Since the independence of Indonesia in 1945, Indonesia has experienced several changes during the last sixty years and is now moving towards democratization. Of these political changes, Indonesia's civil-military relationship has always played a key role. During the era of Cold War, Indonesia¡¦s military were fighting against colonial power and facing the ideological confrontation. As political changes are going on, the military is asked to get out of political system in Indonesia. During the war of Independence, Indonesia¡¦s military played a role to save the country, they fought against the Dutch under the belief of nationalism. Indonesia's parliamentary democracy in the 1950s caused political disorder. Sukarno¡¦s leftist ideology has also caused the military unrest. With both internal and external factors, military coup happened in September 1965, which result in the region of authoritarian rule of Suharto. During the Suharto era, Indonesia's military penetrated in political, economic and social areas in Indonesia. The military became the supreme power that controlled the country. Indonesia's economic growth was claimed to be as a source of legitimacy for Suharto¡¦s regime. Indonesia¡¦s economy was almost collapsed of the financial crisis in 1997. As Mr.Suharto is losing his ruling legitimacy in Indonesia, it¡¦s made Suharto step down in May 1998. Indonesia¡¦s military then began to change. Indonesia has experienced four presidential elections, and regarded as a democratic state. But, if Indonesia wants to achieve a true civilian control over the military still, further military professionalism has to be done.

A Study of the Influence of Collaborative Learning in Arts and Humanities on the Professional Growth of Arts and Humanities Teachers ¡V with NanTz Primary School as an Example Chen Ying-Ming Graduate Institute of Education National Sun Yat-Sen University Abstract The purpose of this research is to examine the influence of the collaborative learning practice in arts and humanities curriculum in elementary school on the professional growth on the teachers of the subjects. The research employs action research as the methodology, with Nan Tz Primary School, Kaoshiung as the objects and the Head of the school as the researcher. In the observation of the collaborative learning in classes, the difficulties and problems arisen in the collaborative learning are located for further research. With the current situations concerning the teachers and students in collaborative learning and related materials, analysis is conducted. Further, interviews are also employed for profound understanding. In this research, a 5-scale questionnaire is employed. Concerning scores, positive marking is adopted; 4 is given to a perfect match, 3 for a majority match, 2 to a part match, and 1 for a minority match. The answers that do not match don¡¦t count. The average is 2. The questions with an average over 2 are inclined to be regarded as positive identification. Meanwhile, for those with an average lower than 2 are inclined to be regarded as negative identification. There are 10 valid questionnaires. The testing is conducted with a self-compiled questionnaire. A pretest is undertaken with the teachers as testees before the beginning collaborative learning curriculum. When the class collaborative learning ends, the post-test is conducted. In this research, the findings of the pretest and posttest concerning the collaborative learning in arts and humanities curriculum are as follows: (1) The research discovers that the teaching plan and course design concerning the arts and humanities curriculum, the professional ¡§teaching knowledge¡¨, including the understanding and applications of the nature and implications concerning the terrain of arts and humanities, the teachers possess are unclear. (2) The research discovers that concerning the issue of collaborative learning, the teachers show to have difficulties and lack motivations in the aspects of the operation of teaching media, the arrangement of multidimensional evaluation, and the employment of multidimensional evaluations, the employment of teaching resources to assist instruction, and the professional capability¡X¡§teaching abilities¡¨ the teacher faces, including soft and hardware equipment, especially in the use of media and the creation of learning situations, etc. (3) To review the profession as problems, as a reflection in teaching, the input of time in class preparation and ¡§teaching attitude,¡¨ including the teachers that stick to the traditional teaching method, the teachers that are not willing to spend time and energy in using the new teaching method, etc. These problems will lead to the lessening of enthusiasm in teaching. (4) According to the research findings, it is discovered that collaborative teaching in arts and humanities curriculum can allow the teachers to understand the meanings, essence, and importance concerning professional growth. (5) After employing collaborative learning in arts and humanities, teachers in elementary schools can follow the circulatory process of ¡§plan>teaching>observation>reflection>amendment¡¨. Following this process, they can keep improving; and the teachers team can work in teams habitually, as part of the teaching goals, design of syllabus, and sharing their concepts. They can also keep cooperation in teaching activities to elevate the teaching knowledge, teaching abilities, teaching attitudes, to promote the teachers¡¦ growth. Eventually, according to the research results suggestions future development is given to education units, school executives, and future researchers concerning the professional growth. Keywords: arts and humanities, collaborative learning, teaching professionalism, professional growth

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<p>Purpose: The primary aim of the study was to analyse and discuss how employees with a secondary nursing education describe their occupational character whilst working as well as the conditions for caring acts in a changing progress towards professionalism.</p><p>Questions: What are the conditions to provide a high standard of care in this changing progress? What influence does it have on the occupational character ?</p><p>Method: Critical case study and focus groups</p><p>Conclusion: One of the central findings of the field study was the identification of two occupational identities; traditional and pedagogical orientated. These two occupational character traits are connected with different types of occupational competence and demands different theoretical knowledge. They also have different regards concerning the new title; social omsorgsassistent. A conclusion of the study is that a professional project of a non-specific nature is unable to stress the different levels of knowledge and competence that occupational identities have when one seeking professionalism.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1966. / Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Bakgrund: Efter revisionspliktens avskaffande har spelplanen förändrats inom revisionsbranschen. Revisionsbranschen diskuteras sakna en förmåga att förmedla sitt värde varvid ett högre affärsmannaskap efterfrågas. Samtidigt betraktar professionsforskningen traditionellt kommersiella värderingar som motstridiga professionella värderingar, vilka inom forskningen förutsätts för att revisorerna ska kunna tillhandahålla samhället med tillförligtlig information. Studien avser att bidra till forskningen gällande professionalism och kommersialism, genom att identifiera en uppsättning kommersiella strategier för att studera deras samband till revisionskvalitet. Syfte: Syfte med studien att förklara sambandet mellan affärsmannaskap hos revisorer och revisionskvalitet. Metod: Studien tillämpar en kvantitativ metod med en deduktiv ansats där teori och litteratur gällande professionalism, kommersialism och strategiforskningen nyttjas för att bygga vår teoretiska modell. Utifrån två klassiska matriser identifierades en uppsättning kommersiella strategier vilka utgjorde affärsmannaskapet. Data samlades in via en enkätundersökning som riktade sig till 3156 auktoriserade och godkända revisorer i Sverige i syfte att testa våra hypoteser utifrån studiens syfte. Resultat: Resultaten visar på att kommersiella, affärsmässiga strategier både kan understödja och motverka revisorsprofessionen med avseende på revisionskvalitet. Till skillnad från tidigare studier ges indikationer om att kommersiella strategier är tillämpbara i samverkan med att professionella värderingar inom revisionsbranschen upprätthålls och ger förutsättningar för att producera en kvalitativ revision. / Background: The market for auditing has changed since the deregulation of statutory audit in Sweden. At the same time there is an ongoing discussion about how the audit profession lacks the ability to communicate it’s value to clients and stakeholders. Therefore there is a demand for a higher level of business orientation. Mean while, the traditional view of commercial values are considered as contradictory to the professional values which are assumed to be complied by an auditor. In our study we intend to identify commercial strategies which can be implied by auditors, and to study their relationship to audit quality in order to contribute to the research concerning professionalism and commercialism in the audit profession. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explain the relationship between auditors’ business orientation and audit quality. Method: A quantitative method is applied where existing literature and theories regarding professionalism, commercialism and strategic research är used to design our theoretical model. By using two well established matrices (Ansoff Matrix and Kotler’s 4Ps) commercial strategies were identified which formed the concept of business orientation. Data was collected by a survey which was sent to 3156 auditors in Sweden in purpose to test our hypotheses. Results: The results of the study indicates that auditors’ business orientation, through commercial strategies, can have a positive effect on audit quality. Unlike previous studies our results indicates that commercial strategies applied by auditors’ are applicable in conjunction with professional values in the audit profession, and thereby creates conditions to produce a qualitative audit.

Highway Authorities in the United Kingdom have jurisdiction to control, maintain and improve the local highway network, and the Road Traffic Act 1988 places a duty on such authorities to take preventative measures to reduce road casualties. As such, engineers working for the Highway Authority are on the ‘front-line,’ and are required to deal directly with lay concerns relating to road safety. This study investigates the nature and characteristics of how local road safety issues are raised and how engineers respond to such issues in a local authority setting. A grounded theory methodology was applied in the collection and analysis of this data, and in the generation of subsequent emergent themes. Datasets were established containing textual data from correspondence between the lay public and the authority, and from local press reporting. This was augmented by 47 semi-structured interviews with engineers. The analysis demonstrates that road safety issues and their construction, form a distinct genre. There are certain characteristic structural elements and argumentative approaches, which are oft repeated, in lay formulations of road safety. Road safety issues are played out in a contested field, although engineers may have, in theory, the ‘expertise’ that grants them authority to assess, diagnose and implement mitigation measures; in practice they have little autonomy or control. Regulatory restrictions, political interference, resource impoverishment and a volatile public, severely limit engineers’ independence and discretion. In dealing with the exigencies and pressures of day-to-day front-line public service, engineers deploy certain strategies for ‘managing’ the public. These pragmatic strategies are examined in order to establish how engineers can best effect practical action, in the face of competing and often conflicting demands. In examining the rhetorical organisation of lay argumentative strategies, a ‘popular epidemiology’ of road safety is recreated. This term, borrowed from Brown (1992), encapsulates a folk philosophy with respect to accident causation and the measures that are considered necessary or appropriate to ameliorate/eliminate identified issues. It is suggested that in vivo formulations of road safety issues, such as the ‘accident waiting to happen’ are founded on vague premises, and constitute a category mistake. Projections from phenomenally troubling, yet largely unsubstantiable events, to those with profound material consequences, are neither necessary nor certain. In making decisions on substantial capital investments, engineers, by necessity, are required to assess competing sites on a more epistemically secure metric, namely the police road casualty record.

The United Republic of Tanzania was formed on 26 April 1964 by the union of Tanganyika and the insular state of Zanzibar, comprising the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba. Today’s Tanzania is a key East Africa country, with a multiparty political system, and a well-developed civil society. It is the region’s largest country in terms of both land size and population, and major regional economic power. On 31st of October 2010, Tanzania held its fourth general elections since the re-introduction of the multi-party system in 1992. The famous ruling party is Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), won both the Union and the Zanzibar presidents, and maintained its comfortable control of the National Assembly and of the Zanzibar House of Representatives. Though the development of news reporting has historically been central to conceptions of journalism in the many developing countries, studies on professionalism in developing countries are rare. In this con­nec­tion, academic research has largely overlooked the truth relating to the subject of professionalism in journalism in Africa, including in Tanzania. For instance, there are hardly any studies of the phenomena of chequebook journalism and envelope journalism, which are conspicuously wide­spread in African countries. In the cases of both chequebook journalism and envelope journalism, we refer to phenomena, where journalists accept payments from different news sources, in order to give them (preference in) coverage. Invariably, there is a commodification of the journalist services vis á vis the coverage of news from different sources. A few existing studies have used directories from the East African countries. However, they face the face the caveat of little effort being made to adjust them the realities of the African setting. To address this challenge, this study – which focuses on journalistic professionalism in Tanzania - addresses the phenomena by using different approach of literature reviews: incorporating structural functionalism, journalism ethics, and normative models of development or advancing media. Specifically, it indicates cognitive differences in terms of how journalists in Tanzania perceive and experience chequebook journalism and envelope journalism. The data, which were used in the study, were collected using documents review, interviews, and focus group discussions (FGD). Accordingly, the instruments used to collect data included both structured and unstructured questionnaires. The findings indicate that Tanzanian journalists revere chequebook journalism and envelope journalism, and the practice has reached unprecedented levels in the country. The main reason for this is socio-economic: journalists getting low salary make them more vulnerable and therefore motivated to accept payments from news sources. The problem of supplementing their incomes through this disputed practice has, however, unfavorably affected journalist’s objectivity and professionalism. Additionally, development news reporting which seldom offers envelope journalism is being avoided. One alarming result is a shift from a traditional model of journalism, where journalists strive to report any legitimate news, to a public relations model, where news is heavily influenced by source and amount of payments. These results suggest that the public may be short-changed on its informational needs by being fed tactfully structured elitist news. Given the media's role in the development process, this may adversely affect development in the developing countries like Tanzania.   Keywords: Envelope Journalism, Ethics, Professionalism, Journalism, Journalist, and Chequebook Journalism. / Kinondoni District, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka uppfattningar som några förskollärare har kring professionalism i sitt arbete med barn i behov av särskilt stöd. Studien är kvalitativ och intervjuer genomfördes i fokusgrupper samt individuellt. Resultatet visade att uppfattningar kring professionalism i arbete med barn i behov av särskilt stöd var att förskollärarens professionella roll uppfattades utifrån flera kategorier. Dessa kategorier var kunskap, reflektion, barnsyn, inkludering och förhållningssätt. Förskollärarnas uppfattningar om stödet de fick från andra professionella i arbete med barn i behov av särskilt stöd uttrycktes som positivt och väsentligt för att kunna genomföra ett arbete med professionalism. Slutsatser var att förskollärarna uttalade sig medvetna om sin professionella roll i arbetet med barn i behov av särskilt stöd. Studien visade dock att arbetet med barn i behov av särskilt stöd är mångfacetterad och kräver samverkan mellan de olika professionella som arbetar med dessa barn. Förskollärarna arbetade aktivt för att inga barn skulle exkluderas och för att främja utvecklig och lärande i förskolan.

The thesis analyses the amateur game of rugby union by focussing upon the struggles for control between national and local unions and players. Using historical material and interviews with administrators, current players in the New Zealand national team, the All Blacks, and Canterbury, a local provincial union, I show how the game of rugby union consolidated as the national game. I follow these actors through the shift to a global professional game sponsored by television networks and show how the local advantages in the New Zealand game come to be reconfigured in this context.