In nowadays, advertisement and DM overwhelm our life, and visual Marketing is overused for a long time. Therefore, other marketing tools about sense organs may become new field. According previous researches pointed out, sense of smell may be most powerful but lower developed sense, and people have strong recognition and memory pattern about sense of smell as well. As a result, scent could be a good method to apply in the brand and marketing. Besides, there are plenty of foreign researches about sense of smell, but there are only few domestic papers which focus on this issue. Under this circumstances, it is hard to determine whether the foreign researches could apply in Taiwan. Therefore, the proposition of this study are as following¡G (1) Analysis the influence about environment scent to emotion, recall, evaluation and behavior about consumer.(2) Analysis the influence about environment scent under different product types to emotion, recall, evaluation, and behavior about consumer. (3) Analysis the influence about environment scent under different consumer characteristics to emotion, recall, evaluation, and behavior about consumer. In this study, environment scent is independent variables, and product type and consumer characteristic are moderators. This research is a 2(environment scent) x 2(product type) experiment design. Comparing the result of consumer emotion, recall, evaluation, behavior between groups about using environment scent or not, product types and consumer characteristics. The conclusions are summarized as follows¡G (1) Having environment scent is more obvious about consumer emotion, recall, evaluation, and behavior. (2)There is no difference under product types about consumer emotion, recall, evaluation, and behavior. (3) There is interaction between under consumer characteristic about consumer emotion, recall, evaluation, and behavior.

The emotion of nostalgia, defined as ¡§a sentimental longing for the past¡¨. Studies have indicated that nostalgia, as a positive and social emotion, have the potential to reduce the negative impact of social exclusion on empathy. This research mainly proposes two types of nostalgia (historical vs. personal) and examines the effects of product type and type of self-construal on nostalgia advertising. The present study uses experimental design with a 3 (nostalgia advertising:non-nostalgia vs. historical-nostalgia vs. personal nostalgia) x 2 (product type: publicly consumed product vs. privately consumed product) x 2 (self-construal: independent self vs. interdependent self) factorial design. Twelve different scenarios are established through fictitious product ads, and the ad effects are measured by attitudes toward the ad, attitudes toward the brand, and purchase intentions to observe the response under different scenarios. The results indicate that the nostalgia advertising is more effective than the non-nostalgia advertising, which is consistent with previous studies. There is an interaction effect between the type of nostalgia and product type. The personal nostalgia is more effective than the historical nostalgia in promoting a privately consumed product. Finally, when the interdependent self is activated, consumers show more favorable attitudes toward a privately consumed product promoted with personal nostalgia. In contrast, when the independent self is activated, no difference of advertising effects between historical and personal nostalgia in public or private product consumption contexts.

Contemporary consumers are deluged by advertising. Their lack of interest and defense has challenge advertisers to motivate consumers to process ads. From the advertising literature, rhetorical devices can be attention getting, arousing, affect inducing and memorable. Specifically, the use of metaphors expends dimensional thinking and enhances ad responses. This research proposes two types of metaphors (explicit vs. implicit) and examines the effects of product type and need for cognition on metaphor advertising. The present study uses experimental design with a 3(metaphor advertising: non-metaphoric vs. explicit-metaphoric vs. implicit-metaphoric) x 2(product type: utilitarian vs. hedonic) factorial design. Need for cognition is measured. Six different scenarios are established through fictitious product ads, and the ad effects are measures by attitude toward the brand and purchase intention to observe the response under different scenarios. The results indicate that the metaphor advertising is more effective than the non-metaphor advertising, which is consistent with previous studies. There is an interaction effect between the type of metaphor and product type. The explicit metaphor is more effective than implicit metaphor in promoting an utilitarian product. On the contrary, the implicit metaphor is more effective than the explicit metaphor in promoting a hedonic product. High need of cognition enhances the effects of metaphor advertising. Compared with those who have lower level of need for cognition, the individuals who have higher level have more favorable attitudes toward the product and stronger purchase intention, especially on explicit metaphor.

In daily life, information of losing weight or improving fitness can be seen everywhere. For example, being skinny is pretty and healthy. No matter in Western or Asian countries, we can observe that standardized ideal image has been established for years through models in advertising. Also, physical attractiveness pursuit becomes important in the global society because of advertising. Hence, more and more researchers interested in body image will take appearance and body shape into account. However, most of previous research focuses on the negative effect of self-consciousness induced by images of being thin. By distinguishing model¡¦s body size into slim and large size, this research examines the factors that may influence the effects of model¡¦s body size in advertising. The present study uses experimental design to investigate the advertising effects of model¡¦s body size (slim vs. large), model¡¦s race (Asia vs. Western), and product type (utilitarian vs. hedonic). Thus, a 2¡Ñ2¡Ñ2 factorial design is conducted. The ad effects are measured by product evaluation and attitude toward the model to observe the response under eight different and fictitious scenarios. The results indicate that, a model with slim-size is more effective that with large-size. Such influences are stronger when an Asian model is used. Howerever, no matter slim or large the model¡¦s size is, the effect of advertising on utilitarian product and hedonic product are identical when using a Western model. In addition, female participants generally give lower credit on advertising evaluation than male ones, reflecting obviously in their preference of model. According to these findings, this study suggests that marketers should consider not only the product they promote but also the congruency of race between ad model and target consumers, as well as attractive slim-size models, in order to enhance the advertising effects.

Nowadays, consumers are lack of interest for advertisement because they are flooded by advertising. Therefore, advertisers try to motivate consumers to process ads. From the advertising literature, rhetorical devices can be attention-getting, arousing, and affect inducing and memorable. Specifically, the use of metaphors expends dimensional thinking and enhances ad responses. This research proposes two types of metaphors: juxtaposition vs. replacement. It examines the moderating effects of product type and consumers¡¦ gender differences on metaphor advertising. The present study uses experimental design with a 3(metaphor advertising: non-metaphor vs. juxtaposition vs. replacement) x2 (product type: search good vs. experience good) x2 (gender difference: male vs. female) factorial design. Six different scenarios are established through fictitious product ads, and the ad effects are measured by attitudes toward the ad, attitudes toward the brand, and purchase intention to observe the responses under different scenarios. The results indicate that the metaphor advertising is more effective than the non-metaphor advertising. In promoting a search good, the replacement metaphor is more effective than the juxtaposition metaphor. On the contrary, the juxtaposition is more effective than replacement in promoting an experience good. When females face metaphor ads for promoting a search good, the replacement is more effective than the juxtaposition. However, no such differences are found in males.The findings suggest that marketers should consider not only the product type they promote but also the gender of their target consumers in order to enhance the advertising effects.

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推廣活動的種類繁多，但是究竟推廣組合的綜效如何，是值得探討的問題，近年來學界與實務界開始重視這個問題，提出「整合行銷溝通」（integrated marketing communication；簡稱IMC）之重要性，顯示在市場競爭日趨激烈的今日，規劃整合性的推廣策略才能有效運用行銷資源達到最大的綜效。 因此本研究主要探討「促銷與否及活動類型」（價格促銷、贈品促銷、無促銷）、「品牌呈現方式」（直接比較、分開比較--有主題廣告）、「品牌層級」（高品質/高價格品牌、低品質/低價格品牌）對於「消費者選擇率之變化」的影響，並且加入「產品類別」（功能性產品、享樂性產品）作為調節變數。 經過分析的結果發現： 一、享樂性產品提供享樂性贈品的促銷效果比價格促銷的效果更佳，但不顯著。 二、功能性產品提供功能性贈品的促銷效果與價格促銷的效果相若，甚至更好。 三、在直接比較時，低品質/低價格品牌進行價格促銷的效果皆比高品質/高價格品牌的效果更佳。此發現與過去的研究結論相反。 四、主題廣告與贈品促銷同時進行時（亦即在分開比較的情況下），低品質/低價格品牌進行價格促銷後所增加的選擇率與高品質/高價格品牌所增加的選擇率差不多，但在直接比較的情況下，低品質/低價格品牌所增加的選擇率卻明顯大於高品質/高價格品牌增加的選擇率，亦與過去的研究結論相反。 五、在直接比較時，低品質/低價格品牌進行贈品促銷的效果比高品質/高價格品牌進行贈品促銷的效果佳。 六、主題廣告與贈品促銷同時進行對高品質/高價格品牌較有利。 七、不論是功能性產品或享樂性產品，贈品促銷的效果皆比價格促銷的效果佳。 / There are many kinds of promotional activities. It is a worthwhile problem to investigate the synergy between promotional mixes. Recently, the academia and business start to pay attention to this problem and brought up the importance of “Integrated Marketing Communication”. It means that only integrated promotional strategy can effectively utilize marketing resources to reach the greatest synergy in today’s increasingly competitive market. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the effects of “presence and types of promotion” (price promotion, premium promotion, and no promotion), the “types of presentation of the brand” (directly compare and separately compare — with feature advertisement), and “brand tier”（high quality/price brand and low quality/price brand）on ”the variation of consumer choice rate”, including the moderator of “product type”（functional product and hedonic product）. The conclusions are as follows： 1.The effect of hedonic premium of hedonic products is better than price promotion, but it’s not significant. 2.The effect of functional premium of functional products is equal to price promotion and even better. 3.When directly compared, the price promotion effect of low quality/price brand is better than that of high quality/price brand. This finding is opposite with the research conclusions drawn before. 4.When feature advertisements and premium promotions are proceeding simultaneously（that is, in the separate comparison condition）, the amount of increase in consumers’ choice rate after the price promotion is about the same for low quality/price brand and for high quality/price brand. However, in the direct comparison condition, the amount of increase in consumers’ choice rate is significantly greater for the low quality/price brand than that for the high quality/price brand. This finding is opposite from the research conclusions drawn before. 5.In the direct comparison condition, the effect of premium promotion of low quality/price brand is better than that of high quality/price brand. 6.Proceeding feature advertisements and premium promotions simultaneously is more advantageous for the high quality/price brand than for the low quality/price brand. 7.For Both functional and hedonic product, the effect of premium promotion is better than price promotion.

C2C（consumer to consumer）模式的拍賣網站在近年來成為新興的購物通路，它的優點是不需出門就可以找到便宜、多樣化的商品，還可以享受競標購物的樂趣，因此吸引眾多消費者上網尋寶。 過去國內對於拍賣網站的研究多限於競標機制、交易安全、交易成本等面向，縱使有關於消費者行為的研究，大多將重點放在哪些因素會影響消費者使用拍賣網站的意願。然而當消費者開始使用拍賣網站後，究竟是如何處理眾多的資訊？又如何做成購物決策呢？本研究從消費者心理的角度，試圖瞭解什麼樣的訊息設計能夠吸引買方，進而促進交易的達成。 本研究採取實驗法，採用2×2×2之多因子設計，操弄之自變項包括產品類型（搜尋品╲經驗品）、出價次數（低╲高）、和訊息來源（賣家╲買家），依變項為產品態度和購買意願。主要在探討產品類型、出價次數、和訊息來源是否分別對產品態度和購買意願產生影響？又產品類型和出價次數、產品類型和訊息來源之間是否產生交互作用？ 研究結果主要有以下幾點發現：(1)產品類型對購買意願具有顯著影響，其中以搜尋品之購買意願較高；(2)訊息來源對產品態度和購買意願具有顯著影響，其中以買家訊息來源較佳；(3)訊息來源和產品類型具有交互效果，當產品類型為搜尋品時，訊息來源對產品態度和購買意願沒有顯著影響，但當產品類型為經驗品時，買家訊息來源之產品態度和購買意願顯著高於賣家訊息來源；(4)出價次數之假設未獲支持，推測主要原因是出價次數可能同時具有正反兩個方向的影響力，這可以由「從眾」和「反從眾」的理論來解釋。 綜合上述發現，提出幾點實務建議，期望能供拍賣網站經營者強化網站功能、以及賣家設計商品訊息時之參考：(1)在拍賣網站上銷售搜尋性產品較為有利；(2)在商品訊息中引用舊顧客之正面意見，可以提升銷售；(3)對於經驗性產品而言，舊顧客的口碑更加重要。

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-06-28T14:00:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Frederike Monika Budiner Mette_.pdf: 1183497 bytes, checksum: b6f7318149f58c4698b6c94c25e81eb7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T14:00:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Frederike Monika Budiner Mette_.pdf: 1183497 bytes, checksum: b6f7318149f58c4698b6c94c25e81eb7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-29 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente tese realizou uma pesquisa sobre o processo de tomada de decisão individual que ocorre no contexto de compra a crédito, a partir de teorias e estudos da psicologia econômica e do comportamento do consumidor. Pretendeu-se analisar o efeito do tipo de produto e das condições de pagamento na intenção de compra a prazo dos indivíduos, assim como a influência das diferenças individuais nesta relação. Assim, utilizou-se uma metodologia experimental com a qual foram realizados três experimentos, a fim de testar as hipóteses construídas a partir de um modelo teórico. No Experimento 1, com 8 grupos experimentais e uma amostra de 279 pessoas, identificou-se que há um efeito negativo na propensão de compra a prazo quando há um desconto para pagamento à vista, independentemente da cobrança de juros a prazo. Se não há o desconto à vista, a propensão de compra a prazo aumenta. Além disso, concluiu-se que os indivíduos que apresentam altos índices de materialismo e impulsividade tendem a comprar mais a prazo. Para o Experimento 2, com 8 grupos experimentais e 314 respondentes, a coleta de dados foi similar à primeira, alterando somente algumas manipulações. Como implicação, encontrou-se resultados para os quais, se há desconto nas condições, menor tende a ser a propensão de compra a prazo. Além disso, provou-se que o tipo de produto possui um efeito na compra parcelada. Já no Experimento 3, buscou verificar somente os efeitos relacionados às manipulações dos tipos de produtos, com 4 grupos experimentais, e uma amostra de 171 pessoas. Averiguou-se um efeito cruzado para a interação produto e tipo de produto, ou seja, quando o tipo de produto for hedônico, há maiores variações na média de intenção de compra a prazo pelo produto do que se ele for utilitário. Concluiu-se, também, que o produto utilitário apresentou uma maior intenção de compra a prazo. / This thesis aimed to conduct a research on the individual decision-making that occurs in the credit purchase context, from theories and studies of economic psychology and consumer behavior. It was intended to analyze the effect of the product type and payment conditions in the credit purchase intention, as well as the influence of individual differences in this relationship. It was used an experimental methodology with three experiments in order to test the hypotheses from a theoretical model. In Experiment 1, with 8 experimental groups and a sample of 279 people, it was identified that there is a effect on the credit purchase propensity when there is a discount for cash payment, regardless of the interest rates. If there is no discount, the lower tends to be the credit purchase propensity i as there are no interest charges in the payments. Furthermore, it was concluded that individuals with high levels of materialism and impulsivity tend to buy more than those who have a high financial literacy. For Experiment 2, with 8 experimental groups and 314 respondents, the data collection was similar to the first, changing just the manipulations. As implication, it was found results that if there was no discount the lower tends to be the term purchase propensity, in the same way that the first one. By the way, it was proven the that the produt type influenced in the credit payment. In the Experiment 3, it was sought to verify only the effects related to the type of products, with 4 experimental groups for both products, and a sample of 171 people. It was found a crossed product interaction effect when the type of product is hedonic, so there were greater variations in the average of credit purchase intentionwhen the product was utilitarian. It was also proven that the utilitarian product has a higher forward purchase intention, so the bigger the effect that was noticed by the product variation.

故事能夠深入人心，為因應數位行動平台的蓬勃發展，廠商將自家品牌產品的故事應用在微電影、微小說…等新式廣告手法在近年來競相而出，「故事行銷」儼然成為品牌商在行銷應用上的新寵。另一方面，品牌產品依據屬性的不同可大致分為三個種類：搜尋品、經驗品與相信品。消費者在不同種類產品上因為能力與動機的不同，在產品上投入的成本亦不盡相同，故事行銷在不同種類的品牌產品應用上是否能夠一概而論？實屬本研究所探討的一大重點。 本研究旨在分析如何能夠有效將故事行銷應用在不同種類的品牌產品上。在進入研究主題前，本研究整理了過去文獻，並將故事一般化地拆解成四大元素：訊息(Message)、衝突(Conflict)、故事角色(Characters)與故事劇情(Plot)。接著，在限制其他因素不變之下，操弄衝突這項故事元素，並以相信品、搜尋品為例，探測不同衝突大小的品牌故事對於不同種類的產品是否存具有不同的適用性。 本研究採2(故事衝突程度：大、小) ╳ 2(產品種類：相信品、搜尋品)的二因子實驗，加上兩組不同產品種類的無故事版本控制組，共分6組。 本研究發現，品牌故事的植入對於品牌產品是有幫助的，且衝突程度不同的品牌故事對於不同種類的產品存在著適用上的差異性。 在相信品的應用上，消費者對於品牌產品的整體信任感可藉由衝突程度較大的品牌故事來提升；在搜尋品的應用上，衝突程度較大的品牌故事對於品牌產品的整體喜好、整體觀感以及整體信任感皆有負向的影響。 整體來看，相信品較適用於衝突程度較大的品牌故事；搜尋品的故事衝突程度則不宜過大。 關鍵字：故事元素、故事衝突、產品種類、相信品、搜尋品 / Storytelling is a powerful tool for marketing, with the explosive growth of social media and content marketing, more and more companies have begun to paint a picture of their culture and values toward their target customers through storytelling. According to the literature, there are four elements that make up the core basis of storytelling: Message, Conflict, Characters and Plot. These elements can be mixed, matched and applied in variety of ways depending on the context in which the story is told, and company’s purpose. This article focus on manipulating one of these elements: Conflict, using 2 ╳ 2 factorial design to test if there are statistical significance between different degrees of conflicts(high level, low level) and different types of products (search goods, credence goods), on the other hand, this article also set contral groups which without brand story to see if storytelling really makes the difference to customer behavior or not. From what has been discussed, this article finds out that storytelling is significantly good for branding; the result of this article also tells about that the higher level of brand story-conflict creates higher level of the overall trust between brand product and customers on credence goods; on the other hand, the higher level of brand story-conflict decreases the overall trust, preference and perception between brand product and consumers on search goods. Key words: Elements of story, Conflict of story, Product type, Credence goods, Search goods