OBJECTIVES: Acoustic stapedius reflex threshold (ART) tests are included in a standard clinical acoustic immittance test battery as an objective cross-check with behavioral results and to help identify site of lesion. In traditional clinical test batteries, middle-ear admittance of a 226 Hz probe is estimated using ear-canal measurements in the presence of a reflex-activating stimulus. In the wideband (WB) acoustic immittance ART test used in this study, the pure-tone probe is replaced by a WB probe stimulus and changes in absorbed power are estimated using ear-canal measurements in the presence of the activator. The ART is defined as the lowest level at which a criterion change in admittance (clinical) or absorbed power (WB) is observed in the presence of the activator. In the present study, ARTs were obtained in adults with normal hearing using the clinical, manual method and with a new WB automated adaptive threshold detection method. It was hypothesized that the WB test would result in lower ARTs than the clinical test because reflex-related changes in power absorbance could be observed across multiple frequency bands in the WB test compared with a single frequency in the traditional test. DESIGN: Data were collected in a prospective research design. ARTs were obtained in ipsilateral and contralateral conditions using 500, 1000, 2000 Hz, and broadband noise (BBN) activators on a clinical system and on an experimental WB system. The bandwidth of the BBN activator was 125 to 4000 Hz on the clinical system and 200 to 8000 Hz on the wideband system. ARTs were estimated at both tympanometric peak pressure (TPP) and ambient pressure on the WB system. Data were collected in both ears of 39 adults (21 males) of mean age 47.7 years (range 23-72 years). Differences in ARTs among the three threshold estimation methods (clinical, WB at TPP, WB at ambient) were examined using the general linear model repeated measures test in SPSS. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were completed with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05 for all analyses. RESULTS: ARTs obtained on the WB system at TPP and ambient pressure were significantly lower than obtained on the clinical system. ARTs obtained on the WB system at TPP were significantly higher than at ambient pressure in the 500 and 2000 Hz ipsilateral conditions. CONCLUSIONS: WB automated adaptive ARTs in normal-hearing adults were lower than for clinical methods when measured at TPP and ambient pressure. Lower presentation levels required to estimate ART in the WB test may be more tolerable to patients. Patients with ARTs that are not present at the maximum level of a traditional reflex test may have present ARTs with a WB ART test, which may reduce the need to refer for additional testing for possible retrocochlear involvement. Automation of the test may allow clinicians more time to attend to the other requisite tasks of a hearing evaluation and make the system useful for telehealth applications.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the association between baseline patient recovery expectations and outcomes following physical therapy care. METHODS: PubMed, CINAHL Complete, PEDro, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and PsycINFO were searched from inception to February 2021. Concepts represented in the search included physical therapy, patient expectations, patient outcomes, and their relevant synonyms. Two reviewers independently screened studies of article abstracts and full texts. Eligibility criteria included English language studies that evaluated adults seeking physical therapist intervention for any health condition where both patient outcome (recovery) expectations and functional or other outcome measures were reported. Methodologic standards were assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program criteria. Data were extracted using a custom template for this review with planned descriptive reporting of results. Vote counting was used to measure reported outcomes. RESULTS: Twenty-one studies were included in this review, representing 4879 individuals. Studies were most commonly prospective cohort studies or secondary analyses of controlled trials. Varied expectation, outcome, and statistical measures that generally link patient recovery expectations with self-reported outcomes in musculoskeletal practice were used. CONCLUSION: Patient recovery expectations are commonly associated with patient outcomes in musculoskeletal physical therapy. IMPACT: Evidence supports measuring baseline patient expectations as part of a holistic examination process.

INTRODUCTION: Care home residents are at particular risk from medication errors, and our objective was to determine the prevalence and potential harm of prescribing, monitoring, dispensing and administration errors in UK care homes, and to identify their causes. METHODS: A prospective study of a random sample of residents within a purposive sample of homes in three areas. Errors were identified by patient interview, note review, observation of practice and examination of dispensed items. Causes were understood by observation and from theoretically framed interviews with home staff, doctors and pharmacists. Potential harm from errors was assessed by expert judgement. RESULTS: The 256 residents recruited in 55 homes were taking a mean of 8.0 medicines. One hundred and seventy-eight (69.5%) of residents had one or more errors. The mean number per resident was 1.9 errors. The mean potential harm from prescribing, monitoring, administration and dispensing errors was 2.6, 3.7, 2.1 and 2.0 (0 = no harm, 10 = death), respectively. Contributing factors from the 89 interviews included doctors who were not accessible, did not know the residents and lacked information in homes when prescribing; home staff's high workload, lack of medicines training and drug round interruptions; lack of team work among home, practice and pharmacy; inefficient ordering systems; inaccurate medicine records and prevalence of verbal communication; and difficult to fill (and check) medication administration systems. CONCLUSIONS: That two thirds of residents were exposed to one or more medication errors is of concern. The will to improve exists, but there is a lack of overall responsibility. Action is required from all concerned.

PURPOSE: To examine foveal structure in amblyopia using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS AND CONTROLS: Two subject groups were recruited to the study: 85 amblyopes (34 adults, 51 children) and 110 visually normal controls (44 adults, 66 children). METHODS: A detailed eye examination, including an SD-OCT scan, was performed in all participants. A total of 390 eyes of 195 subjects were imaged using a 3-dimensional (3D) macula scan covering a nominal 6 x 6-mm area with a resolution of 256 x 256 (65,536 axial scans). Data from the B-scans bisecting the fovea both horizontally and vertically were fitted with a mathematical model of the fovea to determine a range of foveal parameters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Foveal thickness, foveal pit depth, and foveal pit slope. RESULTS: Bilateral differences between the eyes of amblyopes compared with visually normal controls were found. The difference between foveal structure in amblyopic participants relative to structure in subjects with normal vision persisted even when variables such as age, ethnicity, axial length, and sex were taken into account. Amblyopes showed increased foveal thickness (+8.31 mum; P = 0.006) and a reduction in pit depth in the horizontal meridian (-10.06 mum; P = 0.005) but not in the vertical meridian (P = 0.082) when compared with subjects with normal vision. Foveal pit slopes were found to be approximately 1 degree flatter in the nasal (P = 0.033) and temporal (P = 0.014) meridians in amblyopes, but differences between amblyopes and controls in the superior (P = 0.061) and inferior (P = 0.087) meridians did not reach statistical significance. No statistically significant interocular differences were found in the foveal structure between amblyopic and fellow eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Differences were found in the foveal structure in both eyes of amblyopes compared with subjects with normal vision. These differences consisted of increased foveal thickness, reduced pit depth when measured along the horizontal meridian, and flattening of the nasal and temporal sides of the foveal pit.

<p>Uvod: Tematika ove doktorske teze, usmerena je na analizu respiratornih poremećaja tokom spavanja, uzimajući u obzir činjenicu da se većina trudnica žali na poremećaje u ovoj sferi. Akcenti na ovom polju, odnose se na identifikaciju ovih patolo&scaron;kih stanja u trudnoći. Zato se ovi poremećaji moraju posmatrati integrisano sa rizičnim trudnoćama, ne samo kao njihovi pratioci, već najverovatnije i uzročnici i bitni činioci.<br />Cilj istraživanja: Cilj nam je bio da ukažemo na neophodnost primene neinvazivne ventilacije kod selektovane grupe trudnica, koja ima poremećeno disanje tokom spavanja, prema praktičnom kliničkom protokolu koji će, nadamo se, proisteći iz ovog istraživanja<br />Metodologija: Istraživanje je sprovedeno u formi prospektivne studije, na Klinici za ginekologiju i aku&scaron;erstvo, Kliničkog centra Vojvodine i u Centru za medicinu sna, Instituta za plućne bolesti Vojvodine, u periodu: od maja 2009. do juna 2011 godine.i obuhvatilo je finalno 110 trudnica. Studija je po tipu bila kohortna i eksperimentalna, po&scaron;to je identifikovala ispitanice na osnovu prisustva određenog faktora (SDB) i uticaj prisustva, odnosno odsustva predložene terapijske intervencije na tok i ishod trudnoće.<br />Rezultati:<br />- Respiratorni poremećaji tokom spavanja (SDB) su većinom tranzitornog karaktera tokom trudnoće, bez razlike između rizičnih trudnoća i onih uobičajenog toka;<br />- SDB tokom rizičnih trudnoća, uop&scaron;teno gledano, negativno utiču na tok i ishod istih;<br />- Primenom neinvazivne ventilacije (NIV), postiže se signifikatno smanjenje dnevne pospanosti (mereno sa ESS) i pobolj&scaron;anje oksigenacije, te redukcija kardiovaskularnih i metaboličkih komplikacija bez statistički značajne razlike sa i bez NIV-a;<br />- Trudnice lečene sa NIV (grupa 1) imaju duže trajanje gestacije u odnosu na nelečene (grupa 2) bez statistički značajne razlike;<br />- Rezultati Apgar-skora takođe su vi&scaron;ih vrednosti kod grupe 1 u odnosu na grupu 2 (bez NIV-a) bez statistički značajne razlike;<br />- Nije zabeležena statistički značajna razlika telesne mase novorođenčadi između grupe 1 i grupe 2, kao ni kod obe grupe u odnosu na kontrolnu (grupu 3);<br />- Pojava hipertenzivnog sindroma u grupama 1 i 2 je bez signifikantne razlike iako je manje trudnica imalo ovaj sindrom u grupi 1;<br />- Prisustvo SDB nije uticalo na način zavr&scaron;etka porođaja u svim ispitivanim grupama, ali su rizične trudnoće če&scaron;će zavr&scaron;avane operativnim putem.<br />Zaključak: Naučna opravdanost disertacije, ogleda se u tome, da se po prvi put, na na&scaron;im prostorima, uvođenjem neinvazivne ventilacije, kod pacijentkinja sa rizičnim trudnoćama, utiče na parametre perinatalnog ishoda i bolje zdravstveno stanje trudnica i njihovih novorođenčadi. Velika ekspanzija naučnog istraživanja u vodećim svetskim centrima o ovoj problematici, a imajući u vidu izražen trend negativnog prirodnog prira&scaron;taja u na&scaron;oj sredini, navela nas je na neophodnost re&scaron;avanja ovog problema na domaćem terenu, kao jednom od prioriteta u naučno-istraživačkom radu i praktičnom medicinskom delovanju.</p> / <p>Background: The theme of this thesis is focused on the analysis of respiratory disorders during sleep, since most pregnant women complain of sleep disturbances. The goal is to identify pathological respiratory disorders in pregnancy, considering them an integral part of high risk pregnancy, being most likely a cause of some of them, not only a side effect.<br />Objective: The aim of the study was to point out the necessity of application of non-invasive ventilation in selected pregnant women who have disrupted breathing during sleep. Based on the results of this research, a clinical protocol is developed.<br />Method: The research was conducted in the form of prospective studies in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Center and the Center for sleep medicine, Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina, in the period from May 2009 through June 2011 godine.U covered the final 110 pregnant women. The study by the type of the cohort and experimental, as the respondent identified by the presence of certain factors (SDB) and the effect of the presence or the absence of the proposed therapeutic interventions on the course and outcome of pregnancy.<br />Results:<br />- respiratory disorders during sleep (SDB) are mostly transitory nature during pregnancy, with no difference between risk pregnancies and those ordinary course;<br />- SDB during high-risk pregnancies, in general, negatively affect the course and outcome of the same;<br />- Application of non-invasive ventilation (NIV), achieved statistical significance reduce daytime sleepiness (measured with the ESS) and improve oxygenation and reduce cardiovascular and metabolic complications with no statistically significant differences with and without NIV;<br />- Pregnant women treated with NIV (group 1) have a longer duration of gestation compared to untreated (Group 2) with no statistically significant differences;<br />- Results Apgar-score values were also higher in group 1 compared to group 2 (without NIV) with no statistically significant differences;<br />- Not statistically significant difference in body weight between newborns Group 1 and Group 2, or in both groups compared to the control group (group 3);<br />- The emergence of hypertensive syndrome in groups 1 and 2 is no significant difference although less of pregnant women have this syndrome in group 1;<br />- The presence of SDB did not affect the ending of delivery in all groups, but risk pregnancies often ends with surgically.&nbsp;</p><p>Conclusion: For the first time in the region, non-invasive ventilation in patients with high-risk pregnancies is introduced, which will influence perinatal outcomes and improve health of pregnant women and their newborns. Since there is a negative trend of natural population increase in Serbia, new scientific developments in this field enable better medical care, as one of the priorities of scientific research.</p>

OBJETIVO: Avaliar comparativamente os resultados de duas técnicas de cirurgia refrativa de superfície com excimer laser, ceratectomia fotorrefrativa (PRK) e ceratectomia subepitelial borboleta assistida à laser (LASEKb). LOCAL: Hospital de Olhos Sadalla Amin Ghanem, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo prospectivo, randomizado e duplo-cego envolvendo 102 olhos de 51 pacientes. Cada paciente teve aleatoriamente um dos olhos operado com a técnica do PRK e o outro com LASEKb. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por 1 ano. RESULTADOS: Não houveram diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos na acuidade visual (AV) para longe, sem correção, (P = 0,5593). No 12o mês pós-operatório (PO), 98,04% dos olhos no grupo do PRK e 96,08% no grupo do LASEKb atingiram AV sem correção de 20/20. A previsibilidade, eficácia, segurança e estabilidade não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. O índice de segurança foi de 1 no PRK e 0,996 no LASEKb. Um olho do grupo do LASEKb perdeu uma linha de visão. A porcentagem de olhos que apresentou EE aos 12 meses na faixa de ±0,50 D foi de 94,1% no grupo do PRK e de 86,3% no grupo do LASEKb (P = 0,1883). Enquanto que na faixa de ±1,0 D foi de 100% no grupo do PRK e 98% no grupo do LASEKb (P = 0,3125). Não houve necessidade de reoperações. O tempo médio de cirurgia na técnica PRK foi de 304,86 + 58,77 segundos (aproximadamente 5 minutos) e na técnica LASEKb de 608,35 + 76,88 segundos (aproximadamente 10 minutos) (P < 0,001). O tempo médio de reepitelização no grupo do PRK foi de 4,35 ± 0,48 dias (variação, 4 a 5 dias) e no grupo do BLASEK foi de 4,75 ± 0,72 dias (variação, 4 a 6 dias) (P < 0,002). Os níveis de dor e o desconforto ocular PO não foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos, entretanto houve uma tendência para menor dor no PRK (3,31 ± 4,09 vs 4,43 ± 4,27; P = 0,18). Houve uma redução estatisticamente significativa nos valores do teste de Schirmer em todas as avaliação PO, tanto no PRK (23,6 ± 8,1 vs 19,4 ± 10,1; P < 0,002) quanto no LASEKb (22,4 ± 8,7 vs 18,9 ± 9,7; P = 0,01), entretanto não houve diferença entre os grupos. A opacificação corneana (OC) PO foi pequena nos dois grupos. Somente no 1o mês foi observado diferença estatística entre os grupos, com maior intensidade da OC no grupo do LASEKb (0,18 ± 0,3881) quando comparado ao PRK (0,08 ± 0,2109) (P = 0,039936). A maior intensidade foi observada no 3o mês, com redução gradativa até o 12o mês. CONCLUSÃO: Dentro das condições deste estudo, conclui-se que o PRK e o LASEKb mostraram resultados semelhantes, exceto que o PRK apresentou menor tempo cirúrgico, reepitelização corneana mais rápida e menor OC no 30o PO. / PURPOSE: Comparatively evaluate the results of two techniques of surface excimer laser refractive surgery, photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and butterfly laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (BLASEK). SETTING: Sadalla Amin Ghanem Eye Hospital, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil. METHODS: This is a prospective, randomized and double-masked study including 102 eyes from 51 patients. Each patient was randomized to have one eye operated on with PRK and the other with BLASEK. Patients were followed for 1 year. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the groups regarding uncorrected distant visual acuity (VA) (p= 0.5593). On the 12th post-operative (PO) month, 98.04% of the eyes in the PRK group and 96.08% in the BLASEK group reached uncorrected VA of 20/20. The predictability, efficacy, safety and stability did not present statically significant difference between groups. The safety index was of 1 for PRK and 0.996 for BLASEK. One eye of the BLASEK group lost one line on the 12th PO month. The percentage of the eyes that presented spherical equivalent at 12 months in the range of ±0.50 D was 94.1% in the PRK group and 86.3% in the BLASEK group (p = 0.1883). While in the range of ±1.0 D it was 100% in the PRK group and 98% in the BLASEK group (p = 0.3125). There were no retreatments. The mean surgical time was 304.86 + 58.77 seconds (approximately 5 minutes) in PRK and 608.35 + 76.88 seconds in BLASEK (approximately 10 minutes) (P < 0,001). The mean reepithelization time in the PRK group was 4.35 ± 0.48 days (range, 4 to 5 days), and in the BLASEK group was 4.75 ± 0.72 days (range, 4 to 6 days) (P < 0.002). Pain scores and ocular discomfort were not statistically different between groups, although there was a trend towards a lower pain level with PRK (3.31 ± 4.09 vs. 4.43 ± 4.27; P = 0.18). Schirmer test values were significantly reduced from preoperative levels through 12 months with both PRK (23.6 ± 8.1 vs. 19.4 ± 10.1; P < 0.002) and BLASEK (22.4 ± 8.7 vs. 18.9 ± 9.7; P = 0.01), however there was no difference between groups in any time point. Haze incidence was slight in both groups. Only in the 1st PO month statistical difference between the groups was observed, with higher intensity in the BLASEK group (0.18 ± 0.3881) when compared to the PRK (0.08 ± 0.2109) (p = 0.039936). The highest intensity was observed on the 3rd month, with gradual reduction until the 12th month. CONCLUSION: In the conditions of this study, it can be concluded that PRK and BLASEK showed similar results, except that PRK presented shorter surgical time, faster corneal reepithelization and less haze at 30th PO days.

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de próstata (CaP) é o tipo mais comum entre os tumores malignos que afetam o homem. Dentre as opções terapêuticas para o tratamento precoce do CaP, destaca-se o tratamento cirúrgico com resultados satisfatórios de até 94% de cura nos casos localizados. A ressecção cirúrgica do CaP pode ser feita por três abordagens principais: prostatectomia radical retropúbica (PRR), prostatectomia radical laparoscópica (PRL) e mais recentemente a prostatectomia radical laparoscópica robô assistida (PRAR). Uma vez que existem várias alternativas terapêuticas para esse tipo de câncer, a qualidade de vida e satisfação relacionadas à avaliação, tornam-se muito importantes nos diferentes tipos de técnicas cirúrgicas. OBJETIVO: Comparar a qualidade de vida e o índice de satisfação nos pacientes submetidos a PRR e PRAR através de um estudo prospectivo e aleatorizado. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Através do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), 200 pacientes com diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma de próstata localizado, foram selecionados de forma aleatória para participarem do estudo, sendo então encaminhados entre março de 2010 a janeiro de 2011 para o Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (HAOC) para realizar PRAR, ou para o Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), para a realização de PRR. Todos os pacientes foram seguidos clinicamente de maneira padrão. Utilizamos questionário SF-36 da seguinte forma: no pré-operatório e no pós-operatório de 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 e 24 meses, além de outro elaborado para avaliar a satisfação dos pacientes no pós operatório de 6, 12 e 18 meses. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados estatisticamente com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Foram então aplicados os questionários em 200 pacientes submetidos às cirurgias (grupos homogêneos com 100 pacientes para PRR e 100 para PRAR). De acordo com os domínios de qualidade de vida, os escores médios dos aspectos físicos, aspectos emocionais e saúde mental só variaram estatisticamente entre os momentos de avaliação, sendo os grupos iguais entre si para estes domínios. De acordo com aspectos sociais houve diferença entre os grupos independente do momento de avaliação, sendo maior nos pacientes submetidos a cirurgia aberta (p = 0,016). O nível de escolaridade e a renda familiar dos pacientes que realizaram a cirurgia robótica são maiores que as dos pacientes que realizaram a cirurgia aberta (p = 0,044 e p = 0,029 respectivamente). De acordo com o grau de satisfação pós cirurgia, encontramos que os pacientes que fizeram cirurgia robótica apresentam um maior grau de satisfação com a cirurgia que aqueles submetidos a cirurgia aberta (p < 0,001). O que mais incomoda ou preocupa o paciente que realiza a cirurgia aberta é a disfunção erétil enquanto que nos pacientes que fazem à cirurgia robótica a preocupação se distribui entre cura, impotência e perda urinária. CONCLUSÃO: Demonstramos que a maioria dos aspectos de qualidade de vida são semelhantes entre os pacientes submetidos a PRR e PRAR com exceção dos aspectos sociais que foram maiores nos pacientes submetidos ao procedimento aberto, demonstramos ainda que o índice de satisfação dos pacientes é maior no procedimento robótico, entretanto a grande maioria dos pacientes realizariam o mesmo tratamento quando questionados / INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignant tumors that affect man. Among the treatment options for early treatment of PCa, stands out the surgical treatment with satisfactory results, achieving cure results of up to 94% in localized cases. Surgical resection of PCa can be done through three main approaches, which are radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP), laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) and more recently robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALRP). Since there are several alternative therapies for this cancer, quality of life and satisfaction related to the evaluation of different types of surgery became very important. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the two most widely used techniques: RRP and RALRP through a prospective randomized study, checking the satisfaction and quality of life in patients who have undergone these treatments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The choice of surgical approach of the patient occurred randomly and the patients were selected through the Unified Health System (SUS) and sent to the Oswaldo Cruz Hospital (HAOC) for RALRP (robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy) or sent to the Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo (ICESP) for RRP (radical retropubic prostatectomy), between March 2010 and January 2011. All patients were followed clinically in a standard way through a questionnaire, SF-36 and a questionnaire to evaluate their satisfaction. It was also verified the level of regret in post-surgery within 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months and the level of satisfaction was verified at 6 12 and 18 months post-surgery. The data were statistically evaluated with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: We then applied the questionnaires in 200 patients who underwent surgery, and 100 patients who underwent RRP and 100 patients who underwent RALRP. The groups were quite homogeneous. According to the domains of quality of life, the average scores of physical, emotional and mental health only varied significantly among time points of evaluation, and the groups were equal to each other for these domains. According to the social aspects there were differences between the groups regardless of the time of evaluation, being higher in patients who underwent open surgery (p = 0.016). The education level and family income of patients who underwent robotic surgery are higher than of patients who underwent open surgery (p = 0.044 and p = 0.029 respectively). According to the level of satisfaction post-surgery, we realized that robotic surgery patients have a higher level of satisfaction about the surgery than those undergone open surgery (p < 0.001). The most signicant thing that bothers or worries the open surgery patients is sexual impotence while in robotic surgery patients, the concern is distributed among cure, impotence and urinary incontinence. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that most aspects of quality of life are similar among patients undergoing RRP and RALRP except social aspects that were higher in patients undergone open surgery. We further demonstrated that the rate of satisfaction is higher in the robotic procedure patients. However, when questioned, the vast majority of patients would do the same treatment

O diagnóstico precoce dos Segundos Tumores Primários (STP) em pacientes já tratados por um carcinoma de cabeça e pescoço deve ser realizado, pois possibilita um tratamento resolutivo com baixa morbidade. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar se a cromoscopia com Lugol permite uma melhora na identificação de lesões malignas ou pré malignas em fases iniciais na boca e orofaringe, bem como se a imunoexpressão do p53 e da Metalotioneína no tumor índice predizem o aparecimento de um STP. Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo onde dois grupos comparáveis de portadores de carcinoma epidermóide de cabeça e pescoço foram formados (um com 106 pacientes e outro com 105 pacientes). Foram acompanhados durante um período médio de 25 meses aproximadamente. No primeiro grupo (grupo A) não foram utilizados corantes, já no segundo (grupo B) utilizou-se o Lugol. Foi observado um número de diagnósticos 200% maior no grupo em que foi utilizada a coloração de Lugol (grupo B) em relação ao grupo A. A imunoexpressão aumentada do p53 no tumor índice foi estatisticamente significante quando o paciente desenvolveu um segundo tumor primário diagnosticado pelo Lugol, não visível sem o corante, o que não ocorreu com a metalotioneína. / The early diagnosis of seconds primary tumors (STP) in patients already treated for carcinoma of the head and neck should be done, because enables a resolutive treatment with low morbidity. The objective of this paper is to evaluate whether chromoscopia using Lugols solution allows an improvement in the identification of malignant or pre malignant lesions in early stages in the mouth and oropharynx, and whether the expression of P53 and metallothionein in tumor index predict the emergence of a STP. A prospective study was conducted, where two groups statistically similar of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (one with 106 patients and another with 105 patients) were followed-up for a median period of 25 months, approximately. In the first group dyes were not used, and in the second Lugols solution was employed. It was observed a number of diagnoses 100%i higher in the group that Lugols solution was used. The increasing of P53 expression in tumor index was statistically significant when the patient developed a second primary tumor diagnosed by Lugol, not visible without dye, which has not occurred with metallothionein.

Introdução: Pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) têm maior probabilidade de desenvolver complicações no pós-operatório. O efeito da N-acetilcisteína (NAC) na prevenção da lesão renal aguda (LRA) associada à cirurgia cardíaca é controvertido. As principais causas desta controvérsia residem na não uniformidade dos critérios para definir a LRA e nas doses da NAC empregadas. Objetivos: O objetivo primário foi avaliar o efeito renoprotetor da NAC em pacientes com DRC durante as primeiras 72 horas depois de cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica eletiva, recorrendo à classificação AKIN, um critério de diagnóstico internacionalmente validado, para definir a LRA e utilizando doses de máximas de NAC sancionadas para uso clínico. Os objetivos secundários foram verificar o impacto do tratamento sobre o estresse oxidativo, morbimortalidade, necessidade de diálise durante a internação e sobre outros marcadores envolvidos na fisiopatologia da LRA. Métodos: estudo prospectivo e duplo-cego em 70 pacientes com DRC estágios 3 e 4 submetidos à revascularização miocárdica cirúrgica eletiva aleatorizados para receber NAC 150 mg/kg IV (dose de ataque) iniciada 2 h antes da cirurgia, seguida por 50 mg/kg IV em 6 horas (grupo NAC) ou solução de NaCl 0,9% IV (grupo Controle). Resultados: A incidência da LRA foi reduzida no grupo NAC (57,1% versus 28,6%, p=0,016). O não uso da NAC (RR= 5,98 IC 95% -2,86 A -0,28, P= 0,015) e a circulação extracorpórea (CEC) (RR= 6,39, IC 95% -2,98 a -0,34, p= 0,012) foram preditores independentes da LRA. Em pacientes tratados com CEC a NAC reduziu o risco de LRA de 63% para 46%. Nos Controles o estresse oxidativo foi elevado (p= 0,01) nas 72 h de pós-operatório. No grupo NAC esta resposta foi abolida. Outros marcadores da LRA foram também mais elevados nos Controles: Cistatina C (p< 0,001) e Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin , NGAL (p= 0,002). Os níveis de proteína C reativa e a incidência da morbimortalidade foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Nenhum paciente necessitou de diálise. Conclusões: A NAC, empregada em doses máximas, reduz a incidência de LRA em pacientes com DRC submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica, abole a resposta do estresse oxidativo associado à ocorrência da LRA e reduz o impacto negativo da CEC na função renal / Introduction: Post-operative complications are frequent among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The renoprotective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in patient undergoing myocardial revascularization is controversial, mainly because of differences in the doses of NAC administered and to different criteria to define acute kidney injury (AKI). Objectives: The primary objective was to evaluate the renoprotective effect of NAC in patients with CKD, stages 3 or 4, undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), during the first 72 h post-operative. We used a validated criterion to define AKI (AKIN classification) and a maximum IV dose of NAC sanctioned for clinical use. The secondary objectives were to assess the effect of NAC on oxidative stress and other surrogate markers of renal lesion (C Cystatin and Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin, NGAL) and on morbimortality and the need of post-operative dialysis during hospitalization. Methods: this was a prospective double-blind study in 70 stages 3 or 4 CKD patients undergoing CABG randomized to receive either NAC 150 mg/kg IV (induction) started 2 h before surgery, followed by 20 mg/kg IV for 6 h (group NAC) or 0.9 saline IV (group Control). Results: The incidence of AKI was reduced in the group NAC (57.1% versus 28.6%, p=0.016). Non use of NAC (RR= 5.98 95% IC -2.86 to -0.28, p= 0.015) e CPB (RR= 6.39, 95% IC -2.98 to -0.34, p= 0.012) were independent predictors of AKI. NAC also reduced the incidence of AKI from 63% to 46% in patients treated with CPB. Oxidative stress was increased in the Control group (p= 0.01) while it was abolished in patients receiving NAC. Circulating C Cystatin (p< 0.001) and NGAL (p= 0.002) were also reduced by NAC. C-reactive protein and the incidence of death and cardiovascular events were not influenced by NAC. No patient needed dialysis during hospitalization. Conclusions: Maximum IV doses of NAC reduces the incidence of AKI in patients with pre-existing CKD undergoing elective CABG, abolishes oxidative stress and mitigate the negative effect of CPB on renal function

Introdução: O adenocarcinoma gástrico é uma doença de elevada incidência e alta mortalidade. A gastrectomia com linfadenectomia é tratamento potencialmente curativo, promovendo controle loco-regional da doença e fornecendo material para análise histopatológica. Para o adequado estadiamento dos pacientes é recomendado que pelo menos 16 linfonodos sejam examinados pela patologia, entretanto, espera-se maior sobrevida quando >= 30 linfonodos são avaliados, mesmo em pacientes com tumores precoces. A justificativa para este achado é o sub-estadiamento de pacientes com poucos linfonodos examinados. Linfonodos pequenos são particularmente difíceis de serem encontrados, mas podem conter metástases e impactar negativamente na sobrevida. Visando facilitar sua identificação, soluções clareadoras de gordura foram propostas, entretanto não há evidência clara de seu benefício clínico. Objetivos: Comparar as soluções de Carnoy e de formalina neutra tamponada em relação ao número absoluto de linfonodos encontrados na peça cirúrgica de pacientes submetidos a gastrectomia. Averiguar se linfonodos retirados cirurgicamente são perdidos com a fixação em formalina e, caso isso ocorra, se este fato é relevante para o estadiamento. Observar se o protocolo de pesquisa influenciou o número de linfonodos encontrados. Métodos: Cinquenta produtos de gastrectomia subtotal com linfadenectomia D2 por adenocarcinoma gástrico foram randomizados para fixação em Carnoy ou formalina com posterior dissecção da peça em busca de linfonodos. Após a dissecção do grupo Formalina, a gordura residual a ser desprezada foi imersa em Carnoy e reavaliada posteriormente. Os dados de 25 gastrectomias D2 operadas previamente ao estudo também foram avaliados. Resultados: A média de linfonodos encontrados nos grupos Carnoy e Formalina foi de 50,4 e 34,8; respectivamente (p < 0,001). Na gordura residual foram encontrados linfonodos em todos os casos (média 16,9 linfonodos), elevando a média do grupo Formalina para 51,7 (valor similar ao do grupo Carnoy, p=0,809). Com exceção de 1 linfonodo de 7mm, todos os demais encontrados na gordura residual mediram <= 3mm. Treze linfonodos metastáticos passaram despercebidos com a fixação em formalina e a revisão da gordura residual determinou a mudança de estadiamento de 2 (8%) pacientes. Os linfonodos encontrados no Carnoy possuíam tamanho significativamente menor quando comparados aos do grupo Formalina (p=0,01). A média de linfonodos encontrados no grupo retrospectivo foi similar ao do grupo Formalina prospectivo (p=0,802). Conclusões: Quando comparada à formalina, a solução de Carnoy permite encontrar número maior de linfonodos no espécime cirúrgico de gastrectomias com linfadenectomia. Linfonodos milimétricos foram perdidos após a fixação em formalina, estes foram identificados com o Carnoy e são clinicamente relevantes, pois podem conter metástases modificando assim, o estádio clínico e prognóstico do paciente. A implementação de protocolo de pesquisa não influenciou o número de linfonodos encontrados neste estudo / Background: Gastric adenocarcinoma is a frequent disease with high mortality ratio. Gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy is potentially curative, allows local control of the disease and provides material for TNM classification. While pathology examination of at least 16 lymph nodes is recommended following surgery, longer survival rates are expected when >=30 lymph nodes are examined, even for early gastric cancer. The understaging of patients with less examined lymph nodes justifies this findings. Small lymph nodes are particularly difficult to identify and fat clearing solutions have been proposed to improve this, but there is no evidence of their clinical benefit. Objectives: Compare Carnoy\'s solution (CS) and formalin in terms of the total number of examined lymph nodes following gastrectomy. Verify if surgically retrieved lymph nodes are lost with the formalin fixation and if this fact is clinically significant. Observe if a research protocol influences the number of examined lymph nodes. Methods: Fifty specimens of gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy were randomized for fixation in CS or formalin with posterior dissection in search for lymph nodes. In the Formalin group, the residual fat to be discarded was immersed in CS and dissected again. Data from 25 D2 gastrectomies performed previously the present study were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The medium number of examined lymph nodes was 50.4 and 34.8 for CS and formalin, respectively (p < 0.001). Lost lymph nodes were found in all cases in the Residual Fat group (medium 16.9), this increased the Formalin group average to 51.7 (which is similar to the CS group, p=0.809). With one exception (7mm), all other examined lymph nodes in the Residual Fat group measured <= 3mm. Thirteen lymph nodes from this group were metastatic, this determined the upstaging of 2 (8%) patients. Lymph nodes from the CS group were smaller than those found in the formalin group (p=0.01). The medium number of retrieved lymph nodes in the retrospective group was similar to the formalin group (p=0.802). Conclusions: When compared to formalin, Carnoy\'s solution increases lymph node detection following gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy. CS identifies small lymph nodes lost with formalin fixation and that are clinically significant, since they may contain metastasis, modifying the TNM classification. No influence of the research protocol over the number of examined lymph nodes was observed in the present study.