Three investigations were conducted in order to investigate the effect of dietary probiotics on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth performance, intestinal morphology, intestinal microbiology and immunity. The first experiment demonstrated that Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus reuteri and Pediococcus acidilactici supplemented individually and as a mixed probiotic (in addition to Enterococcus faecium; AquaStar® Growout) were capable of modulating intestinal microbial populations as determined by culture dependent methods and DGGE. Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing reported that >99% of 16S rRNA reads in the mixed probiotic group belonged to the probiotic genera, predominantly assigned to Enterococcus (52.50%) and Bacillus (45.94%). Tilapia in the mixed probiotic group displayed significantly higher intraepithelial leucocyte (IEL) populations in the mid intestine when compared to the control and L. reuteri treatment. The mixed probiotic also improved microvilli density and had a higher absorptive surface area when compared to the control. In the second trial, after six weeks of supplementing tilapia diets with AquaStar® Growout at 3g kg-1, fish demonstrated significantly higher final weight, weight gain and SGR when compared to that of the control (void of probiotic) treatment or an initial probiotic feed (lasting two weeks) followed by control feeding. Probiotic supplementation at 3g kg-1 also caused an increase in the abundance of intestinal IELs and goblet cells and an up-regulation in the gene expression of intestinal caspase-3, PCNA and HSP70 and immunity genes TLR2, TNFα, IL-1β, TGFβ and IL-10 when compared with the expression of control replicates. These changes were not observed when supplementing tilapia diets with a lower dose (1.5g kg-1), nor when supplementing the probiotic in either a pulsed manner or as an initial feed (two weeks) followed by control feeding. Trial three revealed that the probiotic had a more discrete effect on the intestinal allochthonous microbiota as 16S rRNA reads assigned to probiotic genera only accounted for 5-10% of total reads. Nevertheless, the supplementation of dietary AquaStar® Growout at 3g kg-1 improved the localised immune response in tilapia, through the regulation of immunity genes TLR2, MYD88, NFκB, TNFα, IL-1β, TGFβ and IL-10, larger populations of goblet cells and a higher recruitment of IELs. Furthermore, the probiotic also improved the systemic immune response through the regulation of immunity genes (mentioned above) in the head kidney and significantly higher circulating leucocyte levels in whole blood. The extent of these changes were dependent on the probiotic treatment (i.e. continuously supplemented in feed or alternating weekly between probiotic at 3 g kg-1 and control feeding), the duration of feeding and the parameter investigated. This research demonstrates that B. subtilis, L. reuteri, P. acidilactici and AquaStar® Growout can modulate the intestinal microbiota. In addition, AquaStar® Growout can improve intestinal morphology, growth performance and modulate both the localised and systemic immune responses of tilapia when supplemented through the feed at the appropriate dosage and feeding regime.

L’écosystème digestif est sous l’influence de facteurs abiotiques et biotiques qui déterminent son équilibre et par conséquent influencent la santé digestive de l'hôte. Chez le lapin en croissance, un déséquilibre de l’écosystème caecal est associé aux entéropathies, responsables de mortalités importantes en élevage. La compréhension des interactions biotope – biocénose digestive permettra la mise en oeuvre de stratégies pour garantir l'équilibre de cet écosystème. Ainsi, le rôle des facteurs biotiques de stabilité l’écosystème digestif, tels que des microorganismes exogènes probiotiques, fait actuellement l’objet de nombreuses études, mais leur mode d’action sur la biocénose et le biotope reste encore peu clair. L’objectif de notre travail est de contribuer à la compréhension du fonctionnement de l'écosystème caecal chez le jeune lapin, soumis ou non à un stress nutritionnel et en présence ou non d'une flore exogène ajoutée. Il s'agit aussi, de faire une approche comparative des effets d'un même probiotique (S. cerevisiae) dans cet écosystème et dans le rumen de la vache, pour mieux décrire les mécanismes d'action d'une levure probiotique sur les relations biocénose-biotope. Dans ce but, nous avons mis au point et validé pour le caecum du lapin la mesure du potentiel redox (Eh), pour mieux juger de l'état d'anaérobiose du biotope caecal. Nous avons également validé un nouvel indicateur de l’inflammation générale (haptoglobine sérique) en réponse à l'application d'un stress nutritionnel ou d'un état sanitaire déficient. Comparé au rumen, le biotope caecal est un milieu très anaérobie, puisque son potentiel redox moyen est de -220 mV et ne varie pas avec l’âge (de 28 à 64 jours). La biodiversité de la biocénose bactérienne caecale, calculée à partir de leur empreinte moléculaire (CE-SSCP) est en moyenne de 5,0 (indice de Simpson). Chez l'animal touché par un dysfonctionnement digestif, nous observons une élévation du niveau général de l'inflammation (+70% du taux d’haptoglobine sérique), associée à une chute de l'activité fermentaire caecal (-50%) et une hausse du pH (+ 0,7), mais qui n'est pas associée à des variations d'Eh caecal ou de la diversité bactérienne. L'application d'un stress nutritionnel (déficience en fibres) entraîne chez le lapin une baisse de la concentration caecale en AGV totaux (-25%) et une hausse du pH (+0,1). Cependant, la déficience en fibres n’a pas d'effet marqué sur le Eh caecal, dont la moyenne est de -210 mV. De même, la diversité bactérienne n’est pas modifiée (5,3) par la réduction de la teneur en fibres de l’aliment et la similarité observée est de 76%. La teneur de fibres dans l’aliment n’influence pas non plus le niveau d'inflammation générale. L’apport de levures vivantes dans la ration du lapin tend à augmenter la diversité bactérienne (+10%), et peut élever le potentiel redox caecal de 25 mV caecal. Il n’affecte cependant pas la structure du microbiote bactérien caecal (similarité= 99%). Elle n’entraîne pas non plus de variation du taux d’haptoglobine. L'ingestion de levures vivantes a permis l’amélioration de la santé digestive par la réduction de la mortalité (jusqu'à -50%) pendant les périodes de forte mortalité où le taux d’haptoglobine sérique augmente d’environ 70%. L’effet de la levure observé ici dans le caecum du lapin diffère de celui observé dans le rumen de la vache, pour lequel on observe une baisse du potentiel redox et une hausse du pH, ce qui favoriserait l’activité des bactéries anaérobies strict transformant le lactate en propionate. La levure stabiliserait donc le biotope (pH, potentiel redox) qui favoriserait la croissance ou l’activité de certaines bactéries. Cette hypothèse reste encore à confirmer pour l'écosystème caecal du lapin, à l'aide méthode appropriées. / The digestive ecosystem is influenced by abiotics and biotics factors that determined its balance and consequently influenced the host digestive health. In the young rabbit, caecal ecosystem disorders are largely responsible for nonspecific enteropathies that cause livestock losses. Understanding biotope/biocenosis interrelationships would allow the development of new strategies that preserve the ecosystem balance. Thus, the role of biotic factors that stabilise the digestive ecosystem, such as probiotics is extensively studied, however their effects on biocenosis and biotope remain unclear. The aim of our work is to improve our understanding of the caecal ecosystem functioning, submitted or not to a nutritional stress and with or without addition of an exogenous flora. We also aimed to compare the effects of the same probiotic (S. cerevisiae) in the caecum and in the rumen (dairy cow), to improve our knowledge on the mechanisms of action of yeast probiotic on biocenosis and biotope. We have developed and validated the measure of redox potential in the caecum. We also validated for the growing rabbit, a new indicator of the general inflammation (haptoglobin) in response to the application of nutritional stress or under a deficient sanitary status. Compared to the rumen, the caecal biotope is very anaerobic, since its redox potential is meanly of -220mV, and do not vary with age (35-63d old). The biodiversity of the bacterial community in the caecum, calculated from fingerprint technique (SSCP), reached meanly 5.0 (Simpson index). In the rabbit having a digestive trouble, the seric haptoglobin concentration increased by 70%, while caecal fermentative activity dropped by 50%. In parallel, the caecal pH increased (+0,7 unit) whereas the redox potential and the bacterial diversity remain unaffected in the caecum. When the young rabbit is submitted to a nutritional stress (fibre deficiency), the caecal volatile fatty acids concentration dropped by 25%, while the pH increased by 0.1 unit. However, the fibre deficiency did not affect the caecal redox potential (meanly -210 mV). Similarly, the bacterial biodiversity in the caecum was not modified (5,3) according to dietary fibre intake, as well the bacterial community structure. Besides, the haptoglobin concentration remained similar with fibre intake. The live yeast added in the diet tended to increase the bacterial diversity (+10%), and could slightly increase the caecal Eh (+25 mV). Yeast have no effect on the structure of rabbit caecal microbiota (bacteria only), where the similarity is 99%. It does not change the serum haptoglobin level. In return, yeast addition improved the digestive health by reducing mortality rate by 50%, particularly during periods of high mortality, when the serum haptoglobin increased by 70%. The effect of yeast described in the rabbit caecum differed from that found for the cow rumen: yeast decreased the redox potential and increased the pH that favors the strict anaerobic bacterial activity. The live yeast thus would stabilise the biotope (pH, Eh) and would favor the growth and activity of specific bacteria. However, this hypothesis still remains to be confirmed for the rabbit caecal ecosystem, using pertinent methodology.

Les Escherichia coli entérohémorragiques (EHEC) sont des pathogènes zoonotiques responsables de toxi-infectionsalimentaires pouvant évoluer vers des atteintes potentiellement mortelles chez l’Homme. La survie des EHECet l’expression des gènes de virulence dans l’environnement digestif humain sont des facteurs essentiels dans laphysiopathologie de ces infections mais sont mal connus, essentiellement par manque de modèles d’études adaptés.L’absence de traitement spécifique a conduit à s’intéresser à des moyens préventifs et/ou curatifs alternatifs, commel’utilisation de probiotiques. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’étudier le comportement de souches EHEC dansl’ensemble du tractus digestif et l’influence de souches probiotiques, en utilisant des approches in vitro et in vivocomplémentaires.In vitro, dans le tractus gastro-intestinal supérieur, on observe une mortalité bactérienne dans l’estomac, suivie d’unereprise de croissance dans les parties distales de l’intestin grêle. De plus, la survie des EHEC dépend à la fois de lasouche/sérotype étudié et de la matrice alimentaire dans laquelle les bactéries sont ingérées. En conditions coliqueshumaines simulées, les EHEC sont progressivement éliminés du milieu colique et leurs principaux gènes de virulence(stx1 codant la Shiga-toxine 1 et eae codant l’intimine) sont surexprimés dans les heures suivant l’inoculation dupathogène. L’ajout de levures probiotiques du genre Saccharomyces ne modifie pas la survie du pathogène dansl’environnement colique, que celles-ci soient administrées en traitement « curatif » ou « prophylactique ». Parcontre, l’administration de S. cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 permet (i) de moduler favorablement l’activité fermentairedu microbiote intestinal, en augmentant la production d’acétate et en réduisant celle du butyrate et (ii) de diminuersignificativement l’expression de stx1. Par ailleurs, l’effet du pathogène et des probiotiques sur le microbiote coliqueest individu dépendant, confortant l’hypothèse que des facteurs associés à l’hôte, comme le microbiote, pourraientconditionner l’évolution clinique des infections à EHEC et l’efficacité d’une stratégie probiotique. Enfin, dans unmodèle murin d’anses iléales, l’administration préventive de S. cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 limite significativementl’interaction d’O157:H7 avec les plaques de Peyer et les lésions hémorragiques associées.Ces résultats confirment donc l’intérêt d’une stratégie probiotique dans le contrôle des infections à EHEC. Uneétude plus approfondie du transcriptome du pathogène dans l’environnement digestif humain, en présence ou non deprobiotiques, permettrait de mieux comprendre la physiopathologie des infections à EHEC et les mécanismes associés / The enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are zoonotic pathogens that cause food-borne infection withwhich leads to life-threatening damage in humans. EHEC survival and expression of virulence genes in the humandigestive track are key factors in the pathogenesis of these infections, but little is known, mainly due to lack ofappropriate study models. The absence of specific treatment has led to an interest in preventive and/or alternativemeasures healing, such as the use of probiotics. The objective of this study is the behavior of EHEC strains in theentire digestive tract and the influence of probiotic strains, using in vitro and in vivo complementary approaches.In vitro, in the upper gastrointestinal tract, a bacterial mortality was observed in the stomach, followed bya bacterial resumption in the distal segment of the small intestine. Moreover, survival depends on both theEHEC strain/serotype studied and the food matrix in which the bacteria are ingested. In simulated humancolon conditions, EHEC was progressively eliminated from the bioreactor and the major virulence genes (stx1encoding Shiga-toxin 1 and eae encoding intimin) are overexpressed in the hours following the inoculation ofpathogen. Probiotic yeasts Saccharomyces genus does not modify the survival of the pathogen in the in vitro colonicenvironment, that they be administered in treatment "curative" or "prophylactic". Still, the administration ofS. cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 allows (i) to favorably modulate fermentation activity of the intestinal microbiota, byincreasing the production of acetate and reducing that of butyrate and (ii) reduce significantly the expression ofstx1. Furthermore, the effect of pathogenic and probiotic on colonic microbiota is donor-dependent, supporting thehypothesis that factors associated with the host, as the microbiota could condition the clinical course of EHEC andefficiency a probiotic strategy. Finally, in a murine model of ileal loops, preventive administration of S. cerevisiaeCNCM I-3856 significantly limits the interaction of O157:H7 with the Peyer’s patches and results hemorrhagic lesions.These results confirms the interest of probiotic strategy in controlling EHEC infections. Further transcriptomestudies are warranted for the pathogen in the human digestive environment, with or without probiotics for the betterunderstanding of the pathophysiology of EHEC and so on the mechanisms involved in the antagonistic effect ofprobiotics.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:55:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Sandro.pdf: 259492 bytes, checksum: 9e24465090764a22ac75d827ad8af255 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-27 / The effect of a probiotic on the immune response of cattle immunized with one dose of rabies vaccine was evaluated in this study. The Nelore bovines (N=75) were divided randomly into 5 groups: four groups fed with a diet supplemented with the 2, 3, 4 and 8 g the probiotic (Proenzime®)/bovine/day, groups G2, G3, G4 and G8, respectively, for 60 days. The 5th group was used as control. All the animals were immunized with a single dose of rabies vaccine on the first day of the experiment (day 0). The antibody titers were measured on days 0, 30 and 60 by RFFIT test. The results show the significant interaction was found between the probiotic level and vaccination time. There was also a significant difference among rabies titers in groups Gc, G2, G3, G4 and G8 on both days 30 and 60. In group G4, titers of rabies antibody in cattle decreased significantly on day 60. A significant difference (p<0.05) between the frequency of immunized animals in the control group and the other treatments was found on both days 30 and 60. On day 60, the control group did not differ from G2. However, no significant difference (p<0.05) was found among the treatments which were supplemented with probiotic. In addition, no significant difference (p<0.05) between the frequency of immunized animals on days 30 and 60 was found in control (Gc) or any other treatment (G2, G3, G4 or G8). In conclusion, the probiotic (Proenzime®) increase the humoral immune response of bovine immunized with rabies vaccine. / Foi avaliado o efeito do probiótico sobre a resposta imune de bovinos imunizados com uma dose de vacina anti-rábica. Utilizaram-se bovinos Nelore (N=75) divididos randomicamente em 5 grupos: quatro grupos foram suplementados com 2, 3, 4 e 8 g probiótico (Proenzime®)/bovino/dia, grupos G2, G3, G4 e G8, respectivamente, por 60 dias. O 5º grupo foi controle. Todos os animais foram imunizados com uma dose de vacina anti-rábica no dia zero do experimento. Os títulos de anticorpos anti-rábicos foram mensurados nos dias 0, 30, 60 por meio do teste de RFFIT. Os resultados mostraram interação significativa entre concentração de probiótico e tempo de vacinação. Também teve aumento significativo nos títulos de anticorpos anti-rábicos nos grupos Gc, G2, G3, G4 e G8 nos dias 30 e 60. No grupo G4 os títulos de anticorpos anti-rábicos reduziram significativamente no dia 60. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre a freqüência de animais imunizados entre os grupos controle e tratados nos dias 30 e 60. No dia 60, o grupo controle não diferiu do G2. Além disso, não houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) na freqüência de animais nos dias 30 e 60, no grupo controle ou nos grupos tratados (G2, G3, G4 e G8). Conclui-se que o probiótico (Proenzime®) aumentou a resposta imune humoral em bovinos imunizados com vacina anti-rábica.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:55:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao Luciana Alvares Calvo Penha.pdf: 262652 bytes, checksum: c5d5a66986ee73998c29be43156901d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-23 / This study evaluated the effect of probiotic supplementation on both weight gain and serum cortisol concentration in cattle. Forty Nelore calves around 18 months old were randomly assigned to one of two groups (N=20 calves each) which received only mineral mixture (GC) or mineral mixture supplemented with 4.0 g probiotic Proenzime® per animal per day (GP). The cattle were subjected to handling stress by the usual weighing practices in the corral as well as blood sampling on days 0, 75 and 150. Live weight gain increased in GP (8.20 Kg; 17.07%) from day 0 to 75 (P<0.05); no weight differences were detected from day 76 to 150 (P>0.05). Cortisol concentration increased in GC cattle on day 150 (P<0.05). In GP cattle serum cortisol was constant over the experiment (P>0.05). On day 150, cortisol concentration were higher in GC as compared to GP. No correlations were detected between live weight gain and serum cortisol on days 75 (r= -0.005ns) and 150 (r= -0.007ns). These results indicate that: probiotic administration enhances weight gain in cattle for 75 days but not longer; and day 150 probiotic supplementation can lower cortisol concentration in cattle that are frequently stressed by handling and weighing practices in the corral. / Este estudo avaliou o efeito da suplementação com probiótico no cortisol sérico e no ganho de peso em bovinos. Quarenta bezerros Nelore com cerca de 18 meses de idade foram distribuídos aleatoriamente para um dos dois grupos (N = 20 bezerros cada) que receberam apenas mistura mineral (GC) ou mistura mineral suplementado com 4,0g de probiótico Proenzime® (GP) por animal por dia. Os bovinos foram submetidos ao estresse pela prática da manipulação habitual de pesagem no curral, bem como amostragem sangue nos dias 0, 75 e 150. O ganho de peso vivo aumentou no GP (8,20 kg; 17,07%) do dia 0 aos 75 (P < 0,05) e no ganho de peso não foram detectadas diferenças a partir do dia 76 a 150 (P > 0,05). A concentração do cortisol aumentou nos bovinos do GC no dia 150 (P < 0,05) e nos bovinos do GP o cortisol sérico foi constante ao longo do experimento (P > 0,05). No dia 150 as concentrações de cortisol foram maiores no GC em comparação com o GP. Não foram detectadas correlações entre ganho de peso vivo e cortisol sérico nos dias 75 (r =-0.005ns) e 150 (r =-0.007ns). Estes resultados indicam que a administração de probiótico aumentou o peso nos bovinos nos primeiros 75 dias, e no dia 150 a suplementação diminuiu a concentração sérica de cortisol do qual se encontram freqüentemente submetidos a movimentação e a prática da pesagem no curral.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:55:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao - Andreia.pdf: 542231 bytes, checksum: 91854897395aaf5eb914b176b823aa05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-19 / In the 90s, researchers started studying the seminal proteic plasma profile and its relationship with fertility, whose objective was to study the function of each protein within the sperma frame in domestic species. In animal reproduction, another relevant factor for a good reproductive performance is feeding, being the probiotic the goal of unnumbered researchs reporting the use of them for weight gain, and food conversion. The present work had the objective of evaluating the winter and summer effects on the seminal plasma proteins, using SDS - PAG electroforesis and investigating the probiotic influence on weight, scrotum girth and spermiogram in Tabapuã bred bulls on range breeding. The 6 Kda proteic bands (81,81% in winter and 90,90% in summer) 9 Kda (90,90% in winter and 72,72% in summer) and 125 kda (81,81% in winter and 90,90% in summer) showed, in both seasons, the largest percentages among all the identified bands, the same happening with the 26 Kda band (100%) in summer. It was concluded that the seasons of the year can influence the presence or absence of seminal plasma proteins, however this has no relationship with the spermatic quality. The probiotic has not caused deleterious effect in the bulls' spermograms, and also has not exhibited a pro-action for weight gain and increasing of scrotal perimeter. / Na década de 90, iniciou-se o estudo do perfil protéico do plasma seminal e sua relação com a fertilidade, cujo objetivo era estudar a função de cada proteína no quadro espermático, nas espécies domésticas. Na reprodução animal, outro fator relevante, para um bom desempenho reprodutivo, é a alimentação, sendo os probióticos alvo de várias pesquisas relatando o uso do mesmo para o ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do inverno e verão, sobre as proteínas do plasma seminal, por meio da eletroforese SDS-PAGE e investigar a influência do probiótico no peso, perímetro escrotal e espermiograma de touros da raça Tabapuã criados extensivamente. As bandas protéicas de 6 Kda (81,81% no inverno e 90,90% no verão), 9 KDa (90,90 no inverno e 72,72% no verão) e 125 Kda (81,81% no inverno e 90,90% no verão), apresentaram, nas duas estações, as maiores percentagens dentre todas as bandas identificadas, o mesmo ocorrendo com a banda de 26 KDa (100%) no verão. Conclui-se que: as estações do ano podem influenciar na presença ou ausência de proteínas do plasma seminal, entretanto isso não tem relação direta com a qualidade espermática. O probiótico não ocasionou efeito deletério no espermograma dos touros, no entanto, não demonstrou ação promotora para o ganho de peso e aumento do perímetro escrotal.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:53:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Sandro.pdf: 259492 bytes, checksum: 9e24465090764a22ac75d827ad8af255 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-27 / The effect of a probiotic on the immune response of cattle immunized with one dose of rabies vaccine was evaluated in this study. The Nelore bovines (N=75) were divided randomly into 5 groups: four groups fed with a diet supplemented with the 2, 3, 4 and 8 g the probiotic (Proenzime®)/bovine/day, groups G2, G3, G4 and G8, respectively, for 60 days. The 5th group was used as control. All the animals were immunized with a single dose of rabies vaccine on the first day of the experiment (day 0). The antibody titers were measured on days 0, 30 and 60 by RFFIT test. The results show the significant interaction was found between the probiotic level and vaccination time. There was also a significant difference among rabies titers in groups Gc, G2, G3, G4 and G8 on both days 30 and 60. In group G4, titers of rabies antibody in cattle decreased significantly on day 60. A significant difference (p<0.05) between the frequency of immunized animals in the control group and the other treatments was found on both days 30 and 60. On day 60, the control group did not differ from G2. However, no significant difference (p<0.05) was found among the treatments which were supplemented with probiotic. In addition, no significant difference (p<0.05) between the frequency of immunized animals on days 30 and 60 was found in control (Gc) or any other treatment (G2, G3, G4 or G8). In conclusion, the probiotic (Proenzime®) increase the humoral immune response of bovine immunized with rabies vaccine. / Foi avaliado o efeito do probiótico sobre a resposta imune de bovinos imunizados com uma dose de vacina anti-rábica. Utilizaram-se bovinos Nelore (N=75) divididos randomicamente em 5 grupos: quatro grupos foram suplementados com 2, 3, 4 e 8 g probiótico (Proenzime®)/bovino/dia, grupos G2, G3, G4 e G8, respectivamente, por 60 dias. O 5º grupo foi controle. Todos os animais foram imunizados com uma dose de vacina anti-rábica no dia zero do experimento. Os títulos de anticorpos anti-rábicos foram mensurados nos dias 0, 30, 60 por meio do teste de RFFIT. Os resultados mostraram interação significativa entre concentração de probiótico e tempo de vacinação. Também teve aumento significativo nos títulos de anticorpos anti-rábicos nos grupos Gc, G2, G3, G4 e G8 nos dias 30 e 60. No grupo G4 os títulos de anticorpos anti-rábicos reduziram significativamente no dia 60. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre a freqüência de animais imunizados entre os grupos controle e tratados nos dias 30 e 60. No dia 60, o grupo controle não diferiu do G2. Além disso, não houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) na freqüência de animais nos dias 30 e 60, no grupo controle ou nos grupos tratados (G2, G3, G4 e G8). Conclui-se que o probiótico (Proenzime®) aumentou a resposta imune humoral em bovinos imunizados com vacina anti-rábica.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:53:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao Luciana Alvares Calvo Penha.pdf: 262652 bytes, checksum: c5d5a66986ee73998c29be43156901d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-23 / This study evaluated the effect of probiotic supplementation on both weight gain and serum cortisol concentration in cattle. Forty Nelore calves around 18 months old were randomly assigned to one of two groups (N=20 calves each) which received only mineral mixture (GC) or mineral mixture supplemented with 4.0 g probiotic Proenzime® per animal per day (GP). The cattle were subjected to handling stress by the usual weighing practices in the corral as well as blood sampling on days 0, 75 and 150. Live weight gain increased in GP (8.20 Kg; 17.07%) from day 0 to 75 (P<0.05); no weight differences were detected from day 76 to 150 (P>0.05). Cortisol concentration increased in GC cattle on day 150 (P<0.05). In GP cattle serum cortisol was constant over the experiment (P>0.05). On day 150, cortisol concentration were higher in GC as compared to GP. No correlations were detected between live weight gain and serum cortisol on days 75 (r= -0.005ns) and 150 (r= -0.007ns). These results indicate that: probiotic administration enhances weight gain in cattle for 75 days but not longer; and day 150 probiotic supplementation can lower cortisol concentration in cattle that are frequently stressed by handling and weighing practices in the corral. / Este estudo avaliou o efeito da suplementação com probiótico no cortisol sérico e no ganho de peso em bovinos. Quarenta bezerros Nelore com cerca de 18 meses de idade foram distribuídos aleatoriamente para um dos dois grupos (N = 20 bezerros cada) que receberam apenas mistura mineral (GC) ou mistura mineral suplementado com 4,0g de probiótico Proenzime® (GP) por animal por dia. Os bovinos foram submetidos ao estresse pela prática da manipulação habitual de pesagem no curral, bem como amostragem sangue nos dias 0, 75 e 150. O ganho de peso vivo aumentou no GP (8,20 kg; 17,07%) do dia 0 aos 75 (P < 0,05) e no ganho de peso não foram detectadas diferenças a partir do dia 76 a 150 (P > 0,05). A concentração do cortisol aumentou nos bovinos do GC no dia 150 (P < 0,05) e nos bovinos do GP o cortisol sérico foi constante ao longo do experimento (P > 0,05). No dia 150 as concentrações de cortisol foram maiores no GC em comparação com o GP. Não foram detectadas correlações entre ganho de peso vivo e cortisol sérico nos dias 75 (r =-0.005ns) e 150 (r =-0.007ns). Estes resultados indicam que a administração de probiótico aumentou o peso nos bovinos nos primeiros 75 dias, e no dia 150 a suplementação diminuiu a concentração sérica de cortisol do qual se encontram freqüentemente submetidos a movimentação e a prática da pesagem no curral.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:53:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao - Andreia.pdf: 542231 bytes, checksum: 91854897395aaf5eb914b176b823aa05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-19 / In the 90s, researchers started studying the seminal proteic plasma profile and its relationship with fertility, whose objective was to study the function of each protein within the sperma frame in domestic species. In animal reproduction, another relevant factor for a good reproductive performance is feeding, being the probiotic the goal of unnumbered researchs reporting the use of them for weight gain, and food conversion. The present work had the objective of evaluating the winter and summer effects on the seminal plasma proteins, using SDS - PAG electroforesis and investigating the probiotic influence on weight, scrotum girth and spermiogram in Tabapuã bred bulls on range breeding. The 6 Kda proteic bands (81,81% in winter and 90,90% in summer) 9 Kda (90,90% in winter and 72,72% in summer) and 125 kda (81,81% in winter and 90,90% in summer) showed, in both seasons, the largest percentages among all the identified bands, the same happening with the 26 Kda band (100%) in summer. It was concluded that the seasons of the year can influence the presence or absence of seminal plasma proteins, however this has no relationship with the spermatic quality. The probiotic has not caused deleterious effect in the bulls' spermograms, and also has not exhibited a pro-action for weight gain and increasing of scrotal perimeter. / Na década de 90, iniciou-se o estudo do perfil protéico do plasma seminal e sua relação com a fertilidade, cujo objetivo era estudar a função de cada proteína no quadro espermático, nas espécies domésticas. Na reprodução animal, outro fator relevante, para um bom desempenho reprodutivo, é a alimentação, sendo os probióticos alvo de várias pesquisas relatando o uso do mesmo para o ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do inverno e verão, sobre as proteínas do plasma seminal, por meio da eletroforese SDS-PAGE e investigar a influência do probiótico no peso, perímetro escrotal e espermiograma de touros da raça Tabapuã criados extensivamente. As bandas protéicas de 6 Kda (81,81% no inverno e 90,90% no verão), 9 KDa (90,90 no inverno e 72,72% no verão) e 125 Kda (81,81% no inverno e 90,90% no verão), apresentaram, nas duas estações, as maiores percentagens dentre todas as bandas identificadas, o mesmo ocorrendo com a banda de 26 KDa (100%) no verão. Conclui-se que: as estações do ano podem influenciar na presença ou ausência de proteínas do plasma seminal, entretanto isso não tem relação direta com a qualidade espermática. O probiótico não ocasionou efeito deletério no espermograma dos touros, no entanto, não demonstrou ação promotora para o ganho de peso e aumento do perímetro escrotal.

The presented diploma thesis is focused on the preparation and the monitoring of the biological stability of beer enriched with probiotics. Probiotic bacterial strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium bifidum were used in this study. The theoretical part is divided into two sections. In the first section, probiotics are generally characterized, and their role within a gut microbiota is described. Next, the microbiology of particular probiotic microorganisms including the genera of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium is described. Then, some factors influencing the viability and the growth of probiotics are stated. In this section, biological effects of probiotics on the human organism and their potential clinical applications are described. The second section of the theoretical part deals with the technology of brewing, the chemical composition of beer and particular beer styles. In the experimental part, the methods of probiotic bacterial cell concentration and viability determination were optimized. Several techniques for determination of these parameters were selected, particularly the cultivation method, flow cytometry and the spectrophotometric measurement of turbidity. Then, the growth curves of the probiotic strains were measured in MRS medium. Probiotic bacteria were cultivated in model beer samples, i.e. in MRS media with several different concentrations of ethanol. It is possible to say that ethanol did not have significant effect on probiotics growth. Next, experimental cultivations of individual probiotic bacteria and their mixtures in nine real beer samples were conducted. No increase of viable cells concentrations was detected in the samples. On the contrary, a decrease of the concentrations was observed, mainly in the samples with individual bacterial strains. However, certain values of viable cells concentrations were determined at the end of the cultivations in all cases. A pale, top-fermented beer was brewed and supplemented with probiotics, and the concentrations of viable probiotic cells were monitored during 37 days of fermentation. A decrease of concentrations by two orders of magnitude of CFU/ml was observed in almost all samples. Yet, viable cells of probiotic bacteria were detected in all samples of beer at the end of the fermentation. Maximal concentration of viable probiotic cells in the brewed beer was determined with the cultivation method at (3,80 ± 0,14)10^5 CFU/ml. Chosen samples were analyzed with HPLC-RI method that quantified the common beer concentrations of ethanol in all chosen samples, lactic acid was not detected. Sensory analysis was conducted as well. Based on the results of the experimental part and the bibliography, an optimal technology of the preparation of beer enriched with probiotics is discussed in this study.