Summary in Afrikaans and English / Hierdie verhandeling omvat 'n beskrywing van die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van die onderwysersvereniging wat vanaf 1893 onder meer as die Vereeniging vir Onderwijzers en Onderwijzeressen in de Z.A.R. (VVOOZA), die Vereeniging van Onderwijzers en Onderwijzeressen in Zuid-Afrika (VVOOZA) vanaf 1903 en sedert 1923 as die Transvaalse Onderwysersvereniging (TO) bekend gestaan het. Die klem val op uitsprake van TO-voorsitters en aktiwiteite wat deur die TO van stapel gestuur is ter bevordering van die professionaliteit en professionele status van onderwysers en onderwyseresse. Die verhandeling sluit ook 'n ontleding van en kritiese besinning oor die kenmerke van professionaliteit in. In die verband word gefokus op die verhouding van die TO met enkele onderwysbelanghebbendes, die bevordering van die professionele beeId van onderwysers/onderwysersesse en die beginsels wat die TO tydens salarisonderhandelinge gehandhaaf het. 'n Belangrike gevolgtrekking waartoe gekom word, is dat die TO vir meer as 100 jaar nie net professionaliteit in onderwysverband bevorder het nie, maar dat sy uitsprake en aktiwiteite op sigself getuig van 'n professionele ingesteldheid. / This thesis comprises an account of the origin and development of the teachers' association known from 1893 as the Vereeniging vir Onderwijzers en Onderwijzeressen in de Z.A.R. (VVOOZA), as the Vereeniging van Onderwijzers en Onderwijzeressen in Zuid-Afrika (VVOOZA) from 1903, and since 1923 as the Transvaalse Onderwysersvereniging (TO). The accent is on pronouncements of TO chairpersons and activities initiated by the TO to promote professional qualities among teachers and to secure professional status for them. The thesis also includes an analysis and critical consideration of the criteria of professionalism, with special reference to the relationship between the TO and roleplayers with an interest in education, the promotion of the professional image of teachers, and the principles upheld by the TO in salary negotiations. An important conclusion drawn is that for more than 100 years of its existence, the TO not only promoted professional qualities in the educational context, but epitomises professionalism in its pronouncements and activities. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Historiese Opvoedkunde)

Summary in Afrikaans and English / Hierdie verhandeling omvat 'n beskrywing van die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van die onderwysersvereniging wat vanaf 1893 onder meer as die Vereeniging vir Onderwijzers en Onderwijzeressen in de Z.A.R. (VVOOZA), die Vereeniging van Onderwijzers en Onderwijzeressen in Zuid-Afrika (VVOOZA) vanaf 1903 en sedert 1923 as die Transvaalse Onderwysersvereniging (TO) bekend gestaan het. Die klem val op uitsprake van TO-voorsitters en aktiwiteite wat deur die TO van stapel gestuur is ter bevordering van die professionaliteit en professionele status van onderwysers en onderwyseresse. Die verhandeling sluit ook 'n ontleding van en kritiese besinning oor die kenmerke van professionaliteit in. In die verband word gefokus op die verhouding van die TO met enkele onderwysbelanghebbendes, die bevordering van die professionele beeId van onderwysers/onderwysersesse en die beginsels wat die TO tydens salarisonderhandelinge gehandhaaf het. 'n Belangrike gevolgtrekking waartoe gekom word, is dat die TO vir meer as 100 jaar nie net professionaliteit in onderwysverband bevorder het nie, maar dat sy uitsprake en aktiwiteite op sigself getuig van 'n professionele ingesteldheid. / This thesis comprises an account of the origin and development of the teachers' association known from 1893 as the Vereeniging vir Onderwijzers en Onderwijzeressen in de Z.A.R. (VVOOZA), as the Vereeniging van Onderwijzers en Onderwijzeressen in Zuid-Afrika (VVOOZA) from 1903, and since 1923 as the Transvaalse Onderwysersvereniging (TO). The accent is on pronouncements of TO chairpersons and activities initiated by the TO to promote professional qualities among teachers and to secure professional status for them. The thesis also includes an analysis and critical consideration of the criteria of professionalism, with special reference to the relationship between the TO and roleplayers with an interest in education, the promotion of the professional image of teachers, and the principles upheld by the TO in salary negotiations. An important conclusion drawn is that for more than 100 years of its existence, the TO not only promoted professional qualities in the educational context, but epitomises professionalism in its pronouncements and activities. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Historiese Opvoedkunde)

Text in Afrikaans / I wanted to investigate the way people experienced confessional pastoral therapy by conducting a qualitative research study. The role of the pastor were examined as well as the effect of discourses of power and ethics in pastoral counseling. I interviewed clients who were counseled by pastors of the AFM Church (Apostolic Faith Mission). The research supposes that knowledge and power discourses have a major influence in pastoral counseling which is often not accounted for. I wanted to see how clients experienced the effects of these discourses of power and ethics. I furthermore wanted to see how these power discourses could result in clients feeling subordinate to the pastor and his knowledge and the effect that these feelings might have on them. The purpose of this study was not to generalize the experiences of the participants, but rather to set a contextual background of the experiences of power in confessional pastoral counseling. / Practical Theology / M. Th. (Pastorale Terapie)

Contemporary South Africa prides itself on having a Bill of Rights. For 84 years (1910 to 1994) public administration regulated the general welfare and lives of inhabitants in the finest detail, while being subject to almost only the whims and political objectives of the governing authority. On 27 April 1994 the 1993 Constitution introduced a constitutional obligation and radical change to the manner in which public administration must be exercised. Today, still an infant in experience relating to a bill of rights, public administration must be exercised with the Bill of Rights as an integral part of this inhabitant / governing authority interaction. The primary aim of this study is to attempt to describe the manner in which public administration was exercised, firstly, during constitutional dispensations prior to 1994 and, secondly, since public administration became subject to constitutionally entrenched fundamental rights. The empirical investigation is aimed at exploring and analysing the extent to which public administration has realised the constitutional obligation in practice. The results of the empirical investigation highlighted, primarily, that the majority of the officials that participated in the survey do not know of the Bill of Rights, and that half of those who do know of the Bill have little knowledge of its provisions. More than half of the respondents lack awareness of section 195 of the 1996 Constitution, which states that public administration must be governed by democratic principles enshrined in the Constitution. Barely one tenth of respondents were informed of the significance of the Bill and its role regarding public administration. The majority of respondents have not of their own accord studied the Bill and the Bill does not have the desired effect on the manner in which public administration is exercised. Two thirds of respondents have mixed perceptions as to whether to serve the interests of inhabitants above the political objectives of the governing authority and less than a quarter of respondents give recognition to the Bill when rendering public services. It seems as if South African public administration has a long way to go in adhering to its constitutional obligation in practice. / Public Administration / D. Litt et Phil.(Public Administration)

Thesis (PhD (Education)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Before the implementation of abortion legislation in South Africa in February 1997, illegal abortions were the only way out for women with unwanted pregnancies. Because of the high morbidity and mortality rate of the women concerned, abortion legislation was implemented with the aim of ending illegal abortions in South Africa by having abortions carried out legally on request in designated health care facilities. The abortion legislation stipulates that registered nurses who have undergone the proposed abortion care training may terminate a pregnancy upon request of a woman during the first twelve weeks of the gestation period of her pregnancy. Although legislation authorises registered nurses to carry out first trimester abortions, an inadequate number of nurses are being trained in the Western Cape to provide pregnant women with guidance and counselling services, carry out the abortions and/or refer problem cases. Since the implementation of the abortion legislation no real attempts have been made by higher education institutions in the Western Cape to offer abortion care training for nurses. A need has therefore been identified to develop a comprehensive training framework for higher education institutions in the Western Cape for the training of nurses in abortion care. The case study was used as research design and the specific unit of analysis on which the researcher focused were the registered nurses who had received training in abortion care and the context in which they provide abortion care at the various levels of service provision in the different regions of the Western Cape. A random, stratified sample (non-proportional) was taken of the designated state health care facilities in the Western Cape, as well as a non-probability purposive sampling of registered nurses who provide abortion care, a non-probability convenience sample of women who have received abortion care and a non-probability purposive sampling of final-year pre-registration nursing students. Data was generated by means of questionnaires to the women who received abortions and/or counselling, the registered nurses who carried out abortions as well as final-year preregistration nursing students. A checklist was used to observe the abortions that were carried out by registered nurses in an objective and non-participatory manner and semi-structured interviews were conducted with various role-players in abortion care and training. The main findings of this study indicate that the necessary infrastructure within which the services could be provided according to the abortion legislation was adequate, but that the ongoing shortage of trained health care practitioners hampers the abortion care services. Only 10 (n=10) of the 15 certified nurses employed in state health care facilities actively offered abortion care services in the various designated facilities in the Western Cape. Deficiencies were identified in the existing provincial protocol and it was clear that some of the guidelines are either not in use or have become obsolete in the light of new research findings. It was found that midwives with appropriate and effective training are the ideal category of health practitioner for the provision of abortion care. The certified nurses who have been trained by the various regional offices of the Department of Health: Western Cape are skilled in carrying out the abortion procedure, but the other aspects of abortion care, that are mainly carried out by other categories of nurses, will probably require greater attention. The recommendations, which are based on a thorough literature study as well as on the findings and conclusions that arose from the empirical part of this study, have been included in a training framework. The researcher recommends that the training framework provide the basis for the development of a formal programme or programmes for the training of nurses in abortion care at higher education institutions. The purpose of the proposed framework is therefore to determine the context within which curriculation ought to take place, and to provide a focus or format for those who develop the curriculum for prospective students. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Voor die implementering van aborsiewetgewing in Februarie 1997 was onwettige aborsies die enigste uitweg vir vroue met ongewenste swangerskappe in Suid-Afrika. Weens die hoë morbiditeit- en mortaliteitsyfer van die betrokke vroue is aborsiewetgewing geïmplementeer met die doel om onwettige aborsies in Suid-Afrika te beëindig en aborsies op versoek wettiglik in aangewysde gesondheidsorgfasiliteite uit te voer. Die aborsiewetgewing stipuleer dat verpleegkundiges wat die voorgestelde aborsiesorgopleiding ondergaan het, ‘n swangerskap kan beëindig op versoek van ‘n vrou gedurende die eerste 12 weke van die draagtyd van haar swangerskap. Ten spyte van wetgewing wat verpleegkundiges magtig om eerste trimester aborsies uit te voer, word daar om verskeie redes onvoldoende aantal verpleegkundiges in die Wes-Kaap opgelei wat voorligting en berading aan swanger vroue gee, die aborsies uitvoer en/of probleemgevalle moet verwys. Geen daadwerklike pogings is sedert die inwerkingstelling van die aborsiewetgewing deur hoëronderwysinstellings in die Wes-Kaap aangewend om aborsiesorgopleiding vir verpleegkundiges aan te bied nie. Derhalwe is ’n behoefte geïdentifiseer om ’n omvattende opleidingsraamwerk vir hoëronderwysinstellings in die Wes- Kaap te ontwikkel vir die opleiding van verpleegkundiges in aborsiesorg. Die gevallestudie is as navorsingsontwerp gebruik en die spesifieke eenheid van analise waarop gefokus is was die verpleegkundiges wat opleiding in aborsiesorg ontvang het en die konteks waarbinne hulle aborsiesorg lewer by die onderskeie vlakke van dienslewering in die onderskeie streke van die Wes-Kaap. ’n Ewekansige, gestratifiseerde steekproef (nie-proporsioneel) is geneem van die aangewysde staatsgesondheidsorgfasiliteite in die Wes-Kaap, sowel as ’n nie-waarskynlike, doelbewuste steekproefneming van verpleegkundiges wat aborsiesorg verskaf, ’n nie-waarskynlike gerieflikheidsteekproefneming van vroue wat aborsiesorg ontvang het en ’n nie-waarskynlike, doelbewuste steekproefneming van finalejaar voorregistrasie verpleegstudente. Data is gegenereer met behulp van vraelyste aan onderskeidelik die vroue wat aborsies en/of berading ontvang het, die verpleegkundiges wat aborsies uitgevoer het, asook finalejaar voorregistrasie verpleegstudente. ’n Kontrolelys is gebruik om die aborsies wat deur verpleegkundiges uitgevoer is objektief en nie-deelnemend te observeer en semigestruktureerde onderhoude is met verskeie rolspelers in aborsiesorgdienste en -opleiding gevoer. Die hoofbevindings van hierdie studie dui daarop dat die nodige infrastruktuur waarbinne die dienste ingevolge die aborsiewetgewing gelewer kon word voldoende was, maar dat die voortslepende tekort aan opgeleide gesondheidsorgpraktisyns die aborsiesorgdienste kortwiek. Slegs 10 (n=10) van die 15 gesertifiseerde verpleegkundiges in diens van staatsgesondheidsorgfasiliteite het aktief aborsiesorgdienste aangebied in die onderskeie aangewysde fasiliteite in die Wes-Kaap. Leemtes is in die bestaande provinsiale protokol geïdentifiseer en dit het in die lig van nuwe navorsingsbevindings geblyk dat sommige van die riglyne óf nie in gebruik was nie, óf dat hulle intussen verouderd geraak het. Daar is bevind dat vroedvroue met toepaslike en doeltreffende opleiding die ideale kategorie gesondheidsorgpraktisyn is vir die verskaffing van aborsiesorg. Die gesertifiseerde verpleegkundiges wat deur die Departement van Gesondheid: Wes-Kaap se onderskeie streekskantore opgelei is, is vaardig in die uitvoer van die aborsieprosedure as sulks, maar die ander aspekte van aborsiesorg, wat meestal ook deur ander kategorieë verpleegkundiges uitgevoer word, sal waarskynlik groter aandag moet kry. Die aanbevelings is gegrond op ’n deeglike literatuurstudie sowel as op die bevindings en gevolgtrekkings wat uit die empiriese gedeelte van hierdie studie spruit en is vervat in ’n opleidingsraamwerk. Die navorser beveel aan dat die opleidingsraamwerk die grondslag sal bied vir die ontwikkeling van ’n formele program of programme vir die opleiding van verpleegkundiges in aborsiesorg aan hoëronderwysinstellings. Die doel van die voorgestelde raamwerk is dus om die konteks te bepaal waarbinne kurrikulering moet plaasvind, asook om ’n fokus of formaat te verskaf vir diegene wat die kurrikulum vir voornemende studente ontwikkel.

Si l’approche par compétences au Canada et aux États-Unis est particulièrement valorisée pour orienter la pratique des professionnels de la santé (PDS) – et en bioéthique clinique –, les travaux permettant de mieux comprendre les fondements psychologiques, ontologiques et philosophiques de ces compétences sont peu présents dans la littérature en bioéthique. Les principaux outils actuellement disponibles se divisent généralement en quatre principales catégories : 1) les documents officiels (codes de déontologie, règlements institutionnels, etc.); 2) les principales théories éthiques (éthique de la discussion, éthique de la vertu, principisme, etc.); 3) les ouvrages de référence scientifiques; 4) les outils de prise de décision éthique. Ces documents sont des incontournables pour les bioéthiciens et les PDS, mais leur disparité, voire leur contenu parfois contradictoire, jumelée à une compréhension limitée de l’éthique, est souvent source de confusion dans les processus décisionnels et peut être la cause de comportements ne répondant pas aux standards éthiques des pratiques professionnelles. Notre recherche constitue une réflexion qui s’inscrit en amont de ces outils dont le caractère pragmatique a le désavantage de simplifier la réflexion théorique au profit de données plus concrètes. Nos travaux visent à développer les bases d’un modèle flexible et inclusif – le modèle de la déontologie réflexive (MDR) – permettant de : 1) poser les principaux repères philosophiques, sociaux et déontologiques des problématiques éthiques rencontrées en pratique; 2) saisir les principales tensions éthiques inhérentes à cette complexité; 3) mieux comprendre, dans une perspective psychologique et développementale, les exigences personnelles et professionnelles qu’impose le statut de professionnel de la santé dans le contexte actuel des soins de santé. Entreprise théorique, ce projet consiste principalement à mettre en relation dynamique un ensemble de dimensions (légale, éthique, clinique, sociale, psychologique) à l’oeuvre dans la rencontre du bioéthicien et du PDS avec la complexité des situations éthiques, en s’inspirant du concept de sensibilité éthique de la « petite éthique » de Paul Ricoeur (1990), du modèle des quatre composantes de Rest (1994) et de la théorie du soi et des modes identitaires d’Augusto Blasi (1993). Ce processus implique trois étapes successives : 1) une mise en ii perspective de la posture épistémologique particulière du bioéthicien et du PDS à la lumière de la « petite éthique » de Ricoeur; 2) une revue de la littérature interdisciplinaire sur le concept de sensibilité éthique afin d’en proposer une définition et de le mettre en perspective avec d’autres compétences éthiques; 3) le développement d’un cadre de référence en matière d’identité éthique professionnelle (professional ethics identity tendencies, PEIT), inspiré de la théorie du soi et des modes identitaires de Blasi. Ces PEIT proposent un repère normatif aux exigences liées à la construction de l'identité en contexte de pratique des PDS et suggèrent des pistes de réflexion quant à la formation et à la recherche en éthique professionnelle. Cette recherche souhaite établir des fondements théoriques pour le développement ultérieur du modèle de la déontologie réflexive (MDR). / If the competency approach seems to be particularly valorised in Canada and in the United States for orienting the practice of health care professionals (HCP) – and in clinical bioethics – material that could provide with a better understanding of the psychological, ontological and philosophical foundations of these competencies seems rather limited in the bioethical literature. The tools that are generally available can be divided into four main categories: 1) official documents (e.g., code of ethics, institutional policies); 2) the main ethical theories (e.g., virtue ethics, theories of justice, principlism); 3) scientific references (e.g., journals, books); 4) decision-making tools. These documents are important for bioethicists and HCPs, but their disparities and even contradictions, coupled with poor knowledge in professional ethics, may be a significant source of confusion in the decision making process and even lead to behaviour that does not meet the ethical standards of HCP. This thesis is an upstream reflection regarding these tools, whose pragmatic character has the disadvantage of simplifying theoretical reflection at the benefit of more concrete evidence useful for practical decision making. This project aims at developing the foundations for a flexible and inclusive model – a model of deontological reflexivity (MDR) – that will: 1) present the main philosophical, psychological, sociological and deontological landmarks characterising ethical issues encountered in practice; 2) understand, from a psychological and developmental perspective, the personal and professional requirements inherent to the status of the health care professional in the current context of health care. A theoretical enterprise, this project primarily consists in relating, in a dynamic manner, a variety of dimensions (legal, ethical, clinical, psychological) at work in complex ethical situations encountered by HCPs and bioethicists, inspired by the concept of ethical sensitivity, the “petite éthique” of Paul Ricoeur (1990), the self theory along with Blasi's Identity modes (Blasi, 1993). The analysis process will consist in three successive phases: 1) a putting into perspective of the bioethicist's and HCPs’ epistemological posture in light of the “petite éthique” of Paul Ricoeur (1990); 2) an interdisciplinary literature review of “ethical sensitivity” in order to propose a definition of the concept and place it into perspective with other ethical competencies; 3) the development of a framework regarding professional ethics iv and identity (professional ethics identity tendencies, PEIT), inspired both by the self theory and Blasi's Identity modes. These PEITs provide a normative benchmark related to the construction of identity in the health care context and suggest some innovative avenues for professional ethics research and education. This research wish to elaborate the theoretical foundations that will be utilised further in the future to develop the model of deontological reflexivity (MDR).

The aim of the thesis will focus on ethics for professional accountants, who are not only accountants, but also tax consultants and auditors. Confidence in the profession greatly weakened by major accounting scandals in the U.S. and in Europe at the turn of the millennium. I will focus on ethics from the perspective of philosophy and from the perspective of management in the introduction of the theoretical part. The theory of sustainable development and corporate social responsibility relates also with business ethics. In response to accounting scandals in the U.S. the new law was agredd and this documnet established new requirements for companies trading on the American Stock Exchange and drew an attention to code of ethics for professional accountants. I will describe the different types of accounting fraud in the practical part, said publicated examples.

The study aimed to identify factors that cause unprofessional conduct among trainers at the training establishments in the Northern Cape Province of the South African Police Service. The researcher focused on the status of trainers in the SAPS and aimed to determine whether In-Service Education and Training can assist in enhancing trainers’ professional status. The aim of this study was to identify how the levels of trainer professionalism within the South African Police Service could be improved. The objectives of the study were to:  identify the expected levels of trainer professionalism within the South African Police Service  describe the current levels of trainer professionalism within the South African Police Service and  make recommendations for improving the levels of professionalism within the South African Police Service. A literature review on adult learning, training and development, as well as SAPS professionalism, was conducted. The literature review subscribes to the premise that if effective facilitation methods are implemented in adult learning centres, the attempt to motivate adults to participate in learning programmes could be successful. The qualitative research methodology that was conducted involved both one-on-one and focus-group interviews with senior management, middle management and trainers. Three themes were identified from the research question and sub-questions of the study and are discussed in detail. After the empirical data were analysed, the results of the empirical evidence were interpreted. Findings revealed that there are trainers in the SAPS whose behaviour is severely lacking in professionalism. Trainers do not exhibit appropriate ethical conduct towards their adult learners and do not follow the code of conduct as prescribed for division training as is the norm. Finally, based on the research, both future studies and improved trainer professionalism programmes with specific reference to the SAPS are recommended. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Educational Management)

This study deals with corporate social responsibility (CSR) and focuses on managerial perceptions of CSR at McDonald’s South Africa (SA) and how social responsibility is translated into social practices. The key objectives of the research are: to analyse McDonald’s both internationally and locally in South Africa to establish whether CSR policies exist, then to investigate how these policies are perceived and integrated by outlet managers. Lastly to investigate what kind of social responsibility (SR) involvement, if at all, occurs at outlet level. The research site covers three regions in South Africa, which are the Eastern Cape, Western Cape and Gauteng. The total research sample is 38. 33 interviewees were outlet managers, who were purposively selected, and 5 additional interviews took place with: 2 McDonald’s SA Head Office representatives, 2 interviews with beneficiaries of McDonald’s SR involvement and 1 with the trade union SACCAWU. The research was carried out through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The design of this research is based on an interpretive social science approach. The aim of the research was to investigate outlet managers’ perceptions of CSR and social practices present at McDonald’s SA outlets. The key findings of the research indicate that: CSR policies at McDonald’s SA head office are not communicated sufficiently to outlet managers, SR involvement is evident, especially for initiatives focusing on children’s welfare, but far too little occurs at the outlet level. There are also too few checks on social involvement by head office and no formal reporting system is available to the outlets except through an internal magazine, called the Big Mag. There is no official CSR report at McDonald’s SA. The fact that no report exists makes this study more relevant since this research investigates matters pertaining to CSR and social practices. The overall significance of the study is that it brings to the forefront the importance of internal company and external broader regulation which is part of the greater debate of CSR. This is because the analysis of managerial perceptions and implementation of CSR shows some unwarranted discrepancies between policies and practices, locally, nationally and internationally even within the same organisation.

This master's thesis is focused on negative effects of sects on one's life and on ways a social worker can help with this. The thesis accents profession ethics of social workers. The thesis explains the term sect and problems surrounding its use. Using professional literature, it describes how a social worker should proceed when working with former sect or new religion members.