The present study identifies processes contributing to variability in antisocial and prosocial behaviors in early adolescence. More specifically, we considered how perceived feedback from adults (i.e., adult praise) and peers (i.e., coolness) might account for some of the established associations between peer involvement in prosocial behaviors and an individual's engagement in prosocial and antisocial behaviors in the school context. Both adult praise and peer prosocial behavior are tested as predictors of school engagement and antisocial behavior in schools, with perceived feedback from peers (i.e., coolness) examined as both a mediator and moderator using multilevel analysis (MLM) in a statewide sub-sample (N=6,525) of 8th grade Middle School/Junior High students located in Southwestern United States. Results testing mediation indicate a significantly positive association between reports of peer prosocial behavior and individual's own involvement in prosocial behaviors, and a significantly inverse association between reports of peer prosocial behavior and individual's own antisocial behaviors. Perceived feedback from peers (i.e., coolness) only partially accounted for these associations. Conversely, results testing moderation indicated a significantly positive link between perceived feedback from adults (i.e., adult praise) and individual's own engagement in prosocial behaviors, and an inverse association between perceived feedback from adults (i.e., adult praise) and individual's own antisocial behaviors. No interaction effects were observed for perceived feedback from peers (i.e., coolness) on these associations. These findings extend literature regarding the processes through which peer involvement in prosocial behavior is linked to individual prosocial and antisocial behaviors. This study makes research advancements by considering the contributions of perceived feedback from both adults and peers that can both be significant during early adolescence. These results justify implications for practice and policy related to prevention/intervention efforts that include peer associations, since they matter for prosocial behavior.

Babies and toddlers are known to help others in the second year of life, by doing simple things like picking up dropped toys. However, researchers now believe helping develops earlier, in the first year of life. After reviewing what is known about early helping, my thesis examined how babies begin to help others by first helping their mothers (Study 1), and, for the first time, babies' requests for help from others, and how their requests are related to their other helping experiences (Study 2). The two studies presented here look at how babies interact with their caregivers, naturalistically and in structured game-like activities, from the time that they are five months old until they are ten months old. Study 1 used video-chat with 40 babies and their mothers to see the connection between how mothers and their babies completed activities together naturalistically, and how babies performed in simple helping games, as well as how babies' helping in these activities changed over time. This study found that mothers used gestures and phrases with their babies that were like the ones used by researchers in experiments, that younger babies were more likely to help their moms in cooperation type activities than in problem solving type activities, and that babies were more likely to help in problem solving type activities when they were older. Study 2 looked at 34 different pairs of babies and mothers to identify how babies and their caregivers ask for help from each other. This study found that babies ask for help from their mothers and use similar types of communication as their mothers. This research gave information to help us understand babies' helping and how it develops through both mother-child interactions and babies' own actions. This research is new and gives exciting new information to other researchers that are interested in learning about how babies help others and how they ask for help from a very young age.

This study employed the Teacher Behavior Rating Scale (TBRS) to investigate two aspects of sociability, likeability and prosocial behavior, in 143 children with developmental language disorder (DLD) and 131 of their typically developing peers. Initially, measurement invariance analysis was performed to determine if teachers evaluated likeability and sociability in a similar manner for both children with DLD and their typically developing peers. Likeability items on the TBRS were invariant, and 4 of the 5 prosociability items were invariant. Subsequent analysis revealed that teachers rated children with DLD lower in both likeability and prosociability in comparison to their typically developing peers. The results of this study suggest that children with DLD are not fully accepted by their peers, nor do they engage in the helpful, comforting behaviors that encourage peer acceptance and build friendships.

No description available.

This feasibility study examined if adolescents (n=14) ages 10-14 who were assigned to an emotional support classroom could learn the principles of gratitude through a teacher taught gratitude curriculum. I was interested in the following research questions: (1) Can the Froh curriculum be implemented with fidelity in an adolescent ES class? (2) When implemented with fidelity, does the curriculum result in adolescents in ES classes learning gratitude skills? (3) Does the curriculum lead to increases in gratitude and pro-social behavior as measured by independent scales? (4) How do students feel about the curriculum? The results were that the fidelity measure yield 100% and students scored an average of 78% on the lesson posttests indicating that they had a basic understanding of the content. A significant result was found using a paired samples t-test and a non-parametric Wilcoxin test for the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6) p = .019, and the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) pro-social behavior subscale score p = .002 from pre to post-testing. The Gratitude Intervention Rating Scale: Post Implementation, results showed that students felt they learned the lessons. The students felt that their teacher should use the curriculum with other students because they felt it helped them in their daily lives. Overall, the results indicated that it is feasible to use Froh’s (2014) gratitude curriculum with students assigned to an emotional support classroom. / Educational Psychology

The Master thesis "Teaching Prosocial Skills at Primary Schools" deals with the theory related to the prosocial behaviour and further aims to describe present possibilities and methods of teaching prosocial skills at primary schools. The author, in the theoretical part, characterizes and analyses prosocial behaviour, according to its types and forms, outlines basic theories of prosocial behavior and its determinants. The author further gives examples of how schools are able to incorporate teaching prosocial skills in school curricula. The author, in the empiric part, introduces opinions, attitudes, ideas and previous experiences of teachers and students with this education, using interviews and analyses of school curricula and minimum preventive program.

The thesis deals with the contribution of physical, art and music education at primary school. It monitors the influence of education on the overall development of children and at the same time how the teacher himself can influence the educational content of these lessons. The aim of my thesis is to find out how the teachers deal with the potential of education, which therapeutic elements they use in their lessons and which approach to education they prefer. The theoretical part introduces the content, potential and main therapeutic elements of physical, art and music education to the public and suggests the importance of their preservation in the educational system at primary school. It is a qualitative investigation, I used the semi-structured interview method as well as direct unstructured observation for my research. In the practical part I conducted interviews with four experienced teachers and I mainly focused on their conception of selected education. Furthermore, the most striking aspects of the education, which have a positive impact on the development of children and their integration into society, were processed by observation in lessons. Based on the obtained results, physical, artistic and musical education can be understood as very beneficial doctrines that affect the pupil's psyche, influence his / her physical health and facilitate his / her involvement in the collective. Art, music and physical education at primary school provide a place where children learn the basics of art, culture and dance, and where they can discover themselves and learn to accept the differences observed in the surroundings.

Estudos em diferentes ambientes socioculturais têm mostrado uma incidência de depressão em 10 a 20% das mulheres. Dentre as decorrências relevantes do quadro, tem havido um interesse especial nos potenciais comprometimentos da interação mãebebê no desenvolvimento cognitivo e emocional da criança, que repercutem no desenvolvimento do seu comportamento prossocial. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, através de tarefas de ajuda instrumental, se a depressão materna afeta o desenvolvimento do comportamento prossocial de crianças de três anos de idade. Participantes: 24 díades mães-criança: 12 mães nunca deprimidas, seis mães sempre deprimidas e seis mães com depressão atual quando as crianças estavam com a idade de 36 meses (M=37±2,8 meses). As mães estavam com a idade média de 25 anos (M=25,87±5,23) e foram avaliadas pela escala de Depressão Pós-Parto de Edimburgo, no momento da aplicação dos testes e no puerpério. Foi filmado o desempenho das crianças em tarefas de: 1) ajudar a mãe, pessoa familiar, a recolher os brinquedos, depois de uma sessão de brincadeira e 2) ajudar experimentador, desconhecido, a pegar objeto que ele deixa cair ao solo. Os resultados não apresentaram diferenças significativas estatísticas quanto aos tipos de comandos maternos, contudo mostraram uma sensível diminuição das explicações e variações de comportamentos nas mães \"sempre deprimidas\" e com \"depressão atual\". As crianças de mães \"sempre deprimidas\" ignoraram mais suas mães, enquanto as crianças de mães com \"depressão atual\" e \"nunca deprimidas\" forneceram mais recusas simples, uma forma mais madura de negação. As crianças de mães com \"depressão atual\" ajudaram o experimentador em 100% dos casos com diferença estatística significativa com os outros dois grupos, utilizando o teste Qui-quadrado. Concluímos que a depressão materna influenciou algumas das respostas das crianças, especificamente quanto à pessoa desconhecida. Evidentemente, a mãe, além de conhecida, ocupa lugar central na constelação afetiva da criança e isto deve ser levado em conta na discussão. Ainda assim a familiaridade parece relevante neste contraste de efeitos da depressão materna: a maior colaboração com a pessoa estranha pelas crianças de mães com depressão atual pode representar necessidade de ser aceito ou culpa. Os resultados são compatíveis com a suposição de que a condição de depressão afeta de modo complexo os processos subjacentes à interação social com pessoas não conhecidas e com a mãe / Studies in different socio-cultural environments have shown incidence of depression, especially postpartum (DPP) 10 to 20% among women. In between the relevant consequences of the context, there has been a special interest for the potential compromise of the mother-infant interaction and in childs cognitive and emotional development, which could delay the development of prosocial behavior. The aim of this study was to evaluate, through instrumental help tasks, whether maternal depression affects the development of prosocial behavior in three years children. Participants were: 24 mother-infant dyads: 12 mothers \"never depressed\", six mothers \"always depressed\" and six mothers with \"current depression\", when the children were at the age of 36 months (M = 37 ± 2.8 months). The mothers were with the average age of 25 years (M = 25.87 ± 5.23) and were evaluated by Edinburgh Postpartum Depression scale, at the time of application testing and puerperium. the children\'s performance were recorded on tasks of: 1) help the mother, a family person, collecting toys after a play session and 2) help the experimenter, unknown, to catch object he drops to the ground. The results showed no significant statistical differences regarding maternal commands, however, a significant decrease of the explanations and mothers behavioral changes for \"always depressed\" and \"current depression.\" Children of mothers \"always depressed\" most ignored their mothers, while children of mothers with \"current depression\" and \"never depressed\" provided more simple denials, a more mature form of denial. Children of mothers with \"current depression\" assisted the experimenter in 100% of cases with statistically significant differences between the other two groups, using the chi-square test. We conclude that maternal depression has influenced some of the children\'s responses, specifically as to the unknown person. Of course, the mother, as known, occupies a central place in the constellation of affective child and this must be taken into account in the discussion. Yet this familiarity seems relevant contrast effects of maternal depression: increased collaboration with the stranger by the children of mothers with depression may represent current need to be accepted or guilt. The results are compatible with the assumption that the condition of depression affects so complex processes underlying the social interaction with people is not known and the mother

Estudos em diferentes ambientes socioculturais têm mostrado uma incidência de depressão em 10 a 20% das mulheres. Dentre as decorrências relevantes do quadro, tem havido um interesse especial nos potenciais comprometimentos da interação mãebebê no desenvolvimento cognitivo e emocional da criança, que repercutem no desenvolvimento do seu comportamento prossocial. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, através de tarefas de ajuda instrumental, se a depressão materna afeta o desenvolvimento do comportamento prossocial de crianças de três anos de idade. Participantes: 24 díades mães-criança: 12 mães nunca deprimidas, seis mães sempre deprimidas e seis mães com depressão atual quando as crianças estavam com a idade de 36 meses (M=37±2,8 meses). As mães estavam com a idade média de 25 anos (M=25,87±5,23) e foram avaliadas pela escala de Depressão Pós-Parto de Edimburgo, no momento da aplicação dos testes e no puerpério. Foi filmado o desempenho das crianças em tarefas de: 1) ajudar a mãe, pessoa familiar, a recolher os brinquedos, depois de uma sessão de brincadeira e 2) ajudar experimentador, desconhecido, a pegar objeto que ele deixa cair ao solo. Os resultados não apresentaram diferenças significativas estatísticas quanto aos tipos de comandos maternos, contudo mostraram uma sensível diminuição das explicações e variações de comportamentos nas mães \"sempre deprimidas\" e com \"depressão atual\". As crianças de mães \"sempre deprimidas\" ignoraram mais suas mães, enquanto as crianças de mães com \"depressão atual\" e \"nunca deprimidas\" forneceram mais recusas simples, uma forma mais madura de negação. As crianças de mães com \"depressão atual\" ajudaram o experimentador em 100% dos casos com diferença estatística significativa com os outros dois grupos, utilizando o teste Qui-quadrado. Concluímos que a depressão materna influenciou algumas das respostas das crianças, especificamente quanto à pessoa desconhecida. Evidentemente, a mãe, além de conhecida, ocupa lugar central na constelação afetiva da criança e isto deve ser levado em conta na discussão. Ainda assim a familiaridade parece relevante neste contraste de efeitos da depressão materna: a maior colaboração com a pessoa estranha pelas crianças de mães com depressão atual pode representar necessidade de ser aceito ou culpa. Os resultados são compatíveis com a suposição de que a condição de depressão afeta de modo complexo os processos subjacentes à interação social com pessoas não conhecidas e com a mãe / Studies in different socio-cultural environments have shown incidence of depression, especially postpartum (DPP) 10 to 20% among women. In between the relevant consequences of the context, there has been a special interest for the potential compromise of the mother-infant interaction and in childs cognitive and emotional development, which could delay the development of prosocial behavior. The aim of this study was to evaluate, through instrumental help tasks, whether maternal depression affects the development of prosocial behavior in three years children. Participants were: 24 mother-infant dyads: 12 mothers \"never depressed\", six mothers \"always depressed\" and six mothers with \"current depression\", when the children were at the age of 36 months (M = 37 ± 2.8 months). The mothers were with the average age of 25 years (M = 25.87 ± 5.23) and were evaluated by Edinburgh Postpartum Depression scale, at the time of application testing and puerperium. the children\'s performance were recorded on tasks of: 1) help the mother, a family person, collecting toys after a play session and 2) help the experimenter, unknown, to catch object he drops to the ground. The results showed no significant statistical differences regarding maternal commands, however, a significant decrease of the explanations and mothers behavioral changes for \"always depressed\" and \"current depression.\" Children of mothers \"always depressed\" most ignored their mothers, while children of mothers with \"current depression\" and \"never depressed\" provided more simple denials, a more mature form of denial. Children of mothers with \"current depression\" assisted the experimenter in 100% of cases with statistically significant differences between the other two groups, using the chi-square test. We conclude that maternal depression has influenced some of the children\'s responses, specifically as to the unknown person. Of course, the mother, as known, occupies a central place in the constellation of affective child and this must be taken into account in the discussion. Yet this familiarity seems relevant contrast effects of maternal depression: increased collaboration with the stranger by the children of mothers with depression may represent current need to be accepted or guilt. The results are compatible with the assumption that the condition of depression affects so complex processes underlying the social interaction with people is not known and the mother

The current paper addresses the associations between video game content (i.e., physically aggressive, relationally aggressive, and prosocial) and physical aggression, relational aggression, and prosocial behavior in two distinct developmental periods. The purpose of the paper is to test whether playing video games with a particular type of content influences behaviors over time, or whether individuals who have higher levels of physical aggression, relational aggression, or prosocial behavior prefer to play games with similar content. Two theories will be simultaneously examined and tested in order to determine the relative merit in using each in research examining the relationships between video game content and positive and negative behaviors. More specifically, this paper will address the General Aggression Model/General Learning Model (GAM/GLM) and the Uses and Gratification Theory. The GAM/GLM, at their core, predict that exposure to video game content will build a cognitive schema which will guide how an individual should behave when confronted with a later social encounter (Anderson & Bushman, 2002). Contrarily, Uses and Gratification would suggest that a person chooses to play video games with a particular type of content, and that video games should not influence behavior. Specifically, according to the theory, individuals should seek out video games in order to fulfill their inward feelings and motivations (e.g., an individual with aggressive tendencies would play games with more violent and aggressive content) (Katz, Blumler, & Gurevitch, 1973; Whiting & Williams, 2013). A careful analysis showed a significant relationship between each type of video game content and its' corresponding behavior among adolescents, which supports the assumptions of the GAM and GLM. There was no relationship between video game content and behavior among preschoolers. With the exception of relational aggression of physically aggressive content, there was no support for Uses and Gratification Theory, in that preschoolers' and adolescents' levels of physical aggression, relational aggression, and prosocial behavior were not related to the preference for video games with different types of content. The analysis adds significantly to the current literature by showing a relationship between video game content and behavior over a four year period.