Because of the advent of the Internet, traditional journalism is changing. Advanced technology includes the tools for everyone to publish their thoughts, feelings, photos, and videos, allowing individuals to be citizen journalists. This experimental-design study was aimed at discovering the influence of biographies in people's judgments of the credibility and professionalism of news articles. The study involved four treatments 1: professional journalist feature article with professional journalist biography; 2: citizen journalist feature article with professional journalist biography; 3: citizen journalist feature article with citizen journalist biography; and 4: professional journalist feature article with citizen journalist biography. These treatments were used to determine how the 198 study participants judged the work and biography of a traditional journalist compared to the work and biography of a citizen journalist. Study data was acquired through an online survey. A credibility scale and a professionalism scale were used to determine that, based on the articles used in the study, news consumers do not see professional journalists as more credible than citizen journalists, although news consumers do see traditional journalists' content as more professional.

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Yes / Simulation-based education (SBE) partially replaced the clinical placement learning for a cohort of first year students on a BSc (Hons) Diagnostic Radiography programme. This was in response to the pressures on hospital-based training caused by increasing student numbers and following increased capability and positive outcomes for student learning in delivering SBE as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey was distributed to diagnostic radiographers, across five NHS Trusts, involved in the clinical education of first year diagnostic radiography students at one UK university. The survey sought radiographers' perception of student performance in undertaking radiographic examinations, safety procedures, knowledge of anatomy, professionalism, and the impact of embedding simulation-based education through multichoice and free text questions. Descriptive and thematic analysis of the survey data was undertaken. Twelve survey responses from radiographers across four Trusts were collated. Responses indicated the majority of radiographers perceived students to require the expected level of assistance in undertaking appendicular examinations, applying infection control and radiation safety measures, and had the expected level of radiographic anatomy knowledge. Students also interacted appropriately with service users, demonstrated increased confidence in coming into the clinical environment and were receptive to feedback. Some variation was noted, particularly in professionalism and engagement, though not always attributed to SBE. Replacement of clinical placement with SBE was perceived to have provided appropriate learning opportunities and some additional benefits, however it was felt by some radiographers that SBE could not replace the experience of the real imaging environment. Embedding simulated-based education requires a holistic approach and close collaboration with placement partners to ensure complimentary learning experiences in the clinical placement setting, and support achievement of the learning outcomes.

In America, certain attributes and behaviors become more publicly acceptable and more prominent in personalities as an individual matures in their chosen career path. The elite position in society of medical practitioners has been threatened during the 20th Century by new and increasing market pressures. The main hypotheses addressed in this project is the determination of the directional change of the attitudes that represent professionalism as a physician gains experience in the current medical environment and whether these attitudes change as a result of rural setting or specialization in medical practice. This project will also try to determine the reliability of a Likert scale survey instrument, designed and refined through principals of organization behavior theory in the late 1960s by Richard H. Hall. Using this tool, professional attitudes were measured in an original sample of randomly selected physicians drawn from the membership of a rural medical organization and differences were examined using bivariate analyses. The additional influences of medical tenure, organizational size and discipline specialization were also analyzed using bivariate analysis to determine if life experience (tenure, location and specialty choice) positively affects core attitudes of professionalism in medical practice. Results reflect the changing market environment and population demographic changes in rural medical practice, while also demonstrating a significant difference between physicians practicing solo without the support of a group structure. / Master of Science

This article is about social workers that assess disabled people’s needs and their abilities to implement a new way of working. The National Board of Health and Welfare (Socialstyrelsen) in Sweden are developing a new way of working in these cases and it’s supposed to make the social work more evidence based. The National Board of Health and Welfare has already developed this kind of instrument for the social workers who assess needs of children and elderly people and now it’s time for those who work with disabled people. Therefore, I have chosen to study which possibilities these social workers have to implement this new method called IBIC (Individens Behov I Centrum - The individual’s needs in focus, my translation). I have based my study on three factors that are important that the persons involved in an implementation have in order for the implementation to succeed. They are: comprehension, capability and willingness. The aim was to get an understanding based on the three factors comprehend, capability and willingness of which abilities the assessment workers have to implement IBIC and how this would affect the profession. To reach that aim I have interviewed six social workers who assess the needs of disabled persons. The social workers were chosen because of their work title and after approval by their managers. I was able to get one who has worked 22 years, two who has worked around 10 years and three who has just started working. This meant that I got a good distribution in length of experience. In my sample there is also one who has worked with the standardized work method for children that I mentioned earlier. The results show that most of the social workers comprehend IBIC but it is doubtful whether or not they have the capability and the willingness to implement it. The result also shows that an implementation of IBIC most likely would mean that the profession which now is based on occupational values would move towards organizational professionalism.

Bakgrund: Revisorns oberoende tycks ständigt bli ifrågasatt vid kriser och skandaler. Revisionsbranschen har på senare år kommersialiserats och revisorns professionella ansvar innefattar numera andra områden än de traditionella, vars inverkan på revisorns oberoende det råder delade meningar om. Röster har också höjts om att själva begreppet oberoende bör bytas ut och ersättas av ett annat. Kopplat till oberoendefrågan ifrågasätts även huruvida begreppet klient eller kund bör användas som benämning för det granskade företaget, där klient kan kopplas till professionalism och kund till kommersialism. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att utforska hur revisorns oberoende uppfattas utifrån ett klient- och kundfokus. Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med i huvudsak en induktiv ansats. Empiri har samlats in genom dels semi-strukturerade intervjuer med revisorer från Big 4, dels en dokumentstudie med material från organisationer och myndigheter. Empirin har sedan analyserats genom begrepps- och innehållsanalys. Slutsats: Oberoendet beskrivs utifrån begrepp såsom självständighet, opartiskhet, förtroende, objektivitet, professionell skepticism och integritet. Den enskilda revisorn tycks ha en mer utförlig uppfattning av oberoendets innebörd än vad som kommuniceras utåt, vilket tyder på att det behövs en tydligare definition för att skapa förståelse från samhällets sida. I motsats till vad teorin säger pekar praktiken på att det råder en samstämmighet mellan kundbegreppet och professionalism. / Introduction Auditor independence is often questioned in times of crisis and scandals. The profession has in recent years been exposed to commercialization which has led to the auditor having other responsibilities except for the traditional ones, whose effects on auditor independence are still in debate. There are also those who thinks that the concept of independence should be replaced. Related to the debate of auditor independence is the question whether the auditee should be named client or customer, where client can be associated with professionalism and customer with commercialism. Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore how auditor independence is perceived based on a client and customer focus. Method The study has a qualitative researching method with mainly an inductive approach. The empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with auditors from the Big 4 and through a document study with data from organisations and authorities. The empirical data has been analyzed through concept and content analysis. Conclusion Independence is described as independency, impartiality, confidence, objectivity, professional skepticism and integrity. The individual auditor seems to have a more detailed perception of the meaning of independence than what is communicated to the society, which indicates the need of a more detailed description to help create an understanding. In contrast to theory, praxis shows a consensus between the use of customer and professionalism.

Syfte Studien syftar till att med hjälp av sjuksköterskor vid Landstingen i Värmland och Dalarna bidra till forskningen om hur sjuksköterskorna själva uppfattar att dagens NPM-influerade styrning inom vården påverkar deras förutsättningar att skapa värde. Frågeställningar • Vad är det som sjuksköterskorna själva uppfattar styr deras arbete? • Vilka områden upplever sjuksköterskorna påverkas av styrningen? • Vilka brister inom styrningen har sjuksköterskorna uppmärksammat och ser de några potentiella lösningar? • Hur anser sjuksköterskorna att förutsättningarna för värdeskapande påverkas av styrningen? Metod För att svara på studiens syfte har en kvalitativ ansats tagits. Det har utförts sjutton personliga intervjuer med sjuksköterskor på olika kirurgavdelningar inom Värmlands och Dalarnas Landsting. Resultat Studien visar att den NPM-influerade styrningen har en mestadels negativ påverkan på sjuksköterskornas möjlighet att skapa värde. Avdelningschefens styrning hade en positiv påverkan på sjuksköterskornas arbete. Sjuksköterskorna upplevde ett orimligt krav på produktivitet där hög genomströmning av patienterna efterfrågades, ofta i konflikt med vårdkvalitet. Bristande kommunikation mellan ledning och sjuksköterskor medför också onödig irritation och missnöje från sjuksköterskor. Slutsats Den hierarkiska maktstrukturen som idag finns inom sjukvården påverkar sjuksköterskorna på kirurgavdelningarna på landstinget i Värmland och Dalarna negativt när det kommer till deras möjlighet att skapa värde. Problemen rörande krav på produktivitet och dokumentation från ledningen har förvärrats av den hierarkiska strukturen och att sjuksköterskorna inte får vara med och påverka sitt eget arbete i den mån de önskar. / Purpose The aim of the paper is to research how today's NPM-influenced methods of control affects the nurse’s ability to create value from the nurses point of view. Problem • According to the nurses, what controls their work? • Which areas are affected by the management control according to the nurses? • What flaws in the management control have the nurses noticed and do they see any potential solutions? • How do nurses consider the conditions for value creation to be influenced by management control? Methodology In order to answer the purpose of the study has a qualitative approach been used. Seventeen interviews were conducted with nurses at different surgeon sections in Värmland and Dalarna county. Results The study shows that the NPM-influenced governance has a negative impact on the nurses' ability to create value. The management control from the head of the department had a positive impact on nurse’s work. The nurses experienced an unreasonable demand for efficiency, where high flow of patients was requested, often in conflict with the safety of the patient. A lack of communication between management and nurses also causes unnecessary irritation and dissatisfaction from nurses. Conclusion The hierarchical power structure that exists today in the healthcare negatively affects the nurses on the surgeon sections in the county of Värmland and Dalarna when it comes to their ability to create value. The problems regarding the demands of productivity and documentation has been worsened by the hierarchical structure and the fact that the nurses cannot influence their own work to the extent they wish.

Darbe analizuojamas pedagogų profesionalumo tobulinimas karjeros valdymo aspektu. Šiandieniniame veiklos pasaulyje profesionalui keliami reikalavimai tapo bendriniu modernybės raiškos bruožu: kiekvienas pedagogas privalo būti profesionalas. Šiuolaikinis pedagogas turi imtis naujų vaidmenų, įgauti profesinių įgūdžių, siekti profesionalumo nuolat ir sistemingai tobulintis. Nagrinėjama mokslinė problema: kaip pedagogų profesionalumo tobulinimas siejasi su jų karjeros valdymu. Šio darbo tikslas - teoriškai išanalizuoti ir empiriškai pagrįsti pedagogų profesionalumo tobulinimą karjeros valdymo aspektu Klaipėdos „Žemynos“ gimnazijoje. Profesionalumo tobulinimas ir karjeros valdymas yra visą gyvenimą trunkantis procesas. Vadinasi profesionalumo tobulinimas yra nenutrūkstamas procesas, kuris priklauso nuo pačio pedagogo asmenybės, gebėjimo ir noro mokytis, gebėjimo tinkamai pritaikyti naujai įgytą patirtį profesinėje veikloje bei gebėjimo valdyti asmeninę karjerą. Tyrimo duomenų analizė rodo, kad dauguma pedagogų, dirbančių ne pirmus metus gimnazijoje, yra susipažinę su gimnazijos misija, vizija, bei suvokia, ko trūksta jiems profesionalumo tobulinimo srityje. Todėl vienas iš svarbiausių pedagogų tikslų yra visur ir visada siekti profesionalumo siekiant būti savo srities profesionalais; gimnazijos administracija suteikia galimybes pedagogams nuolatos tobulėti, sudarydama sąlygas mokytis, tokiu būdu siekdama geresnių gimnazijos darbo rezultatų bei darbo našumo; ir kt. Darbe... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The development of teachers‘ professionalism in the aspect of career management is analysed in this work. Nowadays world‘s requirements for the professional has become a common feature of the up-to-date realisation, it means that every teacher has to be professional. Nowadays educator has to be capable for new roles, gain professional skills, study and refresh professionalism constantly and systematically. The scientific problem: the link between the development of teachers‘ professionalism and development of the career management is described. The aim of this work is to analyse the development of teachers‘ professionalism theoretically and to present evidence of this at Klaipeda Zemyna Gymnasium practically. The development of the professionalism and the management of the career are the long- life issues. Moreover, the professional development is all life lasting process, which depends on the personality of an educator, ability and willingness to study, ability to adapt to newly gained information in the professional activity as well as ability to manage his personal career. The analysis of the research shows that most educators, who have been working for several years at the Gymnasium are aquainted with mission and vision of the gymnasium and they clearly understand what they lack in the development of the professionalism. Due to this aspect, the main aim of the educators is constant objective to be professionals. The authority of gymnasium provides the opportunities... [to full text]