Recent years’ terrorist attacks in Europe and the flow of foreign fighters joining the terrorist organisation Daesh, has made the understanding of radicalisation evermore crucial. This thesis investigates if push and pull factors leading into violent Islamic extremism differentiate between men and women. Furthermore, it assesses how preventive measures from The United Kingdom, Sweden and Denmark targets push and pull factors and if these are sensitive to sex. To fulfil this objective an exploratory thematic analysis was used to synthesise secondary qualitative research surrounding push and pull factors. The push and pull factor analysis revealed three trends: there were limited variation in the overall categories describing the push and pull factors present for men and women; what caused push and pull factors to manifest differed according to sex; and, there were differences in how much men and women were affected by these factors. The assessment of prevention measures showed that none of the measures explicitly mentioned push and pull factors, yet they all had the potential of targeting these. Sex was included in some aspects of the measures, but was not a consideration in relation to the targeting of push and pull factors. The thesis ends with a discussion of what implications the found results have for practice and offers suggestions to how prevention measures can be improved.

Copyright Protection and the Use of Computer Programmes Abstract In this diploma thesis, the author deals with copyright protection and the use of computer programmes. The aim of the work is to create the most comprehensive overview of the substantive law protection of computer programmes, including issues of use of a computer program by persons other than its author. The work is divided into three parts. The first, most extensive part (chapters 1-7) is devoted to the mentioned comprehensive overview of the substantive regulation of copyright protection of computer programmes. Part of this part is a short excursion into the history of computer programmes and related principles of legislation at the international and European level. The following is the definition of a computer program, including a brief explanation of how computer programs are created and what their functionality is. After that, the author deals in detail with the rights that are created to the software author by creating the software, always on specific cases from practice. The following is the issue of granting and exercising copyright in software, if it is created by a larger group of people who may act in different legal relationships. The sixth chapter discusses in detail the possibilities of using computer programmes by people other...

The liberal peace approach guided the Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes under the auspices of the United Nations. While both practitioners and policymakers recognised that context fitted approaches are required, which resulted in the revision of DDR policy and practice, the driving principle approach remained the liberal peace theory, which creates a hierarchical relationship between the intervener and the intervened. I argue that applying the relational sensibility concept that places relations, dialogue, and hybridity in its focus can (potentially) contribute to a more effective locally designed, led, and implemented reintegration programme that is owned by the different stakeholders instead of imposed. Most reintegration programmes focused on the economic reintegration of ex combatants yielding limited results. I argue that social development for not only former combatants but also for youth at-risk of criminalisation is an essential element of reintegration. I probe the applicability of an alternative peace-building approach to the liberal peace that prioritises actions over relations by reviewing past DDR programmes and a specific case study in Somalia. I establish that an inclusive, community-based reintegration programme that focuses on the social rehabilitation and integration of vulnerable and at-risk youth by strengthening their social and spiritual capitals, as well as promotes restorative justice, can contribute to the decreased level of aggression at the individual level and the perceptions of the increased level of community security in Somalia. I conclude that DDR programmes both policy and practice, should look into more community-based approaches, inclusivity, and balancing between social and economic development opportunities.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis is a comparative case study of induction programmes from five different countries: Britain, Australia, New Zealand, United States, and Canada. The intent was to investigate pedagogical and structural factors prevailing within these induction programmes that would encourage the confluence of pre-service, induction, and in-service education. An examination of how these induction programmes might enhance ongoing professional development opportunities for the beginning teacher was also undertaken. Based on a review of literature concerning i) issues, parameters, and pedagogical perspectives of teacher education; ii) the socialization experiences and instructional challenges of beginning teachers; and iii) the processes, academic systems, and programme variations of induction the argument is made that many conflicting and complex pedagogical variables as well as historical, cultural, and educational factors may influence the establishment and institutionalization of induction. A qualitative research methodology was employed using naturalistic inquiry techniques within a case and field study design. Data was derived from interviews, extant documentations, field notes, and evaluation summaries over a three-year period. Documented evidence revealed that no two induction programmes were iden'tical, although various academic, governance and organisational factors did indicate similarities within and among various countries. Confluence of the three stages of teacher education were generally absent from most programmes. Teacher assessment and supervision were identified as important strategies that could either enhance or obstruct professional development among beginning teachers. Self-evaluative activities incorporated as basic teacher assessment procedures were also profiled as critical factors in promoting a self directed beginning teacher. From these findings an identification of five distinguishable paradiams of induction were developed. The five models have been categorized as the laissez-faire model, the Collegial model, the formalized mentor-protege model, the mandated competency-based model, and the self-directing professional model. The latter was absent from the induction programmes that were investigated. Thirteen recommendations were proposed based upon the research findings. Twelve recommendations described how induction may enhance the confluence of teacher education as well as how induction may establish continuous development for beginning teachers. A thirteenth recommendation identified how programme efficacy may be achieved within induction.

Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes for ex-combatants have become an important component of many, if not most, post-conflict stabilisation, peace-building and recovery programmes over the 15 – 20 years. They are specifically focussed on ‘ex-combatants’, a category which for DDR purposes includes direct ex-combatants and those closely associated with them including spouses, ‘camp followers’ and dependents. The experience with DDR has provided many lessons. International standards and good-practice guidelines for DDR have become relatively highly elaborated in recent years. The UN Integrated Disarmament, Demobilisation and Re-Integration Standards (IDDRS) represent the fullest expression of this, composed of some 800 pages of detailed guidance to practitioners, as distilled by a special UN Inter-Agency Working Group and the work of dozens of international experts.1 Such standards are recently developed, and their adoption and usefulness has yet to be fully tested. One overall aim of this project is to critically examine the understandings informing such standards, and clarify how they may be revised or developed. It is clear that there are continuing problems in practice. For example, several recent UN-mandated DDR programmes have seriously struggled to establish an effective focus, and have in some cases had to be re-launched several times. Haiti and Southern Sudan provide two examples of this. Part of the problem is that DDR programmes are continuing to be mandated as if they can in themselves address much of a war-torn country’s post-conflict security building needs. In fact, DDR needs to be co-ordinated with a range of other post-conflict security building programmes, including Security Sector Reform (SSR), wider arms collection and management programmes, transitional justice, peace-building and reconciliation processes. DDR needs to be one of several peace and security-building programmes, all co-ordinated within the overall framework of a broad peace-building and recovery strategy and process.

La colonie de Jacques Cartier et de Jean-François de la Rocque de Roberval de 1541-1543 au cap Rouge, près de Québec, est aujourd’hui au coeur d’une patrimonialisation sans précédent. L’intérêt récent pour cette première tentative coloniale française en Amérique du Nord, un pan de géohistoire oublié, s’explique par un changement de discours qui s’est dessiné au début du 21e siècle, coïncidant ainsi avec la mise au jour et la mise en valeur du site archéologique Cartier-Roberval. L’histoire prendra donc une nouvelle tournure, il ne sera plus question de tentative mais plutôt d’une colonie à part entière. Le site Cartier-Roberval se voit aujourd’hui aux premières loges d’un grand mouvement commémorateur qui mise et met en valeur sa singularité. L’étude critique sur les processus de patrimonialisation à l’oeuvre sur le site en question permet de mieux comprendre l’ampleur et le dénouement possible du phénomène qui s’opère actuellement. / Jacques Cartier and Jean-François de la Rocque, de Roberval’s 1541-1543 colony at the cap Rouge near Quebec city, is at the heart of an unprecedented patrimonialization. Recent interest in this part of forgotten history is explained by a change of discourse that has emerged in the early 21st century, coinciding with the revealed of the localisation of this first French colonial endeavour in North America and its followed heritage presentation. The story thus takes a new turn; there will be no question of attempt but rather a full-fledged colony. Cartier-Roberval site is now firsthand at the center of a commemorating movement which addresses its uniqueness. The critical study of the heritage (patrimonial) process at work on this site allows a better understanding of the extent and possible outcomes of the phenomenon at hand.

Dans ce mémoire, nous essayons de déterminer l’influence réelle des programmes de réinsertion sociale sur le risque de récidive. Pour ce faire, nous analysons, à l’aide d’une approche d’apprentissage automatique une base de données fournie par le Ministère de la Sécurité publique (MSP) où nous retrouvons le parcours carcéral de 97 140 détenus de 2006 jusqu’en 2018. Notre analyse se concentre uniquement sur les détenus ayant transigé dans la prison de la ville de Québec. Pour faire notre analyse, nous utilisons l’approche des Generalized Random Forests (GRF) développée par Athey et al. (2019) sur les caractéristiques des détenus ainsi que leurs résultats au LS/CMI, un test psychométrique ayant pour but de déterminer leurs besoins criminogènes, afin d’estimer l’effet de traitement individuel de la participation à des programmes. Nous en profitons aussi pour déterminer quelles sont les variables influençant le plus l’effet de traitement en utilisant une fonction de ce même algorithme qui calcule l’importance relative de chacune des variables pour faire la prédiction. Ceci est une approche révolutionnaire, car elle nous permet de faire de l’inférence sur nos résultats. En comparant les participants et les non-participants, nous avons pu démontrer que le fait de participer à un programme diminue le risque de récidiver d’environ 6.9% pour une période d’épreuve de deux ans. Le fait de participer à un programme semble toujours diminuer de manière significative la récidive. Nous avons aussi déterminé qu’au niveau des caractéristiques personnelles, ce sont l’âge, la nature de l’infraction ainsi que le nombre d’années d’études qui sont les principaux prédicteurs de l’effet causal. Pour ce qui est du LS/CMI, seulement certaines sections du questionnaire ont un vrai pouvoir prédictif alors que d’autres, comme celle sur les loisirs, n’en ont pas. À la lumière de nos résultats, nous croyons qu’un instrument plus performant étant capable de prédire la récidive peut être créé en focalisant sur les variables ayant le plus grand pouvoir prédictif. Ces avancées permettront de mieux conseiller les prisonniers sur les programmes qu’ils devraient suivre lors de leur prise en charge par les centres de détention, et ainsi augmenter leurs chances d’être mieux réintégrés en société. / In this master thesis, we tried to determine the real influence of social rehabilitation programs on the risk of recidivism. To do this, we used a machine learning algorithm to analyze a database provided by the Quebec Ministry of Public Security (MSP). In this database, we are able to follow the numerous incarcerations of 97,140 prisoners from 2006 to 2018. Our analysis focuses only on inmates who have served in the prison in Quebec City. The approach we used is named Generalized Random Forests (GRF) and was developed by Athey et al. (2019). Our main analysis focuses not only on the characteristics of the prisoners, but also on the results they obtained when they were subjected to the LS/CMI, an extensive questionnaire aimed at determining the criminogenic needs and the risk level of the inmates . We also determined which variables have the most influence on predicting the treatment effect by using a function of the same algorithm that calculates the relative importance of each of the variables to make a prediction. By comparing participants and non-participants, we were able to demonstrate that participating in a program reduces the risk of recidivism by approximately 6.9% for a two-year trial period. Participating in a program always reduces significantly recidivism no matter the definition of recidivism used. We also determined that in terms of personal characteristics, it is the age, the nature of the offence and the number of years of study that are the main predictors for the individual causal effects. As for the LS/CMI, only a few sections of the questionnaire have real predictive power while others, like the one about leisure, do not. In light of our results, we believe that a more efficient instrument capable of predicting recidivism can be created by focusing on the newly identified variables with the greatest predictive power. A better instrument will make it possible to provide better counselling to prisoners on the programs they should follow, and thus increase their chances of being fully rehabilitated.

L'obésité infantile est préoccupante sachant qu'un excédant de poids augmente les risques de nombreux problèmes de santé tels que le diabète de type 2, le cancer et les maladies cardiovasculaires, en plus de nuire à la santé physique et mentale (ex : estime de soi). L'éducation à la nutrition s'avère une avenue intéressante pour inculquer aux enfants, le plus tôt possible, de saines habitudes de vie. Pour ce faire, de multiples programmes d'éducation à la nutrition font leur place dans les écoles, mais peu d'entre eux ont été évalués. Les objectifs visés par ce projet étaient d'évaluer le processus d'implantation de deux programmes d'éducation à la nutrition destinés aux enseignants titulaires et aux enseignants en EPS du 1er cycle du primaire afin d'identifier les éléments facilitants et les barrières à leur implantation. Sur 195 questionnaires auto-administrés envoyés aux enseignants titulaires, 54 (28%) ont été retournés tandis que chez les enseignants en EPS, 47 (25%) questionnaires ont été reçus sur 187 envois. Également, quatre entrevues téléphoniques ont été réalisées chez les enseignants titulaires tandis que cinq enseignants en EPS ont été interviewés. Bien que les programmes soient appréciés de l'ensemble des enseignants titulaires et enseignants en EPS, le degré d'implantation est faible, soit 25% et 42% tandis que le taux de fidélité est plus élevé, soit 62% et 71%, respectivement. Le temps disponible pour faire de l'éducation à la nutrition ainsi que le budget limité pour l'achat d'équipement ou d'aliments sont les principales barrières à l'implantation d'un programme chez les enseignants titulaires tandis que chez les enseignants en EPS, ce sont des activités parfois moins adaptées au contexte qui représentaient un facteur limitant. Cependant, un programme ± clé en main ¿, attrayant et flexible, en plus de contenir des activités et thèmes d'intérêt pour les élèves, ont facilité l'utilisation de ces programmes. Une piste de solution afin d'améliorer l'implantation de ces programmes serait d'impliquer davantage les directions d'école afin qu'elles offrent le soutien de temps et financier permettant une planification plus efficace pour ce type d'activités.

Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2014