The processes and procedures covered the main core of the professional operations in the manufacturing plant. The enterprise should focus on the efficient running of the main processes and risks associated with these procedures. My thesis deals with the risk analysis of selected manufacturing processes particular company from qualitative and quantitative point of view. First, the results are presented from qualitative risk analysis, especially in scope of failures of the machines or in the sequences of production. Second part focus on the problems of optimization sequence batches that the total time required for pre-setting of machines between doses should be minimal. The thesis also takes random waiting period into the consideration and applies wait-and-see approach of stochaistic programming applied in task traveling salesman. Calculations are processed by the GAMS. The results from the GAMS are refered in MS Excel, they are further discussed and interpreted by using descriptive statistics.

The goal of this thesis is to create a methodology that helps companies in the sawmill industry to improve their efficiency. The purpose the case study is to create a more efficient production process by improving the structure of the work through improvements in leadership, commitment and motivation. The methodology is tested in the case company and together with the selected empirical data l generates a situation analysis in order to facilitate detection and observation of factors that are essential to study to improve the production. The results of the methodology used in the case company led to several factors considered important for improved efficiency. The most relevant success factors are better quality in communication and leadership processes. Recommendations for the case company to succeed with the implementation of the relevant factors, is to induce motivation and highlight the purpose of the change, and introduce more openness between managers and workers. This will lead to an improved structure that will benefit the critical improvement factors. / Målsättningen med arbetet är att skapa en metodik som skall hjälpa företag inom sågverksindustrin att förbättra effektiviteten. Syftet med fallstudien är att skapa så effektiva produktionsprocesser som möjligt genom att förbättra strukturen på arbetet genom förbättringsåtgärder inom ledarskap, engagemang och motivation. Metodiken testas på ett fallföretag och tillsammans med det insamlade empiriska materialet genereras en nulägesanalys som underlättar identifieringen av faktorer som är väsentliga att studera för att förbättra en produktion. Resultaten från den använda metodiken på fallföretaget ledde till flera faktorer som anses viktiga för en förbättrad effektivitet. Dem mest relevanta förbättringsfaktorerna är bättre kvalitet inom kommunikation och ledarskapsprocesser. Rekommendationer för att fallföretaget ska lyckas med implementeringen av de relevanta faktorerna är att framkalla motivation och lyfta fram syftet till att en förändring, samt införa mer öppenhet mellan chef och arbetare. Detta kommer leda till en förbättrad struktur som kommer att gynna de kritiska förbättringsfaktorerna.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this dissertation two relatively under-researched areas within the scope of translation studies are investigated: the production process of translations and the sociological and cognitive aspects involved in this production process (as opposed to only studying the translation product). Process and sociological studies are currently on the forefront of research in translation studies and this dissertation attempts to contribute to these fields. The current study investigates the role of the various agents (among others the publisher, reviser and editor) involved in the production process of translations to illustrate how this process involves more agents than only the translator. Translation is proven to be a process involving a network of agents who work together to produce the final product, i.e. the target text. In this dissertation this interaction between agents is examined by making use of Latour's Actor-Network-Theory (ANT), a sociological theory that focuses on the network and links between agents within a production process. The production processes of literary translations that are analysed in this dissertation are Niggie – To hell with Cronjé (Ingrid Winterbach), Vaselinetjie – My name is Vaselinetjie (Anoeschka von Meck) and a selection of the "Stoffel tales" – In bushveld and dessert: A game ranger's life (Christiaan Bakkes). These texts were all translated by the literary translator Elsa Silke and published by NB Publishers in 2007, 2009 and 2008, respectively. The versions of the texts analysed are the source text, the concept translation, any other preliminary versions (manuscripts) and the completed published target text. These texts are analysed along with all available correspondence between agents to reconstruct the production processes in order to determine how translations are produced by means of interaction between different agents. This study is therefore greatly exploratory by nature and aimed at revealing the "invisible" of the production process of literary translations in order to contribute to and promote research within this under-researched field of translation studies. The main focus of this study is to analyse how each agent's inputs have a sociological impact on other agents and the production processes, as well as how their interaction and decisions impact the target text. The results are predominantly presented descriptively (within the framework of Descriptive Translation Studies [DTS]) and concepts of Nord's Functionalism, Even-Zohar's Polysystem Theory, Bourdieu's theory on the field of cultural production, Sharpe and Gunther's editing principles and Mossop's theory on editing and revision of translated texts are used to analyse and discuss the production processes of the three literary translations mentioned above. In conclusion a model is presented, based on these analyses, depicting a possible optimal production process for literary translations. A possible chronology of steps in the production process and means of interaction between agents are depicted by this model. With this proposed model this dissertation contributes to theory development within the field of translation studies and editing and revision theory. This model can be applied to production processes of literary translations to test if it is viable to apply in practice to ensure a more effective production process as well as a successful product (target text). If this model proves to be effective, it can eventually serve as a guideline for literary translation practice. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie proefskrif word twee studieterreine ondersoek wat in die verlede min binne die vertaalwetenskap nagevors is: die bestudering van die produksieproses van vertalings en die bestudering van die sosiologiese en kognitiewe aspekte betrokke by hierdie produksieproses (teenoor slegs die vertaalproduk). Die ondersoek van hierdie terreine is op die oomblik op die voorgrond in die vertaalwetenskap en hierdie proefskrif dra daartoe by om hierdie studieveld te verbreed. In hierdie proefskrif word daar gekyk na die rol van die verskillende agente, onder andere die uitgewers, redigeerders en reviseurs in die produksieproses van drie literêre vertalings om te illustreer dat die produksieproses van literêre vertalings nie slegs die insette van een agent, naamlik die vertaler, behels nie, maar dat dit 'n proses is wat uit 'n netwerk van agente bestaan wat saamwerk om die eindproduk (naamlik die doelteks) te produseer. Hierdie netwerk van verhoudings tussen agente in die produksieproses word ondersoek na aanleiding van Latour se sosiologiese Actor-Network-Theory (ANT) wat op die netwerk en skakels tussen agente binne 'n produksieproses fokus. Die produksieprosesse van literêre vertalings wat in hierdie proefskrif ontleed word, is Niggie – To hell with Cronjé (Ingrid Winterbach), Vaselinetjie – My name is Vaselinetjie (Anoeschka von Meck) en 'n keur uit die Stoffel-verhale – In bushveld and desert: A game ranger's life (Afgekort as In bushveld and desert) (Christiaan Bakkes) – almal tekste wat onderskeidelik in 2007, 2009 en 2008 by NB-Uitgewers verskyn het en deur die literêre vertaler Elsa Silke vertaal is. Die bronteks, die konsepvertaling, enige ander voorlopige weergawes (manuskripte) en die uiteindelike gepubliseerde doelteks word telkens saam met die beskikbare korrespondensie tussen die onderskeie agente bestudeer om die produksieprosesse te rekonstrueer en te bepaal hoe die vertaalprodukte deur middel van wisselwerking tussen onderskeie agente tot stand gekom het. Hierdie studie is dus grootliks verkennend van aard en het dit ten doel gestel om die "onsigbare" van die produksieproses van literêre vertalings bloot te lê ten einde verdere navorsing in hierdie onderontwikkelde been van die vertaalwetenskap te bevorder. Daar word hoofsaaklik gekyk na die wyse waarop elke agent se insette 'n sosiologiese impak op die ander agente sowel as die produksieprosesse en/of 'n tekstuele impak op die doelteks gehad het. Die resultate word hoofsaaklik deskriptief (vergelyk deskriptiewe vertaalstudies, DTS) aangebied en bespreek en daar word van konsepte uit Nord se funksionalisme, Even-Zohar se polisisteemteorie, Bourdieu se veldteorie, Sharpe en Gunther se redigeerbeginsels en Mossop se teorie oor redigering en revisie van vertalings gebruik gemaak om die analises uiteen te sit en te bespreek. Na aanleiding van dié analises word 'n model in die laaste hoofstuk aangebied wat 'n moontlike optimale produksieproses vir literêre vertalings voorstel. Die aanbevole chronologie van stappe in die produksieproses en die wisselwerking tussen agente word deur hierdie model voorgestel. Met die daarstelling van dié model dra die proefskrif dus tot teorieontwikkeling in die vertaalwetenskap en op die gebied van redigeer- en revisieteorie by. Hierdie model kan op die produksieprosesse van literêre vertalings toegepas word om te toets of dit wel in die praktyk werk om 'n effektiewe produksieproses te bewerkstellig en 'n geslaagde vertaalproduk te produseer. Indien wel, kan dit uiteindelik as 'n riglyn vir die literêre vertaalpraktyk dien.

The organisation of maintenance, in the Aseptic Liquid Food (ALF) industry, represents an important management task that enables a company to pursue higher manufacturing effectiveness and improved market share. This research is concerned with the process to design and implement maintenance tasks. These two complementary processes (design and implementation) have been thought and designed to answer the particular needs of food industry regarding product safety and equipment reliability. Numerous maintenance engineering researchers have focused on maintenance engineering and reliability techniques highlighting the contribution of maintenance in achieving world class manufacturing and competitive advantage. Their outcome emphasizes that maintenance is not a “necessary evil” because of costs associated, but it can be considered an “investment” that produces an added value which generates a real company profit. The existing maintenance engineering techniques pursue equipment reliability at minimum cost; but in food industry, food safety represents the most critical issue to address and solve. The research methodology chosen is based on case studies coming from ALF industries. These show that low maintenance effectiveness could have dramatic effects on final consumers and on the company’s image and underline the need of a maintenance design and implementation process that takes into consideration all critical factors relevant to liquid food industry. The analysis of measurable indicators available, represents a tool necessary to show the status of critical performance indicators and reveals the urgency of a research necessary to address and solve the maintenance problems in food industry. The literature review underlines the increasing regulations in place in food industry and that no literature is available to define a maintenance design and implementation process for ALF and in general for food industry. The literature review enabled also the gap existing between theory and real maintenance status, in the ALF, to be identified and the aim of the research was to explore this gap. The analysis of case studies and Key Performance Indicators (KPI’s) available highlights the problem and the literature review provides the knowledge necessary to identify the process to design and implement maintenance procedures for ALF industry. The research findings provide a useful guide to identify the process to design maintenance tasks able to put under control food safety and equipment reliability issues. Company’s restraining forces and cultural inertia, that work against new maintenance procedures, have been analysed and a maintenance implementation process have been designed to avoid losing the benefits produced by the design phase. The analysis of condition monitoring systems shows devices and techniques useful to improve product safety, equipment reliability, and then maintenance effectiveness. This research aimed to fill the gap in the existing literature showing the solution to manage both food safety and production effectiveness issues in food industry. It identifies a maintenance design process able to capture all conceivable critical factors in food industry and to provide the solution to design reliable task lists. Furthermore, the maintenance implementation process shows the way to maximize the maintenance design outcome through the empowerment of equipment operators and close cooperation with maintenance and quality specialists. The new maintenance design and implementation process represents the answer to the research problem and a reliable solution that allows the food industry to improve food safety and production effectiveness.

This study examines the emergence of Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) in white collar occupations. Recent BPO practices are compared to the offshore outsourcing of production in the context of the shift from Fordist to flexible production. The study considers BPO in light of Harry Braverman's theory of work degradation and whether or not BPO extends the traditional division of labor between conception and execution to higher skilled white collar occupations. An exploratory qualitative approach comprised of informant interviews, a focus group, and literature review was used to analyze how BPO occurs, why it happens, and where it takes place. I discuss the role of politics and corporate culture in outsourcing white collar jobs and examine the practice of transitioning workers from client to BPO service providers. The study concludes with a skill-based typology of BPO services and suggestions for policy and future research.

Este trabalho procura investigar o desenvolvimento de indicadores do desempenho e da qualidade para o processo de produção. O objetivo é verificar por que existe dificuldade em generalizar os indicadores do desempenho e da qualidade para todos os processos de produção, e desenvolver uma metodologia para determinar estes indicadores. O processo de produção é entendido como um conjunto de causas operando insumos, resultando em efeitos. Dessa forma, os indicadores do desempenho irão avaliar as causas, e os indicadores da qualidade irão avaliar os efeitos do processo de produção. A revisão bibliográfica, do trabalho, é divida em dois momentos: primeiro é feito um levantamento de modelos de avaliação, que possam ser aplicados nos processos de produção, destacando o objetivo da informação gerada e seus principais indicadores; no segundo momento, são levantados alguns direcionadores para responder o problema do trabalho, como: gestão do processo de produção, missão, objetivos, estratégias, fatores críticos de sucesso do processo de produção, avaliação do desempenho e da qualidade e indicadores do desempenho e da qualidade. Com isso, é elaborado uma proposição do ponto de vista teórico, a qual é verificada do ponto de vista empírico, com quatro estudo de casos. Os casos estudados são organizações que têm como processo de produção a commodity café. O trabalho permitiu verificar que cada processo de produção possui seus objetivos, estratégias e fatores críticos de sucesso, tornando-os únicos. Permitiu também observar que os indicadores dependem do objetivo da avaliação, resultando, dessa forma, a dificuldade de gereneralização dos indicadores para todos os processos de produção. / This research aims at investigating the development of performance and quality indicators for the production process. The objective is to verify why it is difficult to generalize performance and quality indicators for all production processes, and developing a methodology to determine these indicators. The production process is understood as a body of causes operating raw materials, resulting in effects. This way, the performance indicators shall evaluate the causes, and the quality indicators shall evaluate the effects of the production process. The bibliographical review of this research is divided into two moments: first we do a survey of evaluation models which may be applied to the production processes, highlighting the objective of the information created and its main indicators; in the next moment, some guiders are brought into question in order to answer work problems such as: production process management, mission, objectives, strategies, critical factors of success in the production process, performance and quality evaluation and indicators of performance and quality. With this, we elaborate a proposal from the theoretical point of view, which is verified from the empirical point of view, with four case studies. The cases studied are organizations which have as production process the commodity coffee. The research made it possible to verify that each production process has its own objectives, strategies and critical factors of success making them unique. It also made it possible to verify that the indicators depend on the objective of the evaluation, thus resulting in the difficulty of generalization of the indicators for all production processes.

Orientador: Marizilda dos Santos Menezes / Banca: Mônica Moura / Banca: Suzana Barreto Martins / Resumo: No campo do design de moda as pesquisas voltadas para a modelagem plana industrial do vestuário auxiliam no processo de entendimento e desenvolvimento do produto. A pesquisa objetiva delinear diretrizes metodológicas para o processo de ensino da modelagem plana industrial, por meio da identificação da forma como vem sendo ensinada e aprendida nas instituições de ensino e a forma como é construída nas indústrias de vestuário, no pólo regional de Londrina - PR. A revisão de literatura analisa a importância do design de moda e do produto, a modelagem plana industrial do vestuário e sua relação com a ergonomia e com o corpo usuário. A pesquisa qualitativa identifica a visão de modelistas, alunos e docentes no ambiente em questão a cerca do pensamento de construtivo da modelagem plana. De acordo com a análise efetuada entre a revisão de literatura e os questionários aplicados constatou-se a importância da preocupação com a ergonomia, com o corpo usuário, com a antopometria e com a geometria na realização da modelagem plana industrial. O resultado dessa pesquisa foi à elaboração das Diretrizes metodológicas para o processo de ensino da Modelagem plana Industrial, que pode auxiliar na fase de aprendizado da modelagem e durante o processo de construção do molde na indústria de confecção / Abstract: In the field of fashion design research focused on the flat pattern industrial clothing assit in the process of understanding and product development. The research aims to delineate guidelines methodology for the teaching of industrial flat pattern, by identifying the way they are being taught and learned in educational institutions and how it is built on industry clothing, the regional center of Londrina - PR. The literature review analyzes the importance of fashion design and product modeling flat industrial clothing and its relationship with the ergonomics and body user. Qualitative research identifies the vision of modelers, students and teachers in that environment to some of the thinking of constructive flat pattern. According to the analysis done between the review of literature and questionnaire responses noted the importance of concern with ergonomics, the user body, with anthropometry and with the geometry in the revitalization of industrial flat pattern. The result this reserch was the elaboration of methodological guidelines for teaching process of the Indutrial Modeling flat, which may help modeling the learning phase and during the building process mold in the garment industry / Mestre

Através da nova interpretação e compreensão dos aspectos em relação moda identidade, design social, e da maneira como se encontra o comportamento da sociedade consumista, tende-se a elevar a demanda do indivíduo contemporâneo, preocupado com o futuro ambiental. O surgimento de novos cenários e atores indica uma maior visibilidade à postura de responsabilidade socioambiental na área de moda e possibilita a consolidação da sociedade contemporânea. Devido a estas premissas, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo propor procedimentos, utilizando como referência a metodologia projetual de Löbach para desenvolvimento de produtos sustentáveis têxteis a partir de sobras dos materiais das micro e pequenas confecções. A Metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa bibliográfica, que constitui o procedimento básico para os estudos monográficos, e a pesquisa exploratória, pois não requer a formulação de hipóteses para serem testadas. Ela se restringe por definir objetivos, buscar mais informações sobre determinado assunto de estudo e identificar qual o melhor método a ser utilizado. No caso deste projeto, a ideia foi adaptar a sintetização de Löbach no processo de design, relacionando-o com o processo de resolução de problemas e o processo criativo, em quatro iniciativas essenciais: definir claramente o problema (preparação); reunir informações sobre o problema, analisá-las e relacioná-las criativamente entre si (geração); criar alternativas de soluções para o problema, julgando-as segundo critérios estabelecidos (avaliação) e desenvolver a alternativa mais adequada, concretizando a (realização). Após a elaboração do projeto, comprovou-se que a metodologia utilizada se mostrou viável para o desenvolvimento de produtos sustentáveis, voltados para a sociedade e consumo / Through the new interpretation and understanding of the aspects about fashion-identity, social design, and how the behavior of the consumer society, tend to increase the demand of the contemporary individual, worried about the future. The emergence of new models and actors indicates a greater visibility to the posture of social and environmental responsibility in the area of fashion and enables consolidation of a contemporary society. Due to these premises, this research aimed to propose procedures, using as a reference the design methodology of Löbach for development of sustainable textile products from leftovers from materials of micro and small manufacturing. The methodology used was bibliographical research to which constitutes the basic procedure for the monographic studies and exploratory research because it does not require the formulation of hypotheses to be tested. She is restricted by set goals, get more information about a particular subject to study and identify the best method to be used, in the case of this project, the idea was to adapt the Löbach synthesis in the design process, linking it with the problem-solving process and the creative process, on four key initiatives to clearly define the problem (preparation); gather information about the problem, analyze them and relate them creatively with each other (generation); create alternative solutions to the problem, judging the second criteria (evaluation) and develop the most suitable alternative, establishing the (realization). After the elaboration of the project proved that the methodology used proved to be viable for the development of sustainable products, geared to society and consumption

Este trabalho procura investigar o desenvolvimento de indicadores do desempenho e da qualidade para o processo de produção. O objetivo é verificar por que existe dificuldade em generalizar os indicadores do desempenho e da qualidade para todos os processos de produção, e desenvolver uma metodologia para determinar estes indicadores. O processo de produção é entendido como um conjunto de causas operando insumos, resultando em efeitos. Dessa forma, os indicadores do desempenho irão avaliar as causas, e os indicadores da qualidade irão avaliar os efeitos do processo de produção. A revisão bibliográfica, do trabalho, é divida em dois momentos: primeiro é feito um levantamento de modelos de avaliação, que possam ser aplicados nos processos de produção, destacando o objetivo da informação gerada e seus principais indicadores; no segundo momento, são levantados alguns direcionadores para responder o problema do trabalho, como: gestão do processo de produção, missão, objetivos, estratégias, fatores críticos de sucesso do processo de produção, avaliação do desempenho e da qualidade e indicadores do desempenho e da qualidade. Com isso, é elaborado uma proposição do ponto de vista teórico, a qual é verificada do ponto de vista empírico, com quatro estudo de casos. Os casos estudados são organizações que têm como processo de produção a commodity café. O trabalho permitiu verificar que cada processo de produção possui seus objetivos, estratégias e fatores críticos de sucesso, tornando-os únicos. Permitiu também observar que os indicadores dependem do objetivo da avaliação, resultando, dessa forma, a dificuldade de gereneralização dos indicadores para todos os processos de produção. / This research aims at investigating the development of performance and quality indicators for the production process. The objective is to verify why it is difficult to generalize performance and quality indicators for all production processes, and developing a methodology to determine these indicators. The production process is understood as a body of causes operating raw materials, resulting in effects. This way, the performance indicators shall evaluate the causes, and the quality indicators shall evaluate the effects of the production process. The bibliographical review of this research is divided into two moments: first we do a survey of evaluation models which may be applied to the production processes, highlighting the objective of the information created and its main indicators; in the next moment, some guiders are brought into question in order to answer work problems such as: production process management, mission, objectives, strategies, critical factors of success in the production process, performance and quality evaluation and indicators of performance and quality. With this, we elaborate a proposal from the theoretical point of view, which is verified from the empirical point of view, with four case studies. The cases studied are organizations which have as production process the commodity coffee. The research made it possible to verify that each production process has its own objectives, strategies and critical factors of success making them unique. It also made it possible to verify that the indicators depend on the objective of the evaluation, thus resulting in the difficulty of generalization of the indicators for all production processes.

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