Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Magister Economicae - MEcon / The study looked particularly at the operations of national carriers and governments' efforts to sustain the airlines' operations. Evidence has shown that many countries struggle to maintain operations of their flag carriers, but few countries are willing to completely leave the airlines in the hands of the private sector because of national pride. On the other hand, many of those airlines that get into private hands fail and end up being closed down or go back into state hands. These airlines are also perceived to be development tools, in particular for tourism development which is a predominant economic activity in many developing countries. For this reason, many states do not favour privatisation, even though the perception is that the airline industry is better handled by private businesses. The main conclusion of the study for Botswana is therefore that neither full state ownership nor full privatisation is the solution to addressing the problem of ailing flag carriers. There is no single solution, but a combination of several. A broader global view of national airline operations clearly shows that approaches adopted by many successful national airlines, in both developed and developing countries, is some form of partial privatisation. / South Africa

Magister Legum - LLM

This thesis deals with competition policy in the field of state aid. The objective is to outline how the system of granting the state aid works and how the regulations are anchored in the legislation of EU. On the other hand the thesis wants to offer different points of view on the policy. The second half of the paper focuses on the Czech banking sector -- it studies the environment of late 90s and compares the positions of big bank before their privatization. The case of Komerční banka has been chosen to analyze the specific impacts of granted state aid.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / South Africa

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / This study examined the impact of the City’s water management strategies, specifically the water management devices, on selected households in Saxonsea. The impact of cost recovery policies on poor households was interrogated in the light of government’s distributional and procedural equity in service delivery. The main issues arising from the study were lack of consultation, inadequate information, and perception of powerlessness. The study concludes that although water management devices have contributed to significant improvements in water saving, poor households are burdened with the responsibility of saving water. If the idea is to save water across the board, this regimen should be extended to all water users and not targeted at poor households only

"Although there have been some benefits accruing form privatisation in Africa generally and South Africa in particular, the exercise has impacted negatively on socio-economic rights and service delivery. With privatisation, the role of the state in the provision of these services has been taken over by private service providers over which states have no direct control or have failed to exercise control. Although it ought to be acknowledged that there has been an increase in the production levels of some goods and utility services, for instance water and electricity, it is unfortunate that with several people increasingly losing their jobs as public enterprises are privatised, they cannot afford to pay the increased costs of these services. This has been the case with water privatisation in South Africa where the 'full cost recovery' model and the introduction of 'pre-paid metres' have led to disconnections of water to those who are unable to pay, thus reducing access. As a result, since 1994, over 10 million South Africans have had their water disconnected. The main problem has been 'profit motives and cost recovery' on the one hand versus 'poverty, unemployment and inability to pay' on the other. This inevitably impacts negatively on the right of access to sufficient water and also affects the enjoyment of other socio-economic rights and services like food, housing, health care, inter alia. ... This study is divided into five chapters. Chapter one will set out the content of the research, identify the problem and outline the methodology. Chapter two gives a general coverage of privatisation and its inter-relationship with socio-economic rights and services. Chapter three covers the international and regional legal regime governing the protection, respect, promotion and fulfilment of socio-economic rights. It also covers the obligations of both the state and non-state actors. Chapter four will analyse the water privatisation exercise in South Africa, and how it has impacted on the enjoyment of the right of access to water. Based on the findings in chapter four, chapter five will evaluate the privatisation process and determine whether it complies with international and constitutional human rights obligations, followed by recommendations and a conclusion." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004. / Prepared under the supervision of Prof. Pierre de Vos at the Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape, South Africa / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

V Praze, dne 25. července 2013 ………………………………… Abstract The main focus of this thesis is the phenomenon of private military companies and their deployment in situations of armed conflict conducted under the auspices of the so-called "War on Terrorism". The aim is to provide the reader with an introductory insight into this issue, describe specific activities of private military companies during operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, and to answer research questions about their positive or negative contribution to the overall results of these conflicts and the possible impact on civil-military relations. The main thesis of this work is that the performance of these companies can not be categorically evaluated because it is different from case to case. There are, however, some general trends which can be traced in regard to "War on Terrorism". They mainly relate to the lack of efficient state control of private military companies and their conduct. The work is divided into several parts. The first deals with the historical development of conducting military operations with the help of non-state financially motivated actors. This section is intended to create a framework for a better understanding of the issues examined. The second part is devoted to theoretical classification of private military companies and...

Cette thèse porte sur le périmètre de l’intervention publique dans l’économie en droits français et iranien. La confrontation de ces deux régimes juridiques recèle une potentialité de libéralisme économique en droit iranien car les propriétés ne sont pas figées en fonction des personnes à qui elles appartiennent. Ainsi, malgré l’obésité actuelle du secteur public iranien, cette particularité permet une meilleure circulation des biens, entre secteur public et privé. Mais dans le même temps, d’autre part, le fait que le droit de propriété ne soit pas, contrairement au droit français, un droit de l’homme, dessert les personnes privées car la stabilité de leurs acquisitions s’en trouve menacée. En effet, exproprier une personne n’est pas considéré comme une atteinte à l’un de ses droits de l’homme mais c’est uniquement une atteinte aux biens qui se justifierait par l’intérêt général. L’ambivalence s’agissant de l’État propriétaire s’observe, également mais à rebours, s’agissant de l’État régulateur. Mais il s’agit cette fois d’une ambivalence à la fois au sein du droit iranien et entre les deux systèmes. Au sein du droit iranien, l’ambivalence du fait que la notion d’intérêt général est remplacée par celle d’intérêt du régime, ce qui empêche l’effectivité juridique de la protection des droits et libertés économiques. Mais, dans le même temps, cette "inopérance" de l’intérêt général a pour conséquence une meilleure protection potentielle de l’égale concurrence car l’État ne bénéficie pas d’un régime exorbitant du droit commun. À cette première ambivalence qui caractérise le droit iranien lui-même s’ajoute une ambivalence entre les deux systèmes puisqu’en droit français, l’intérêt général est plus présent et joue le rôle de conciliateur qui faisait défaut en droit iranien, ce qui est favorable aux droits et libertés économiques. Mais, dans le même temps, les prérogatives de puissance sont un frein au développement de l’égale concurrence. On retrouve donc des avantages en droit français inexistants en droit iranien et inversement. Cela nous amène à conclure à l’existence d’un tableau contrasté qui permet globalement une meilleure protection actuelle des droits et libertés économiques en France mais une meilleure protection potentielle de ces mêmes droits en Iran. / This thesis is about the scope of public intervention in the economy under Iranian and French laws. Comparison between these two legal regimes harbors potential for economic liberalism under Iranian law because properties are not fixed to those to whom they belong. Furthermore, in spite of the current enlargement of Iran’s public sector, this specific feature allows a better movement of properties between the public and the private sectors. Meanwhile, on the other hand, the fact that the right of ownership is not – unlike under the French law – a human rights, is detrimental to natural persons because the stability of their acquisition is threatened. In fact, expropriating someone does not amount to violation of human rights but is only encroachment upon public interest properties. Some ambivalence is observed with regard to State as owner, but there is also ambivalence with regard to State as regulator. Under the Iranian law, the ambivalence stems from the fact that the notion of public interest has been replaced by regime interests and that hinders legal effectiveness of protection of economic rights. But at the same time, the effectiveness of public interest leads to a potentially better protection of competition on equal footing because the State is not subject to an overriding ius commune. Add to this the very first characteristic of Iranian law on ambivalence between two systems because under the French law, public interest is more present and plays the role of conciliator, which is absent in Iran’s law, and which could favor economic rights. But at the same time, the privileges of state authority out a brake on development of equal competition. Therefore, one can find advantages in France’s law that do not exist in Iran’s law. That leads us to a conflicting system which generally allows a better protection of economic rights and freedom in France, but a potentially better protection of the same rights in Iran.

The theoretical framework of accumulation by dispossession allows for a critical examination of urban development projects within neoliberalism (Harvey, 2009; Swyngedouw, Moulaert & Rodriguez, 2002). Within the same neoliberal paradigm, sports mega-events have come to play a significant role for urban regeneration and policy-making (Hall, 2006). Meanwhile attending to the well-documented cases of mass-evictions and reduction of standard housing rights as a recurrent consequence of cities hosting such events (Blunden, 2012), we believe that such a critical examination is arguably important in order to do justice to these kinds of urban regeneration projects. In this paper we analyse, by a case study approach, how mega-events amplify and accelerate the process of accumulation by dispossession. We attend to the development of the Olympic Park and Olympic Village, Barra da Tijuca, in preparation for the Rio 2016 Games, as well as the neighbouring community of Vila Autódromo. By analysing different types of source material, we discuss how the mechanisms of privatisation and entrepreneurialism are reflected in our case; understood as two important mechanisms that facilitate the process of accumulation by dispossession (Harvey, 2009).