L’obligation de coopération a été insérée dans le Code de procédure civile en 2016, tirant ses origines de la procédure civile anglaise. Cette obligation est le point d’ancrage de cette étude, qui a pour objectif non seulement de définir cette nouvelle obligation, mais aussi de démontrer sa complémentarité avec le devoir déontologique de coopérer pour les avocats. L’application concrète de la coopération dans la pratique actuelle de la profession découle de ces deux codes agissant en symbiose. Dans la procédure, la coopération a une place de choix à travers la disposition préliminaire du Code et est qualifiée de principe directeur de la procédure. Elle agit complémentairement avec les notions d’abus de procédure et de bonne foi. L’obligation de coopération s’applique à toutes les étapes du règlement : aux modes privés de prévention et de règlement des conflits, au protocole pré-judiciaire, ainsi que lors de la gestion de l’instance. L’obligation de coopération a également des répercussions importantes en matière de preuve civile. Bien appliquée, elle favorise à la fois la recherche de la vérité par la transmission adéquate des éléments de preuve et l’accessibilité à la justice par la réduction du nombre de procédures. Comme devoir professionnel, la coopération a généralement un impact sur la relation avocat-client et appelle l’avocat à se responsabiliser dans l’accomplissement de ses fonctions. Or, le paysage actuel de la pratique de la profession favorise plutôt l’adversité, notamment parce que la marchandisation et la tarification horaire des services juridiques découragent la coopération entre confrères. Selon nous, il existe néanmoins des solutions concrètes afin de favoriser l’insertion de la coopération dans les différents milieux de pratique. / The obligation of cooperation has enacted in the Code of civil procedure in 2016, inspired by the reform English civil procedure. This obligation is at the heart of this analysis which attempts to define this new obligation and to demonstrate its complementarity with the ethical obligation lawyers has pursuant to the Code of professional Conduct. The practical application of cooperation in lawyer’s modern practice is indeed a mix of those two jurisdictions. In the Code of Civil Procedure, the need for cooperation is described in the preliminary disposition and is expressed as a guiding principle of the procedure at article 20 of the Code. It acts simultaneously with the notions of good faith and abuse of process. The obligation of cooperation is applicable at every step of conflict resolution: to alternative dispute resolution, to pre-judiciary protocol and to case management. The obligation of cooperation also has major repercussions for rules of evidence. When followed properly, it improves not only the research for truth by increasing information exchanges; it also enhances access to justice by reducing the time in court. As a professional obligation, cooperation generally has an impact on lawyer-client relationships and invites the professional to take responsibility for the accomplishment of his functions. However, the professional practice’s landscape does not currently promote cooperation between colleagues, notably because of the commercialisation of legal services and hourly billing. In our opinion though, despite the actual context of legal practice, solutions exist to promote a professional culture based on cooperation.

Offentligt anställda förväntas agera i enlighet med förvaltningsetiken och implementera politiskt fattade beslut. Att rollen kan uppleva förvaltningsetikens krav som oförenliga med deras yrkesetik har aktualiserats efter riksdagsvalet 2022. I samband med regeringsbildningen presenterade regeringspartierna med samarbetsparti Tidöavtalet, i vilket det föreslås att offentliganställda som kommer i kontakt med individer utan uppehållstillstånd ska vara skyldiga att anmäla detta till Migrationsverket och polis. Detta har lett till stora protester hos bland annat hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal, som mobiliserat under parollen Vi anger inte.  Utifrån hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalens protester belyser uppsatsen den potentiella spänningen mellan krav på styrbarhet och att den offentligt anställde agerar etiskt ansvarsfullt, såväl professionsetiskt som förvaltningsetiskt. Studien använder sig av Lundquists teori om konkurrerande etiska system för utvärdera om och hur protesten kan motiveras förvaltningsetiskt. Det empiriska material som ligger till grund för undersökningen utgörs huvudsakligen av debattinlägg av hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Dessa har analyserats med hjälp av riktad kvalitativ innehållsanalys.  Resultaten visar att personalens protester kan förstås dels utifrån ett professionsetiskt perspektiv, dels utifrån ett förvaltningsetiskt enligt vilket sjukvårdspersonalen uppvisar ämbetskurage. Likväl är den rollen oförenlig med den som styrbar offentliganställd.

This phenomenological study examined the experiences of women in midlife. The primary purpose of the study was to develop and describe a model of health promotion that will facilitate self-care of women in midlife to support them in the attainment of wholeness. A theory-generative, qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual design was utilized to achieve the objectives of the study, namely to explore and describe women's experience of midlife transition; classify concepts of the model; describe the structure and process of a model for support of women during midlife transition, and develop guidelines for operationalization of the model. The study was undertaken in one of the northwest states of the United States of America. Purposive sampling of eight women included women between the ages of 40 and 55 years of age. Women who had undergone surgical menopause were excluded as the influence of prolonged hormone replacement therapy was seen as a bias. Data was collected by using an unstructured interview technique. Data was analyzed according to Tesch's protocol (in Cresswell, 1994:155). Guba's model (in Krefting 1991:215) was utilized to ensure the trustworthiness of the study. Ethical issues were considered throughout and these are reflected in chapter one of the thesis. The study identified two themes: (1) how the women experienced midlife and (2) how they managed it. The experiences of midlife were expressed in physical, psychosocial and spiritual changes while the management of the process was accomplished in two ways, namely self-care and the services of healthcare professionals. The researcher identified that health promotion was essential to facilitate the self-care practices of women in midlife. Essential and related attributes of health promotion were identified, analyzed and synthesized to define health promotion. The process of health promotion was then defined with a description of the structure and process of the model. Concepts identified were classified, defined and placed into relationship statements after which the model was described and evaluated. Guidelines to operationalize the model were then formulated to assist health professionals to support women in self-care for the attainment of wholeness. / Health Studies / D.Litt et Phil (Health Studies)

This phenomenological study examined the experiences of women in midlife. The primary purpose of the study was to develop and describe a model of health promotion that will facilitate self-care of women in midlife to support them in the attainment of wholeness. A theory-generative, qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual design was utilized to achieve the objectives of the study, namely to explore and describe women's experience of midlife transition; classify concepts of the model; describe the structure and process of a model for support of women during midlife transition, and develop guidelines for operationalization of the model. The study was undertaken in one of the northwest states of the United States of America. Purposive sampling of eight women included women between the ages of 40 and 55 years of age. Women who had undergone surgical menopause were excluded as the influence of prolonged hormone replacement therapy was seen as a bias. Data was collected by using an unstructured interview technique. Data was analyzed according to Tesch's protocol (in Cresswell, 1994:155). Guba's model (in Krefting 1991:215) was utilized to ensure the trustworthiness of the study. Ethical issues were considered throughout and these are reflected in chapter one of the thesis. The study identified two themes: (1) how the women experienced midlife and (2) how they managed it. The experiences of midlife were expressed in physical, psychosocial and spiritual changes while the management of the process was accomplished in two ways, namely self-care and the services of healthcare professionals. The researcher identified that health promotion was essential to facilitate the self-care practices of women in midlife. Essential and related attributes of health promotion were identified, analyzed and synthesized to define health promotion. The process of health promotion was then defined with a description of the structure and process of the model. Concepts identified were classified, defined and placed into relationship statements after which the model was described and evaluated. Guidelines to operationalize the model were then formulated to assist health professionals to support women in self-care for the attainment of wholeness. / Health Studies / D.Litt et Phil (Health Studies)

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Background: Recent literature on medical professionalism claims that self-awareness and the ability to reflect upon one’s experiences is a critical component of professionalism; however there is a paucity of empirical evidence to support this claim. This study employed a mixed methods approach to explore the utility of reflective writing and self- and peer assessments in explaining professionalism lapses among medical students. Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted using students from Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM) who had been disciplined for unprofessional behavior between 2006-2013 (case group; n=70). A randomly selected control group (n=230) was used for comparison. Reflective ability was assessed using a validated rubric to score students’ professionalism journals. Mean reflection scores and assessment scores were compared using t-tests. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the impact of reflection scores and self- and peer assessment scores on the likelihood of having been disciplined for unprofessional behavior. Subsequent qualitative analysis further explored when and how students learned professionalism during their clinical experiences. Results: The study found that students in the case group exhibited lower reflective ability than control students. Furthermore, reflective ability was a significant factor in explaining the odds that a student had been cited for professionalism lapses. There were no differences in self-assessment scores between the two groups, but students in the case group had significantly lower peer assessment scores than control students. Peer assessment scores also had the greatest influence on the odds that a student had been cited for professionalism deficiencies during medical school. Qualitative analysis revealed that students learn professionalism from role models who demonstrated altruism and respect (or lack thereof). Conclusions: These findings suggest that students should be provided with guidance and feedback on their reflective writing to promote higher levels of reflection, which may reduce the number of students who are cited for professionalism lapses. These findings also indicate that peer assessments can be used to provide students with insightful feedback regarding their professional development. Finally, role models have a strong influence on students’ professional development, and therefore must be cognizant of the implicit messages their behaviors convey.

The thesis proposes and defends a maxim which can serve as a foundation and guideline for professional ethics in nursing, the maxim that nurses should act so far as possible to promote patient's self-determination. The thesis is informed by philosophical ethics and by knowledge of professional nursing practice.