of premium differentiation. Todays´ Swedish social insurance system is ineffectively formed. The costs have dramatically increased during the 1990´s. The Swedish government is now looking for ways to improve the efficiency of the system. The work injury insurance has not followed this pattern of increased costs. On the other hand there are reasons to believe that many of the costs derived from work injuries have been allocated o burden other social insurance. This is one of the distortions in which the system results. With focus on a privately financed work injury insurance the aim is to increase the fairness of the social insurance system. The allocation of cost burdens on the right party is included in this aim. It is believed that the motive of prevention for an injury to occur and the efforts in rehabilitation will improve when introducing a private work injury insurance. More responsibility is given to the insured, i. e. the employer. Private insurance companies can specialise and are, on a competitive market, able to keep the premiums on a fair price level. The conclusion is that efficiency can, in several aspects, increase when introducing a privately financed work injury insurance.</p>

Bakgrund och syfte Inom hälso- och sjukvården har krav på ökad effektivitet, tillgänglighet och höjd kvalitet, samt en minskad ekonomisk ram, krävt förändringar i hälso- och sjukvårdssystemet. Ett syfte med denna avhandling är att utifrån professionellas upplevelser och erfarenheter belysa den praktiska innebörden av begreppet effektivitet i hälso- och sjukvården. Ett annat syfte är att utifrån olika perspektiv belysa ledarskap och medarbetarskap i samband med strukturella förändringar inom hälso- och sjukvården. Metod Avhandlingen bygger på fyra delstudier (I – IV) genomförda med hjälp av en kvalitativ forskningsansats. Delstudie I bygger på intervjuer kring begreppet effektivitet med strategiskt utvalda representanter för en organisations tre beslutsnivåer. Delstudie II och III bygger på intervjuer med medarbetare från olika professioner som deltagit i två olika sjukhussammanslagningar. I delstudie IV intervjuades medarbetare om sina upplevelser i anslutning till privatisering av en hälso- och sjukvårdsorganisation. Resultat Då en gemensam definition av begreppet effektivitet saknas i en Rorganisation ges olika aktörer utrymme att göra sin egen tolkning, vilket kan påverka måluppfyllelsen på ett negativt sätt. Vid strukturförändringar är det viktigt att medarbetare ges möjlighet till såväl delaktighet som att kunna balansera sina åtagande i processen. Det är även av vikt att medarbetare i en förändringsprocess har tillit till ledningen och organisationen. Strukturförändringar kan samtidigt innebära spännande utmaningar och nya möjligheter till utveckling. Slutsatser Strukturella förändringar inom hälso- och sjukvården, i syfte att effektivisera, är komplexa och mångfacetterade. Samtidigt är begreppet effektivitet mångtydigt och svårutvärderat. Det påverkas av såväl struktur och ledarskap som medarbetarskap. En förändringsprocess påverkar både ledarskap och medarbetarskap. Framgångsfaktorer är medarbetarnas möjlighet till delaktighet och balans, samt deras tillit till såväl struktur som ledarskap / Background and purpose Within health and medical care, demands on increased efficiency, availability and increased quality, as well as a reduced financial framework, have required changes in the health and medical care system. One aim of this thesis is to illustrate the practical significance of the concept of efficiency in health and medical care on the basis of the experience of professionals. Another aim, on the basis of different perspectives, is to illustrate leadership and employeeship in connection with structural changes within health and medical care. Method The thesis builds on four studies (I – IV) carried out with the help of a qualitative research approach. Study I builds upon interviews on the concept of efficiency with strategically selected representatives for an organisation’s three decision levels. Studies II and III builds upon interviews with employees from different professions who have participated in two different hospital mergers. In study IV employees were interviewed about their experiences in connection with the privatisation of a health and medical care organisation. Outcome When there is no definition of the concept of efficiency in an organisation, different players are allowed scope to make their own interpretation, which can negatively affect fulfilment of objectives. During structural changes it is important that employees are given the opportunity to participate and to be able to balance their commitments in the process. It is also important that employees, in a process of change, have trust in the management and organisation. At the same time, structural changes can involve exciting challenges and new possibilities for development. Conclusions Structural changes within health and medical care, with the purpose of streamlining, are complex and multifaceted. At the same time the concept of efficiency is ambiguous and difficult to evaluate. It is influenced by structure and leadership as well as employeeship. A process of change affects both leadership and employeeship. Success factors are the employees’ prospects for participation and balance, and their trust in both structure and leadership.

No abstract available. / Thesis (MPA)-University of Durban-Westville, 2003.

In the context of democratisation in the early 1990s, the governments in Central and East Europe (CEE) had to decide how to deal with property that had been confiscated under state socialism. Nationalised housing and collectivised land were to a varying extent returned to former owners and their heirs by means of restitution, as well as being distributed to other citizens who were in possession of the users’ rights to such properties. This thesis examines the spatial impacts, in terms of ownership patterns, of the way the redistribution of nationalised housing and collectivised land has been dealt with politically and at the local level in post-socialist Romania. It also locates the Romanian property reforms in relation to those of the rest of CEE. The impact of political directives on the property redistribution is analysed in relation to both structural influences, such as democratisation and antecedent property regimes, and implementation patterns in varied place-contexts. The thesis demonstrates that restitution was stifled due to disagreements between leftist and rightist political blocs, with the latter arguing for restitution whilst their opponents wrote the first restitution laws. A re-privatisation law allowed for the public sale of nationalised housing to tenants and thereby blocked the implementation of a restitution law, thus constituting a dilemma for constitutional democracy. In liberal place-contexts in West Romania, these obstacles to housing restitution were in part avoided. By contrast, land restitution was most widespread in the east, a stronghold of the left. This was because the legislation gives priority to restitution in areas of this kind, where smaller land-holdings dominated prior to 1945. The left-wing government pursued an electoral strategy of distributing small properties to a large number of citizens, and to current users in particular. This resulted in a fragmentation of historical property.

This thesis is concerned with the impact of neo-liberal reforms, initiated in response to the exigencies of a new technologically-driven global economy, on a conservative interventionist state. It is a sociological work, which encompasses history, politics, economics, organisations, social action and societal change. Between 1984 and 1990, the Fourth Labour Government embarked upon the reform of the structure and operation of the New Zealand economy. That reform ranks amongst the most radical and far-reaching in twentieth century New Zealand. Not only were the scope and magnitude of the changes significant but they were also implemented with a rapidity that took most of the country by surprise. Consequently, New Zealanders were exposed to a new and flexible economy, where market forces provided a major contrast with the ideals of equity and consensus that had shaped social conditions since the 1950s. This new environment had significant implications for the career expectations and working environment of many people, and for the delivery and content of public services. This thesis adds to the existing body of knowledge on the New Zealand reforms by capturing and investigating the perspectives of key actors who were involved, in a number of ways, with the transformation of the economy. It explores the theoretical and empirical basis of the reform programme, the restructuring process, the nature and scale of an intense commercialisation strategy, the attitudes of a new generation of workers and the reactions of New Zealanders when their ontological security came under threat. Key aspects of the reforms are framed and analysed through the transformation of the New Zealand Post Office from an icon of the interventionist state, a major employer and key service provider - to a commercial enterprise which sought to be a competitive, flexible, profit-driven organisation typical of the new economy. The experiences of politicians and senior managers who were responsible for this transformation through to individuals who depended on the organisation for services and jobs, are represented in the thesis as indicative of the actions and responses of New Zealanders, generally, regarding much broader social and organisational changes brought about by the reforms.

Cette recherche est centrée sur une approche empirique des effets de la privatisation des entreprises publiques gabonaises, c’est-à-dire des mutations contemporaines opérées à partir de l’appareil productif. Il s’agissait de vérifier l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’emprise économique des entreprises internationales s’étaye sur de nouvelles formes d’emprise culturelle et symbolique qui s’appuient sur des dispositifs inédits : le système managérial. Ce qui pose une double approche à cette recherche : la première, d’ordre macrosociologique, fondée sur l’analyse de l’emprise économique des firmes internationales, c’est-à-dire l’accaparement des capitaux des entreprises privatisées par les firmes internationales et la seconde, microsociologique, qui souligne l’emprise managériale des firmes internationales sur les contre-pouvoirs / This research is centered on an empirical approach of the effects of privatization of public enterprises in Gabon, that is to say, contemporary changes effected from the means of production. This was to test the hypothesis that the economic influence of international companies supports new forms of cultural and symbolic influence that rely on new devices: the managerial system. This poses a dual approach to this research: first, of macrosociological order, based on the analysis of the economic influence of international companies, that is to say, grabbing corporate capital privatized by international firms and second, the microsociological, which emphasizes the managerial influence of international companies on the countervailing powers

Magister Educationis - Med / Since the 1980s several different forms of privatisation had been introduced into the South African educational system by the De Lange Commission. Since the 1990s a raft of neoliberal policies has been implemented under the banner of "educational transformation" by the post-apartheid state. This qualitative exploration will apply a critical policy analysis approach to analyse the impact of neoliberalism on post-apartheid education policy discourse in the public schooling system in South Africa from a historical, social and critical perspective. More specifically, I will apply the insights of critical education theory to interrogate the impact of the neoliberal orthodoxy and its concomitant values on the public schooling system with regard to the delivery of accessible, quality public schooling in post-apartheid South Africa.

The aim of the research reported in this thesis is to investigate and understand the strategic management of airports. More specifically, the research focuses on regional airports in the UK; it charts the ways in which their strategic management capacities have changed in recent decades with regard to external pressures associated with increasing commercialisation and government policy on the ownership and control of airports. The significance of those external pressures is discussed, especially in the light of privatisation. Within this context, key concepts of strategic management are presented and the application of the cultural web model is discussed, in order to explore the links between strategic management, organisational behaviour and the external operating environment of regional airports. Using a case study approach and qualitative research methods, two regional airports have been selected for an in-depth comparative investigation: Inverness (which remains in public ownership) and East Midlands (which is in private ownership). The conclusions which emerge from the case study evidence suggests that there are significant differences in the strategic management capacities of regional airports in the UK, and these differences reflect their ownership and control. Although there is much evidence that differences between public and private airports are reducing - mainly due to the heightened commercial awareness of the former - it is clear that, unlike publicly owned airports, the transfer of ownership from public to private does indicate a transformation in organisational culture. Unlike their publicly owned counterparts, strategic objectives are clear and well established; minimising costs is a well focused strategic priority; and the pursuit of efficiency is a key strategic driver of change. The thesis concludes with sorne critical. reflections on the research undertaken and suggests areas for future investigation.