Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene zweiphasige Vergärungssysteme hinsichtlich der mikrobiellen Biomasse und Abbauaktivität charakterisiert, mit dem Ziel, eine mikrobiologische Prozessüberwachung zu ermöglichen. Bei der analytischen Begleitung des Biogasprozesses stellte sich heraus, dass viele Biomasse- und Aktivitätsparameter anlagen- bzw. substratspezifische Werte aufweisen und Prozessstörungen bzw. Verfahrensmodifikationen über diese mikrobiologischen Kenngrößen detektiert und verifiziert werden können. Im Normalbetrieb der Vergärung von Maissilage konnte in der Hydrolysestufe eine starke Vermehrung der mikrobiellen Gesamtzellzahl sowie eine Zunahme des Archaea:Bacteria-Verhältnisses verzeichnet werden. Die Aktivitätsprofile von Hydrolasen (unspezifische Esterase, Polysaccharasen und Proteasen) erlaubten eine Visualisierung des Hydrolysefortschritts. Hierbei erwiesen sich die Esterase-, Cellulase- und Xylanaseaktivität als besonders aussagekräftig. Ähnlich ermöglichte dies die Analyse der Atmungsaktivität, die die mikrobielle Abbauaktivität des Eingangs- bzw. das Restgaspotential des Ausgangsmaterials der Hydrolysestufe wiedergibt. Die phylogenetischen Analysen der ersten Prozessstufe zeigten eine klare Dominanz von cellulolytischen Bakterien der Gattung Clostridium (Ø 35%). Der Anteil der hydrogenotrophen Methanogenen lag in den untersuchten Systemen etwa 50% über dem der Acetoklastischen, was darauf schließen lässt, dass der hydrogenotrophe Methanbildungsweg favorisiert wird. Es wurde aber auch eine erhöhte Abundanz der nicht-methanogenen Crenarchaeota festgestellt, deren Rolle im Biogasprozess noch ungeklärt ist. Im Zuge dieser Arbeit wurde weiterhin die Vergärbarkeit von HCH-belasteter Grassilage bzw. ein potentieller mikrobieller β-HCH-Abbau untersucht. Hier konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Aktivität der Mikroorganismen durch die Schadstoffbelastung des Substrates nicht inhibiert war. Darüber hinaus konnte ein Abbau des β-HCH nach der Hydrolyse der Grassilage nachgewiesen werden. Durch das Auftreten von Prozessstörungen bzw. Verfahrensmodifikationen konnten die Auswirkungen auf die untersuchten mikrobiologischen Kenngrößen näher untersucht und u. a. auch statistisch abgesichert verifiziert werden. Korrelationsanalysen verdeutlichten die mikrobiellen bzw. biochemischen Zusammenhänge im System. Besonders interessant sind dabei die signifikanten Korrelationen zwischen der Gesamtzellzahl, der Esteraseaktivität und dem Chemischen Sauerstoffbedarf, die für jede Verfahrensstufe nachgewiesen werden konnten. Diese Analysen zeigten erstmalig, dass die unspezifische Esteraseaktivität als allgemeiner mikrobieller Aktivitätsparameter in verschiedenen Prozessstufen von Biogasanlagen als Indikator zur Prozesseffizienz und -stabilität einsetzbar ist. Daher wurde die Methodik als Schnelltest weiterentwickelt, der auch vor Ort Anwendung finden kann. Dies ermöglicht eine direkte Analyse des Biogassubstrates, der Effizienz der Substratumsetzung sowie die Detektion von Störungen und eine entsprechende Steuerung und Regelung des Prozesses.

Low-grade mineral deposits lead to a very high tonnage excavation with the adherent economical and environmental problems belong to gas emissions and minerals recovery costs, which, accompanied by the higher operational and equipment costs and the higher demand for the mineral resources, lead to increasing of mineral commodities prices, especially metals. These challenges can be overcome through mine planning optimization. Therefore, an approach for the global optimization of the integrated mining and processing operations is designed by a dynamic and simulation model construction. By applying a case study and through mining selectivity strategy, deeply investigation of the ore parameters (especially mineral liberation grain size and hardness), and proper arrangements for the plant facilities, mineral production is realized, with better quality, lower environmental impacts, lower costs, and higher economic benefits.:Table of Content List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………….……… V List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………….…… IX List of symbols and Abbreviations …………………………………………………............ XII List of Appendices …………………………………………………………..……............ XVIII 1. Justification and Importance of the Mine Planning Optimization ……………………….. 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Urgent need for general mine planning optimization ............................................................... 2 1.2.1 Overall costly low-grade ore deposits ................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 World markets ........................................................................................................................ 3 1.2.3 Sustainability requirements in mining, environmental and social issues .............................. 5 1.2.4 The strategic importance of the mining industry ................................................................... 6 2. State of the Science and General Outline for Mine Planning Optimization Concepts …... 8 2.1 The mine planning optimization concepts ................................................................................ 8 2.1.1 Improvements for the interconnected mining and processing operations ............................. 8 2.1.2 Urgent demand for the unit-operations cost reduction through holistic optimization ......... 12 2.1.3 Expenditures of size reduction operations ........................................................................... 13 2.1.4 The Mill as a critical point in the product supply chain ...................................................... 17 2.2 Critical review of researches for the (Mine-to-Mill) optimization field ................................. 18 2.2.1 Mill throughput optimization ............................................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Intelligent assistant systems and processes automation and monitoring …………………. 19 2.2.3 Scheduling software and operationally holistic modules ……………………………...…. 20 2.3 The aim of work and the thesis layout .................................................................................... 22 3. Suggested Approach for a Holistic Mine-to-Mill Optimization ……………………….… 25 3.1 Introduction and scope …………………………………………………………………….. 25 3.2 The methodology plan …………..………………………………………………………….. 26 3.3 Assignment of the operational parameters inter-acting the integrated optimization ……….. 29 3.3.1 Mining and processing activities …………………………………………………………. 29 3.3.2 Mining and processing operational parameters …………………………………………... 31 3.3.3 Mining and processing special indicators ………………………………………………… 42 3.4 Introduction to the dynamic modeling and simulation softwares ………………………...… 45 3.5 Particular concepts belonging to the chosen modeling software ………………………...…. 46 3.6 Main tools, components and constituents of the used software …………………………..… 49 3.7 Assumed case study for the model construction ……………………………………….…… 51 4. Calculation Basics for Applying Dynamic Modeling and Simulation for the Mining and Processing Operations ……………………………………………………………………….... 53 4.1 The modeling construction strategy ………………………………………………………… 53 4.2 Construction of the [Reference-Mode] model …………………………………………….... 54 4.2.1 Dynamic modeling and simulation for the drilling and blasting operation ………………. 54 4.2.2 Dynamic modeling and simulation for the loading and hauling operations …………..….. 62 4.2.3 Dynamic modeling and simulation for the crushing and grinding operations …………..... 71 5. Case Study Application and the Model Output and Assessment ……………………...… 82 5.1 Main physical properties of the ore deposit under study ………………………………..….. 82 5.2 Principal technological and operational parameters within the case study ……………....… 83 5.3 Processing of the data from the case study ………………………………………………… 86 5.4 [Reference-Mode] model results and assessment ………………………………………...… 87 5.4.1 Preliminary main results of the mining activities sub-models ………………………...….. 87 5.4.2 Preliminary main results of the processing activities sub-model ……………………..….. 97 5.4.3 Further model optimization requirements ……………………………………………….. 105 6. The Model Optimization, Validation and Practical Applications ………………..…….. 107 6.1 Model further optimization plan …………………………………………………….…….. 107 6.2 The ore deposit characteristics and details …………………………………………….….. 108 6.2.1 Tonnage distribution and cut-off-grade for the ore deposit ……………………………... 108 6.2.2 Liberation size and microscopic grain size distribution for the ore deposit …………….. 112 6.3 Mining selectivity and processing mixing scenarios …………………………………….... 113 6.3.1 Blending triangle design for choice of the annual mining contribution scenarios ……… 113 6.3.2 Planed processing strategies according to the pre- and post-grinding mixing ………..… 115 6.4 An Excel calculation tool for preparing the new detailed inputs to the modified model .… 118 6.4.1 The need for new prepared and detailed inputs to the modified model ……………….… 118 6.4.2 Description and benefits of the designed Excel calculation tool ……………………..…. 118 6.4.3 The main outputs of the Excel calculation tool ……………………………………….… 120 6.4.4 The Excel calculation tool outputs as inputs to the modified Vensim model ………….... 120 6.5 The model modification through the new added mathematical and functions ……………. 123 6.6 [Controlled] model results and the comparable discussion of the processing strategies ..… 129 6.6.1 General notifications for the model handling and the results presentation …………….... 129 6.6.2 Results of the mining section of the model …………………………………………….... 130 6.6.3 Results of the processing section of the model ……………………………………….…. 132 6.6.4 Comparison between the three data processing and arrangement methodologies ……..... 142 6.6.5 Comparison between scenarios ………………………………………………………….. 149 6.6.6 Extreme cases versus the chosen Organized Method ………………………………….... 153 6.7 Optimization evolution overview across the operations improvement steps …………...… 157 7. Conclusion and Recommendations …………………………………………………...… 163 References …………………………………………………………………………………… 168 Appendices ……………………………………………………………………………...…… 179

No description available.

The goal of the present dissertation is to develop and apply novel and systematic data-driven optimization approaches that can efficiently optimize Additive Manufacturing (AM) systems with respect to targeted properties of final parts. The proposed approaches are capable of achieving sets of process parameters that result in the satisfactory level of part quality in an accelerated manner. First, an Accelerated Process Optimization (APO) methodology is developed to optimize an individual scalar property of parts. The APO leverages data from similar—but non-identical—prior studies to accelerate sequential experimentation for optimizing the AM system in the current study. Using Bayesian updating, the APO characterizes and updates the difference between prior and current experimental studies. The APO accounts for the differences in experimental conditions and utilizes prior data to facilitate the optimization procedure in the current study. The efficiency and robustness of the APO is tested against an extensive simulation studies and a real-world case study for optimizing relative density of stainless steel parts fabricated by a Selective Laser Melting (SLM) system. Then, we extend the idea behind the APO in order to handle multi-objective process optimization problems in which some of the characteristics of the AMabricated parts are uncorrelated. The proposed Multi-objective Process Optimization (m-APO) breaks down the master multi-objective optimization problem into a series of convex combinations of single-objective sub-problems. The m-APO maps and scales experimental data from previous sub-problems to guide remaining sub-problems that improve the solutions while reducing the number of experiments required. The robustness and efficiency of the m-APO is verified by conducting a series of challenging simulation studies and a real-world case study to minimize geometric inaccuracy of parts fabricated by a Fused Filament Fabrication () system. At the end, we apply the proposed m-APO to maximize the mechanical properties of AMabricated parts that show conflicting behavior in the optimal window, namely relative density and elongation-toailure. Numerical studies show that the m-APO can achieve the best trade-off among conflicting mechanical properties while significantly reducing the number of experimental runs compared with existing methods.

Hos Coca‐Cola European Partners är efterfrågan hög på varierande produkter, vilket göratt flödet består av flera omställningar från att producera en viss produkt till en annan.För att säkerhetsställa att produktionseffektiviteten är hög, bör tiden på momenten somej är värdeadderande minimeras. Genom ställtidsreducering ökar maskinensutnyttjandegrad samt vid standardisering underlättas planeringsarbetet förproduktionsteamet. Som en ideologi användes LEAN‐filosofin som bygger på att maximera kundnyttan ochminimera slöserier genom effektivisering. För att eliminera moment som inte har någotvärde för kunden utnyttjades metoder som SMED, 5S och PDCA. SMED‐metodenanvändes på ett strukturerat arbetssätt för att hantera inre och yttre ställtider vilket skaeffektivisera produktionsprocessen. Dessutom användes förbättringsverktyget Ishikawa(orsak‐verkan‐diagram) för att åskådliggöra rotorsaker till det definierade problemet. Målet med examensarbetet var att identifiera förbättringsförslag för att reduceraproduktionens ställtider. För att grunda förbättringsförslagen utfördes observationer föratt begripa hur processen fungerar, och för en detaljerad förståelse utfördes intervjuermed relevant personal. Litteraturstudie genomfördes för att utvidgaproduktionskunskaper för att lättare kunna spåna idéer vilket i sin tur berikaderesultatet. Examensarbetet har resulterat i att införa ett kommunikationshjälpmedel för atteffektivisera kommunikationen mellan samtliga stationer. För att reducera operatörersbegripsvårigheter medfördes förbättringsförslaget att införa mer visuella manualhanböcker för maskiner. Vid rengöringsprocessen föreslogs införing av envalfunktion i styr‐ och reglersystemet, där tekniker har möjligheten att behandla berördarör från tidigare produktionskörning. Förbättringsförslagen estimeras spara företaget uppemot 1 040 000 kr årligen. / At Coca‐Cola European Partners, demand is high for varying products, which means that the flow consists of several switches from producing a particular product to another. To ensure that production efficiency is high, the time on moments that are not value‐editing should be minimized. With stand‐by reductions, the utilization rate of the machine increases, and in the case of standardization, the planning work for the production team is facilitated. As an ideology, the LEAN philosophy was used, based on maximizing customer benefits and minimizing waste through efficiency. To eliminate points that have no value for the customer, methods such as SMED, 5S and PDCA were used. The SMED method was used in a structured way of working to handle internal and external set times, which will streamline the production process. In addition, the Ishikawa enhancement tool (causeeffectdiagram) was used to illustrate rotor causes to the defined problem. The aim of the thesis was to identify improvement proposals to reduce production deadlines. In order to base the improvement proposals, observations were made to understand how the process works, and for a detailed understanding interviews were performed with relevant personnel. Literature study was conducted to expand production skills in order to more easily predicted ideas, which in turn enriched the results. The thesis work has resulted in the introduction of a communication aid to streamline communication between all stations. In order to reduce operator comprehension difficulties, the proposed improvement was introduced to introduce more visual manual manuals for machines. In the cleaning process, it was proposed to introduce a selection function in the control system, where technicians have the ability to process affected pipes from previous production run. The improvement proposals are estimated to save the company up to SEK 1,040,000annually.

Nature develops several materials with remarkable functional properties composed of comparatively simple base substances. Biological materials are often composites, which optime the conformation to their function. On the other hand, synthetic materials are designed a priori, structuring them according to the performance to be achieved. 3D printing manufacturing is the most direct method for specific component production and earmarks the sample with material and geometry designed ad-hoc for a defined purpose, starting from a biomimetic approach to functional structures. The technique has the advantage of being quick, accurate, and with a limited waste of materials. The sample printing occurs through the deposition of material layer by layer. Furthermore, the material is often a composite, which matches the characteristics of components with different geometry and properties, achieving better mechanical and physical performances. This thesis analyses the mechanics of natural and custom-made composites: the spider body and the manufacturing of metallic and non-metallic graphene composites. The spider body is investigated in different sections of the exoskeleton and specifically the fangs. The study involves the mechanical characterization of the single components by the nanoindentation technique, with a special focus on the hardness and Young's modulus. The experimental results were mapped, purposing to present an accurate comparison of the mechanical properties of the spider body. The different stiffness of components is due to the tuning of the same basic material (the cuticle, i.e. mainly composed of chitin) for achieving different mechanical functions, which have improved the animal adaptation to specific evolutive requirements. The synthetic composites, suitable for 3D printing fabrication, are metallic and non-metallic matrices combined with carbon-based fillers. Non-metallic graphene composites are multiscale compounds. Specifically, the material is a blend of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) matrix and different percentages of micro-carbon fibers (MCF). In the second step, nanoscale filler of carbon nanotubes (CNT) or graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) are added to the base mixture. The production process of composite materials followed a specific protocol for the optimal procedure and the machine parameters, as also foreseen in the literature. This method allowed the control over the percentages of the different materials to be adopted and ensured a homogeneous distribution of fillers in the plastic matrix. Multiscale compounds provide the basic materials for the extrusion of fused filaments, suitable for 3D printing of the samples. The composites were tested in the configuration of compression moulded sheets, as reference tests, and also in the corresponding 3D printed specimens. The addition of the micro-filler inside the ABS matrix caused a notable increment in stiffness and a slight increase in strength, with a significant reduction in deformation at the break. Concurrently, the addition of nanofillers was very effective in improving electrical conductivity compared to pure ABS and micro-composites, even at the lowest filler content. Composites with GNP as a nano-filler had a good impact on the stiffness of the materials, while the electrical conductivity of the composites is favoured by the presence of CNTs. Moreover, the extrusion of the filament and the print of fused filament fabrication led to the creation of voids within the structure, causing a significant loss of mechanical properties and a slight improvement in the electrical conductivity of the multiscale moulded composites. The final aim of this work is the identification of 3D-printed multiscale composites capable of the best matching of mechanical and electrical properties among the different compounds proposed. Since structures with metallic matrix and high mechanical performances are suitable for aerospace and automotive industry applications, metallic graphene composites are studied in the additive manufacturing sector. A comprehensive study of the mechanical and electrical properties of an innovative copper-graphene oxide composite (Cu-GO) was developed in collaboration with Fondazione E. Amaldi, in Rome. An extensive survey campaign on the working conditions was developed, leading to the definition of an optimal protocol of printing parameters for obtaining the samples with the highest density. The composite powders were prepared following two different routes to disperse the nanofiller into Cu matrix and, afterward, were processed by selective laser melting (SLM) technique. Analyses of the morphology, macroscopic and microscopic structure, and degree of oxidation of the printed samples were performed. Samples prepared followed the mechanical mixing procedure showed a better response to the 3D printing process in all tests. The mechanical characterization has instead provided a clear increase in the resistance of the material prepared with the ultrasonicated bath method, despite the greater porosity of specimens. The interesting comparison obtained between samples from different routes highlights the influence of powder preparation and working conditions on the printing results. We hope that the research could be useful to investigate in detail the potential applications suitable for composites in different technological fields and stimulate further comparative analysis.

No description available.

This research investigates the optimization of the filtration and washing process during the transfer of X-Alfa production from a plant equipped with a centrifuge to a new plant equipped with a Nutsche filter dryer. The aim of this study is to determine the optimal pressure level to ensure an efficient isolation process at an industrial scale for three different filtrations, to assess the effects of increased pressure levels on the particle size distribution (PSD) within the filter cake, and to establish the most effective washing method for thoroughly removing N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) content from the Molecule-11 intermediate. To achieve these objectives, the three filtrations were examined at different pressure levels on a laboratory scale. The collected filtration data were then used to estimate scaled-up filtration times at different pressures, enabling the determination of optimal pressure levels for the three filtrations. After that, the PSD was analyzed using microscopy and laser diffraction to ascertain the effect of pressure on the filter cakes. Finally, the washing process was investigated by washing equal amounts of filtered filter cakes with different numbers of wash cycles and different wash portions. The residual NMP content in the filter cake was then measured using 1H-NMR, and the amount of product loss to the process liquids was quantified using HPLC to identify the optimal washing method. Results indicated that the optimal pressure for the first filtration is 0.2 bar with a filtration time of approximately 22 minutes, and for the third filtration, it is 0.1 bar with a filtration time of about 4 minutes. No optimal pressure could be determined for the second filtration due to the negative compressibility index value generated by the used evaluation model. This negative value could have arisen from inhomogeneous suspensions that affected the filtration rate and consequently resulted in low linearity of the time/volume versus volume plots. Therefore, the experiment needs to be repeated for this filtration. Furthermore, increasing pressure levels during filtration showed no significant impact on PSD within the filter cakes. Finally, washing the filtered filter cakes with two wash cycles using half of the total wash volume in each cycle proved to be the optimal washing method, enhancing NMP removal efficiency by 30% compared to a single wash cycle using the same total wash volume. / Denna studie undersöker optimeringen av filtrerings- och tvättprocessen vid flyttningen av X-Alfa-produktionen från en fabrik utrustad med centrifug till en ny fabrik utrustad med Nutsche-filtertork. Syftet är att identifiera den optimala trycknivån för att uppnå en effektiv isoleringsprocess i fabriksskala för tre olika filtreringar, att undersöka hur en ökad trycknivå påverkar partikelstorleksfördelningen (PSD) i filterkakan samt att fastställa den bästa tvättmetoden för att maximalt avlägsna N-metyl-2-pyrrolidon (NMP) från molekyl-11-intermediatet. För detta syfte studerades först de tre filtreringar vid olika trycknivåer i en laboratorieskala och filtreringsdata som samlades in användes för att estimera uppskalade filtreringstider vid olika trycknivåer för att kunna därefter bestämma optimala trycknivåer för de tre filtreringar. Därefter analyserades PSD med hjälp av mikroskopi och laserdiffraktion för att bestämma tryckets påverkan på filterkakorna. Slutligen undersöktes tvättprocessen genom att tvätta lika mängder av filtrerade filterkakor med varierande antal tvättcykler och olika tvättportioner och därefter bestämdes den kvarvarande NMP-halt i filterkakan med hjälp av 1H-NMR och mängden förlorad produkt till processvätskorna med hjälp av HPLC för att sedan fastställa det optimala tvättmetoden. Resultatet visade att det optimala trycket för den första filtreringen är 0,2 bar med en filtreringstid på cirka 22 minuter och för den tredje filtreringen är det 0,1 bar med en filtreringstid på cirka 4 minuter. Inget optimalt tryck kunde fastställas för den andra filtreringen på grund av att den använda utvärderingsmodellen genererade ett negativt kompressibilitetsindex, vilket möjligtvis härstammar från inhomogena suspensioner som påverkade filtreringshastigheten och därmed resulterade i en icke-fullständig linjäritet av tid/volym mot volym-diagrammen. Därför krävs det att experimentet upprepas för denna filtrering. Ökningen av trycknivån under filtreringen visade ingen signifikant inverkan på PSD i filterkakorna och tvättningen av filtrerade filterkakor med två tvättcykler, där hälften av den totala mängden tvättvätska används i varje cykel, bevisades vara den optimala tvättmetoden med ett förbättrad NMP-borttagningseffektivitet på 30 vikt-% i jämfört med en cykels tvättning med samma total mängd tvättvätska.

Die Anpassung der Bandlücke und die Herstellung mittels lösungsbasierter Prozesse charakterisieren Metallhalogenid-Perowskite. Sie sind vielversprechend für die Anwendung in optoelektronischen Bauteilen, die die Abscheidung von hochwertigen Dünnschichten erfordern. Deren Qualität hängt stark vom Kristallisationsverhalten ab, welches durch die Komposition der Lösung bestimmt ist. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, Korrelationen im Präkursor-Prozess-Eigenschaftsraum von Metallhalogenid-Perowskit zu bewerten und Formierungsprozesse zu rationalisieren. Phasenreinheit, Morphologie und Absorptionseigenschaften zeichnen die Qualität der Perowskit-Dünnschichten aus. Die Optimierung der Herstellung von hochwertigen Filmen über einen breiten Bandlückenbereich wird zuerst beleuchtet. Die Rationalisierung der Formierungsprozesse erweist sich als fundamental, um reproduzierbare Präparationsroutinen für hochwertige Filme zu entwickeln. Anschließend wird ein optischer in-situ Aufbau zur Rationalisierung von Formierungsprozessen vorgestellt. Abhängig vom Halogenidverhältnis in der MAPb(IxBr1-x)3-Reihe werden verschiedene Formierungswege eingeschlagen. Während sich das reine Bromid direkt und Iodid reiche Perowskite über die intermediäre Solvatphase (MA)2(DMSO)2Pb3I8 bilden, bilden sich gemischte Halogenide zwischen 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.6 über beide Wege. Die Formierung über konkurrierende Wege erklärt die kompositorische Heterogenität der gemischten Halogenidproben. Zuletzt werden Formierungsprozesse von Bromid-Perowskiten rationalisiert und Abhängigkeiten der Kinetik von der Lösungskonzentration zeigen sich. Niedrige Konzentrationen führen zu einer beschleunigten Kristallisation und Schichtdickenabnahme des Nassfilms. Dieser Trend wird durch geringere Kolloidwechselwirkungen und niedriger koordinierte Blei-Bromid-Komplexe in verdünnten Lösungen erklärt. Die Korrelation im Präkursor-Prozess-Eigenschaftsraum hebt die Herstellung von Perowskiten aus chemischer Sicht zu einem nicht-trivialen Prozess. / Bandgap tunability by ion substitution and the fabrication due to solution-based processes characterize metal halide perovskites. They are promising for application in various thin-film opto-electronic devices, which require the deposition of high-quality thin-films. The quality strongly depends on the crystallization behavior predetermined by the precursors in solution. This thesis aims to evaluate correlations in the vast precursor-process-property space of metal halide perovskite and rationalizes formation processes. Phase purity, morphology, and absorption properties determine the perovskite thin-film quality. The first part focuses on optimizing the perovskite fabrication to obtain high-quality films over a wide bandgap range. From high-quality films, the exciton binding energy is determined. The rationalization of formation processes proves essential to design reproducible preparation routines for high-quality films. The second part presents an optical in-situ setup to rationalize perovskite formation processes. Different formation pathways are taken, depending on the halide ratio in the MAPb(IxBr1-x)3 series. While the pure bromide forms directly and iodide-rich perovskites form via the intermediate solvate phase (MA)2(DMSO)2Pb3I8, mixed halides between 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.6 form via both. Such a heterogeneous formation process via two competing pathways rationalizes the compositional heterogeneity of mixed halide samples. The third part focuses on rationalizing the formation process of pure bromide perovskites and reveals a dependency of the formation kinetics on the solution concentration. Lower concentrations lead to accelerated crystallization kinetics and increase wet-film thinning. Lower colloid interaction and lower coordinated lead-bromide complexes in diluted solutions explain this trend. The strong correlation in the precursor-process-property space raises the preparation of perovskites via spin-coating to a non-trivial process from a chemical point of view.

Работа посвящена разработке системы валидации текстовых документов для оптимизации проверки на соответствие стандартам коммерческих организаций. / The work is dedicated to the development of a validation system for text documents to optimize compliance checking with the standards of commercial organizations.