Det ökade intresset av keramiska material har främst centrerat kring zirkoniabaserade keramer på sistone. Zirkoniabaserade fastsittande broar är ämne för en pågående diskussion. Det finns några få publicerade studier på ämnet men med varierande kvalitet och det finns ingen sammanställning av implantatstödda zirkoniabaserade broar. Syftet med den här studien är att bedöma tillgängliga studier på tidigare nämnda konstruktion och redogöra för resultat från kliniska studier.På elektroniska databaser söktes artiklar på implantatstödda zirkoniabaserade fastsittande broar. Artiklar som också rörde tandstödda konstruktioner inkluderades i sökningen. Sökningen kompletterades med en manuell referenssök på de utvalda fulltextartiklarna. Sökningen resulterade i 4,253 artiklar. Baserat på förutbestämda kriterier inhämtades 5 fulltext artiklar. En av de studierna skilde inte på tandstödda och implantatstödda grupper i resultatet, därför exkluderaderades den från fortsatta analyser. Tre studier redogjorde för helkäkeskonstruktioner, och majoriteten av de inkluderade konstruktionerna var helkäkeskonstruktioner. Tillräcklig data för uträkning av överlevnad och komplikationsrisk var tillgänglig i 4 studier. Analysen bar baserad på 47 implantatstödda konstruktioner. Slutsatsen av litteraturstudien blir att zirkoniabaserade helkäkeskonstruktioner som är implantatstödda kan övervägas som behandling. Resultaten är dock baserade på få studier med relativt få konstruktioner inkluderade, varför tolkning av resultaten bör göras med försiktighet. Fortsatta studier behövs för att konkludera hur den här typen av konstruktioner håller med tiden. / The increasing interest in ceramic materials has mostly centered on zirconia-based ceramics lately. Zirconia-based fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) is an ongoing subject of discussion. There are a few articles published on the subject but with varying quality and there is no review on implant-supported zirconia-based FDPs to be found. The purpose of this study is to evaluate available studies on zirconia-based implant-supported FDPs, reporting the results from clinical studies.Three electronic databases were searched for studies reporting on zirconia-based FDPs. The electronic search was complemented by a hand-search made from the reference lists of the retrieved full-text articles. The search result yielded 4,253 titles. Based on pre-established criteria, 5 full-text articles were obtained. One study did not separate the results between tooth-supported and implant-supported groups, why it was excluded from further analysis. Three studies reported on cross-arch restorations, and the majority of the FDPs included were cross-arch restorations. Sufficient data for calculation of cumulative survival-and complication-rates was available in 4 studies. Analysis was based on 47 implant-supported FDPs. This review concludes that cross-arch implant-supported zirconia-based FDPs could be considered as a treatment alternative. The results are, however, based on small number of studies with relatively few FDPs included thus interpretation of the results should be made with caution. Further studies are needed to evaluate how these types of constructions stand the test of time.

Objective: The aim of this study is to describe additive manufacturing and evaluate how dentistry can take advantage of this technique today in general and for chair-side production of customized interim prostheses in particular. Method: Searches was made in the databases PubMed and ScienceDirect for information about additive manufacturing for dental applications. Searches was also made in the Rapid Prototyping Journal. Contacts was established with companies working with additive manufacturing for dental applications. The search engine Google was also used to find information about the additive manufacturing techniques in general and for dental applications. Results: Additive manufacturing is a rapidly expanding industry and can currently be used for several different applications in dentistry. It is today possible to use this technique, with materials approved for intraoral use, for chair-side fabrication of customized interim prostheses. Conclusion: Today it is possible to use additive manufacturing for chair-side production of interim prostheses. However, currently this production technique is still far too time consuming to be used effectively chair-side. With the current advancements in the area of additive manufacturing there is no doubt the technique can be utilized in the future and hopefully serve as a more reliable and safe way of producing interim prostheses. / Objective: The aim of this study is to describe additive manufacturing and evaluate how dentistry can take advantage of this technique today in general and for chair-side production of customized interim prostheses in particular. Method: Searches was made in the databases PubMed and ScienceDirect for information about additive manufacturing for dental applications. Searches was also made in the Rapid Prototyping Journal. Contacts was established with companies working with additive manufacturing for dental applications. The search engine Google was also used to find information about the additive manufacturing techniques in general and for dental applications. Results: Additive manufacturing is a rapidly expanding industry and can currently be used for several different applications in dentistry. It is today possible to use this technique, with materials approved for intraoral use, for chair-side fabrication of customized interim prostheses. Conclusion: Today it is possible to use additive manufacturing for chair-side production of interim prostheses. However, currently this production technique is still far too time consuming to be used effectively chair-side. With the current advancements in the area of additive manufacturing there is no doubt the technique can be utilized in the future and hopefully serve as a more reliable and safe way of producing interim prostheses.

Recent technological developments have implemented the use of proportional control in prosthetic hands, giving rise to the importance of appropriate myoelectric control. EMG models in the past have assumed a linear proportionality to simplify the EMG-force relationships. However, it has been shown that a non-linear EMG-force relationship may be a more effective model. This study focused on evaluating three different control algorithms for a novel myoelectric training device, consisting of a toy car controlled by EMG signals from the distal muscles in the arm. Sixteen healthy adult subjects (5 male and 11 female) with an average age of 23.6 years (SD = 2.7) were asked to drive the car through a slalom course. Completion times as well as number of errors (wall hits, cone hits, and reversals) were recorded to evaluate performance. The NASA TLX was administered to evaluate psychometrics such as mental demand, physical demand, frustration, and overall workload. The average total errors per trial on the final day of testing using the linear proportional algorithm was found to be statistically significantly (p < 0.05) lower than digital and non-linear proportional. The average course completion time per trial and overall workload using the non-linear proportional algorithm was found to be statistically significantly (p < 0.05) lower than digital and linear proportional. These results suggest that a non-linear algorithm would be most appropriate for myoelectric control in prosthetic hands.

Ces dernières années, les techniques de traitement des cancers par radiothérapie externe se sont complexifiéesafin de cibler la tumeur tout en protégeant les organes à risque. Les systèmes de planification de traitement (TPS)réalisent un calcul prévisionnel de la distribution de la dose absorbée dans le patient (via des images CT).Afin d’obtenir un résultat de dose précis dans un temps raisonnable, le calcul est effectué par des algorithmessimplifiés. En présence de dispositifs médicaux métalliques de masses volumiques élevées (prothèses de hancheou prothèses dentaires), les algorithmes atteignent leurs limites. De plus, ces dispositifs perturbent lareconstruction tomodensitométrique en créant des artéfacts sur les images rendant difficile la délinéation desorganes. L’objectif de ce travail a été d’évaluer les algorithmes implémentés dans les TPS en présenced’hétérogénéités de forte densité avec des mesures expérimentales et le code de calcul Monte-Carlo BEAMnrcdans un fantôme anthropomorphique tout d’abord avec des échantillons naturels, puis avec des échantillonscalibrés. Ensuite, une évaluation rétrospective des algorithmes cliniques par rapport à Monte-Carlo a été réaliséeavec des patients traités en RC3D et en RCMI.Les mesures ont mis en évidence une atténuation pouvant aller jusqu’à 17 % pour l’amalgame dentaire parrapport à l’algorithme clinique sur les images CT avec artéfacts, créant une zone de sous-dosage dans le volumecible. L’ensemble des résultats a donné lieu à des recommandations pour la clinique (corriger les images CT si levolume cible est à moins de 3 cm d’une prothèse, privilégier l’algorithme AAA plutôt que Pencil Beam…). / The last few years, cancer treatment techniques in radiation therapy have become more complex to better targetthe tumor while protecting the organs at risk. The treatment planning systems (TPS) achieve a predictivecalculation of the distribution of the dose absorbed by the patient (via CT images).In order to obtain an accurate dose result within a reasonable time, the calculation is performed with simplifiedalgorithms. In the presence of medical devices made of high density metal (hip prosthesis or dental prosthesis),the algorithms reach their limits. Moreover, these devices disrupt computed tomography reconstruction, creatingartifacts on the images and thus making difficult the delineation of organs. The aim of this work is to evaluatethe algorithms of the TPS in the presence of high density heterogeneity using experimental measurements andthe Monte Carlo BEAMnrc code in an anthropomorphic phantom: on one hand with natural samples, and on theother hand, with calibrated samples. Then, a retrospective evaluation of clinical algorithms compared to MonteCarlo is achieved using treated patients in Conformal Radiotherapy and in Intensity Modulated RadiationTherapy (IMRT). The measurements show an attenuation of up to 17 % for dental amalgam compared with theclinical algorithm on CT images with artifacts, creating an under-dosage area in the target volume. All theseresults lead to recommendations for the clinical treatments (corrected CT images if the target volume is closerthan 3 cm to prosthesis, favor the AAA algorithm rather than Pencil Beam …).

Problemática: De ocorrência clínica bastante comum, o afrouxamento dos parafusos que compõe uma prótese sobre implante é uma complicação que traz transtornos tanto para o profissional quanto para o paciente. Proposição: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o grau de rotação de parafusos de titânio (grau 5), durante testes de torque, re-torque e os valores de destorque (Ncm), sobre infra-estruturas fundidas em monobloco, a partir de abutments tipo UCLA totalmente calcináveis e com cinta usinada em Co-Cr. Material e métodos: Um dispositivo leitor da quantidade de graus foi especialmente desenvolvido para este estudo, juntamente com um software . Dois implantes Revolution - SIN de 3,75 mm de diâmetro e 13 mm de comprimento e hexágono externo foram montados na base de um dispositivo e diretamente sobre eles foram obtidos os padrões para fundição dos corpos de prova. Cada corpo de prova foi formado por dois abutments tipo UCLA, totalmente calcináveis ou com cinta em Co-Cr, interligados por uma barra acrílica. Foram obtidos 10 corpos de prova para cada grupo e 40 parafusos de titânio (Grau 5) foram usados para os testes. Obteve-se então a medição do ângulo criado durante o aperto e re-aperto dos parafusos, sendo o re-aperto realizado após 10 minutos do aperto inicial, ambos sob torque de 30Ncm. Após o procedimento de re-aperto, o valor de destoque era imediatamente aferido e anotado em Ncm, possibilitando avaliar a quantidade de torque retido pelo parafuso após o procedimento, sendo esta seqüência realizada 3 vezes para cada corpo de prova. Análises em MEV foram realizadas nas bases de assentamento dos abutments antes e após a realização dos testes, assim como na superfície dos parafusos, a fim de se encontrar eventuais danos na microestrutura dos mesmos. O teste ?t? de student foi aplicado para uma avaliação entre os grupos e o teste ANOVA a um critério foi utilizado para análise intra-grupo. Resultados: Os resultados revelaram que durante os procedimentos de torque (aperto), os parafusos empregados em infra-estruturas obtidas a partir de abutments totalmente calcináveis apresentaram um maior grau de rotação (ensaio1: 61,664°; ensaio 2: 47,718°; ensaio 3: 47,374°), quando comparados aos parafusos empregados em infra-estruturas obtidas de abutments com cinta usinada em Co-Cr (ensaio 1: 49,038°; ensaio 2: 41,636°; ensaio 3: 43,273°), sendo a diferença entre os grupos estatisticamente significante em todos os ensaios realizados; P<0,05. Além disso, em ambos os grupos, a maior rotação dos parafusos ocorreu no primeiro aperto dos mesmos tanto durante o procedimento de torque quanto no procedimento de re-torque. Durante o re-torque, o ângulo formado na cabeça dos parafusos também foi sempre maior para o grupo Acrílico Calcinável (ensaio 1: 14,591°; ensaio 2: 12,987°; ensaio 3: 13,095°), comparado ao grupo Co-Cr (ensaio 1: 11,481°; ensaio 2: 10,117°; ensaio 3: 12,213°), sendo que diferença estatisticamente significante foi encontrada entre os ensaio 1 e 2; P<0,05. Os valores médios de destorque (quantidade de torque retido durante o aperto dos parafusos) também foram sempre maiores para o grupo Acrílico Calcinável (ensaio 1: 27,325Ncm; ensaio 2: 27,050Ncm; ensaio 3: 26,975Ncm), quando comparado ao grupo Co-Cr (ensaio 1: 26,250Ncm; ensaio 2: 26,975Ncm; ensaio 3: 26,400Ncm), porém sem diferença estatisticamente significante. As Imagens obtidas das análises em MEV demonstraram que as superfícies das bases de assentamentos do abutments obtidos a partir de abutments totalmente calcináveis apresentaram grandes irregularidades superficiais, comparadas às obtidas a partir de bases usinadas em Co-Cr, as quais apresentaram um padrão mais liso e uniforme. Quanto à análise dos parafusos, foi encontrado que as maiores deformações dos mesmos ocorrem na base de assentamento de sua cabeça no interior do abutments assim como na região da sua primeira rosca (apical). Conclusões: Tanto para o momento de torque quanto para o momento de re-torque, infra-estruturas do grupo Acrílico Calcinável permitiram maior rotação dos parafusos dos abutments, quando comparados com o grupo Co-Cr. Na análise dos valores de destorque, estatisticamente os grupos foram considerados semelhantes. Imagens em MEV, antes da realização dos testes de torque, re-torque e destorque revelaram que a base de assentamento do grupo Acrílico Calcinável apresentou aspecto mais irregular da fundição quando comparado ao grupo Co-Cr. Em ambos os grupos, partículas de titânio foram encontradas incrustadas nestas bases de assentamento após a realização desses testes, segundo dados do EDS. As imagem em MEV revelaram ainda que os parafusos se deformam principalmente na base de sua cabeça que se assenta no interior dos abutments, assim como na região da sua primeira rosca(apical). / Problem: The abutment screw loosening is a common drawback which concerns both patients and practitioners. Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare the rotational angle degree of Grade V titanium screws during torque, retorque and detorque steps (Ncm) on one-piece cast metal frameworks obtained from UCLA burnout/Co-Cr machined collar abutments. Material and methods: Two external hexagonal implants with 3.75mm in diameter and 13mm in length (Revolution, SIN) were secured to a metallic base and the wax patterns directly fabricated over them. The UCLA burnout/ Co-Cr machined collar abutments were screwed to the implants and joined together with an acrylic resin bar. Ten samples for each abutment type were fabricated. Forty Grade V titanium screws were used in the test. The rotation angle degree was measured with the aid of an specially constructed device and a computer software, during torque and retorque procedures, being the retorque made 10 minutes after the initial torque, both under 30Ncm. After the retorque procedures, the detorque values were measured. The overall sequence (torque, retorque, and detorque) was made three times for each sample. SEM analysis at the implant-abutment interfaces were made before and after the tests, as well as on the screw surfaces to detect possible microdamaging. The Student?s t test was used for between group analyses and the one-way ANOVA test for within group analyses. Results: The rotational angle degree was higher for screws used in the UCLA burnout (test 1: 61,664°; test 2: 47,718°; test 3: 47,374°) than in the Co-Cr machined collar abutments (test 1: 49,038°; test 2: 41,636°; test 3: 43,273°) (P<.05). The highest rotational degree values were observed on the first screwing during torque and retorque procedures. During retorque, the angle formed on the screw head was higher for the UCLA burnout (test 1: 14,591°; test 2: 12,987°; test 3: 13,095°) than the Co-Cr machined collar abutments (test 1: 11,481°; test 2: 10,117°; test 3: 12,213°), being these differences statistically significant between the first and second screwing (P<.05). The mean detorque values were higher in the UCLA burnout (test 1: 27,325Ncm; test 2: 27,050Ncm; test 3: 26,975Ncm) than in the Co-Cr machined collar screw abutments (test 1: 26,250Ncm; test 2: 26,975Ncm; test 3: 26,400Ncm), but not statistically significant. The SEM images demonstrated that the seating surface of the UCLA burnout abutments presented greater irregularities than the Co-Cr machined collar surfaces, which present a more smooth and flat pattern. Greater deformations were found at the seating abutment screw undersurfaces and in the first apical thread as well. Conclusions: The rotational degree was higher in the torque and retorque procedures for UCLA burnout than in the Co-Cr machined collar screw abutments. The detorque values were similar in both groups. The SEM images before torque, retorque and detorque procedures revealed more surface irregularities in the UCLA burnout abutments. In both groups, titanium debris were found in the seating abutment platforms after the tests by EDS images. The SEM images revealed that the abutment screws suffer deformation in the abutment head undersurface as well as in their first apical threads.

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, das klinische Resultat der implantatverankerten Ohrepithese retrospektiv zu untersuchen. Es wurden die Daten von 46 Patienten erhoben, die von 1992 bis 2003 mit implantatverankerten Ohrepithesen versorgt wurden. Bei 20 Patienten mit 53 Implantaten wurde eine spezielle Nachuntersuchung zur Beurteilung der periimplantären Weichgewebssituation durchgeführt. Zwei objektive klinische Parameter, die Sondierungstiefe und die Sulcus Fluid Flow Rate (SFFR), wurden hierfür angewendet. Die subjektive Beurteilung der Hautreaktionen war durch das Graduierungsystem von Holgers klassifiziert. 24 Patienten wurden mit Hilfe eines einheitlichen Fragebogens über die Zufriedenheit und auf mögliche Beschwerden befragt. Die kongenitalen Ohrmissbildungen (62,5%) waren die häufigsten Indikationen bei dieser Behandlung. 156 Implantate und eine Trägerplatte (Epitec-System®) bei den 46 Patienten inseriert, darunter waren 23 Implantate aus dem EO-System®, sowie 133 aus dem Brånemark-System®. Intraoperative Komplikationen traten bei der Implantatinsertion nicht auf. Die Implantationserfolgsrate liegt bei 100%. Bei 34 Patienten (74%) wurden insgesamt 42-mal Hautreaktionen (Entzündungen, Blutungen, Schwellungen) während der Nachkontrolle registriert. Die durchschnittliche Tragezeit der Ohrepithesen betrug 2,7 Jahre. Periimplantäre Hauttaschen sind in unserer Studie bei allen untersuchten Implantaten beobachtet worden. In der speziellen Nachuntersuchung lag der mittlere Wert der Sondierungstiefe und der SFFR bei 2,1 mm bzw. 1,8 mm. Zwischen beiden Parameter wurde eine starke Korrelation festgestellt: Je tiefer die Sondierungstiefe desto höher waren die Werte der SFFR. Bei 22 Implantaten (41,5%) ergaben sich keine Hautreaktionen. Die Entzündungen wurden nur an vier Implantaten (7,5%) beobachtet. 91,7% der befragten Patienten waren mit ihrer Ohrepithese zufrieden. Anhand unserer Studie, dass die implantatverankerten Ohrepithese heute ausgezeichnete und stabile Langzeitergebnisse erzielt werden können. Die tiefe Hauttasche spricht für ein Zeichen der periimplantären Entzündung und eine Notwendigkeit einer periimplantäreren Hautausdünnung. / The purpose of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the clinical results of the implant-retained auricular prosthesis. The data of 46 patients who were treated between 1992 and 2003 with implant-retained auricular prosthesis were evaluated. 20 patients with 53 implants were re-examined to evaluate the periimplant soft tissue situation with two objective clinical parameters periimplant sulcus probing depth and sulcus-fluid-flow-rate (SFFR). The subjective evalution of skin reactions around the abutments was classified as reported by Holgers. Satisfaction and eventual complications were evaluated in 24 patients by using standardized Questionnaires. Congenital malformation (62.5%) was the most common indications for auricular prostheses. A total of 156 implants and a plate (Epitec-System®) were placed in 46 patients, 23 of which were EO-System®, and 133 were Brånemark-System®. No intraoperative complications were reported during the insertion of implants. The implant survival rate was 100%. 42 times of skin reactions (inflammation, bleeding, swelling) were registered in 34 patients. The average wearing time of the prosthesis was 2.7 year. Skin pockets were found in all of the 53 re-examined implants. The middle value of sulcus probing depth and SFFR was respectively 2.1 mm and 1.8 mm. A strong correlation was found between the two parameter, which suggests that a deeper sulcus always presents a high value of SFFR. No adverse skin reactions was found in 22 implants (41.5%). Severe inflammation was observed in only 4 implants (7.5%). 91,7% of patients were satisfied with their prostheses. From this study it can be concluded that the implant-retained auricular prostheses offer a good and secure perspective for patients. The deep sulcus shows a sign of periimplantitis and a surgical thinning of subcutaneous periimplant soft tissue should be perfomed to eliminate it.

Orientador: Janaína Habib Jorge / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do envelhecimento de materiais comumente usados como pilares de próteses implanto-suportadas (abutments) sobre suas características físicas de superfície (rugosidade, energia livre de superfície e molhabilidade) e propriedades biológicas (metabolismo de fibroblastos orais e formação de biofilme fúngico). Para isso, discos (N=62) com rugosidade inferior a 0,2 µm foram confeccionados em zircônia (ZrO2) do tipo Y-TZP (yttriumstabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline) e em titânio (Ti) comercialmente puro, e foram submetidos a um processo de envelhecimento simulado em autoclave a 134ᵒC (pressão de 2 bar) por 20 horas. ZrO2 e Ti envelhecidos foram comparados aos seus homólogos não envelhecidos. Os materiais também foram comparados entre si, nas condições envelhecida e não envelhecida. Para os testes biológicos, os grupos também foram comparados a um controle positivo de poliestireno. Todos os testes, exceto o de rugosidade, foram realizados após a formação de película salivar sobre os discos. Os testes biológicos utilizados foram de Alamar Blue (n=9) para avaliar o metabolismo de fibroblastos da gengiva humana (FGH) e de contagem de colônias viáveis (n=9) para verificar a formação de biofilme de uma cepa padrão de Candida albicans (ATCC90028) sobre os materiais. Além disso, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) (n=2) foi realizada para avaliação da morfologia dos fibroblastos e dos microrganismos. Para a análise estatística, fo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aging of commonly used abutments on their surface physical characteristics (roughness, surface free energy and wettability) and biological properties (oral fibroblasts metabolism and formation of fungal biofilm). For this purpose, discs (N=62) with roughness less than 0.2 μm were made in yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) zirconia (ZrO2) and in commercially pure titanium (Ti), and underwent a simulated aging process in autoclave at 134 °C (pressure of 2 bar) for 20 hours. ZrO2 and Ti were compared to their unaged counterparts. The materials were also compared to each other in the aged and unaged conditions. For the biological tests, the groups were also compared to a positive control of polystyrene. All tests, except roughness, were performed after the formation of salivary film on the discs. The biological tests used were Alamar Blue (n=9) to evaluate the metabolism of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and colony counting test (n=9) to verify the biofilm formation of a reference strain of Candida albicans (ATCC90028) on the materials. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (n=2) was performed to evaluate the morphology of fibroblasts and microorganisms. For statistical analysis, the t-test for paired samples was used for roughness, t-test for independent samples was used for surface free energy, wettability and fibroblasts metabolism, and one-way ANOVA with Welch correction and Games-Howe... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

O presente trabalho visou desenvolver ligas à base de Níquel-Cromo para prótese dentária, que confiram as melhores características metalúrgicas e químicas para posterior produção e aplicação. Para isto foram adquiridas amostras de ligas comerciais de 8 fabricantes. Os materiais foram caracterizados em termos de composição química, propriedades mecânicas, caracterização microestrutural, temperatura de fusão, coeficiente de expansão térmica, corrosão e biocompatibilidade. Para isto, utilizou-se as fluorescência de raios X (XRF-WDS), ICP-OES, ensaios de tração, ensaios de dureza, ensaios de corrosão, avaliação de citotoxicidade, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microanálise eletrônica (EDS), difratometria de Raios X (DRX), análise térmica diferencial (DTA), dilatometria e avaliação de fluidez. A maioria dos resultados composicionais não condiz com as composições fornecidas pelos fabricantes. Os resultados mostraram claramente a presença de um eutético típico formado pelas fases Niss e NiBe nas ligas contendo Be, que pode ser considerado uma \"impressão digital\" da presença deste elemento nestas ligas. É possível verificar a formação de intermetálicos na região interdendritica para as ligas isentas de Be, sendo identificado um siliceto (Nb6Ni16Si7) em uma das ligas, que possui temperatura de inicio de fusão inferior ao eutético Niss e NiBe das ligas com Be. De uma forma geral, os resultados dos ensaios de dureza mostraram valores superiores de dureza para as ligas com Be. Foi escolhida uma das ligas comerciais para a reprodução em escala laboratorial (LAB) e industrial (IND). Estas ligas produzidas apresentaram as mesmas características microestruturais, químicas e físicas da liga comercial. Nos ensaios de fluidez, a liga LAB apresentou o mesmo comportamento da liga comercial. A liga IND apresentou limite de escoamento e módulo de elasticidade de ?e0,02%= 810MPa e E= 200 GPa, respectivamente. Os ensaios de corrosão mostraram comportamento passivo tanto para a liga comercial quanto para a liga IND em saliva artificial e enxaguante bucal. O ensaio de citotoxicidade da liga IND indicou comportamento não citotóxico em controle negativo (Chapa de Ti). Os resultados obtidos com a liga IND indicam a possibilidade de fabricação desta liga Ni-Cr para próteses dentárias em escala industrial. / This study aimed to develop nickel-chromium base alloys for dental prostheses with the best characteristics for subsequent production and application. Samples were acquired from eight manufacturers of commercial alloys. The materials were characterized in terms of chemical composition, mechanical properties, microstructure, melting temperature, coefficient of thermal expansion, corrosion and biocompatibility. For this, we have used X-ray fluorescence (XRF-WDS), ICP-OES, tensile tests, hardness testing, corrosion testing, evaluation of cytotoxicity, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EDS) , X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), dilatometry and evaluation of fluidity. Most of the chemical compositional determined in this study were not consistent with the compositions provided by the manufacturers. The results clearly showed the presence of a typical eutectic microstructure formed by Niss and NiBe in alloys containing Be, which can be considered a \"fingerprint\" of the presence of this element in these alloys. It was possible to verify the formation of intermetallics in the interdendritic region of the Be-free alloys. In one of the alloys this intermetallic was identified as (Nb6Ni16Si7), this alloy presenting a initial melting temperature below the eutectic melting of the Niss+NiB eutectic. Overall, the results of hardness tests showed superior hardness for alloys with Be. One of the commercial alloys was chosen for reproduction in laboratory (LAB) and industrial (IND) scales. The alloys produced showed the same microstructural characteristics, chemical and physical characteristics of the commercial alloy. In the fluidity tests, the LAB alloy showed the same behavior of the commercial alloy. The IND alloy presented yield strength and modulus of elasticity ?e0, 02% = 810MPa, E = 200 MPa, respectively. The corrosion tests showed passive behavior for both commercial and IND alloy in artificial saliva and mouthwash solutions. The cytotoxicity assay indicated that the IND alloy is not cytotoxic in the negative control (Ti plate). The results obtained with the IND alloy indicate the possibility of fabrication this alloy for dental prosthesis on an industrial scale.

O sucesso a longo prazo dos implantes tem como fatores críticos a incidência e a transferência de estresses mecânicos sobre a prótese, intermediários, implantes e destes para o tecido ósseo adjacente, devendo cada parte deste sistema ser submetido somente a forças às quais estão aptos a receber. A proposta deste trabalho foi avaliar a deformação gerada nos intermediários e na região óssea peri-implantar diante da aplicação de cargas funcionais e parafuncionais em prótese parcial fixa de três elementos parafusadas sobre dois implantes. Para este trabalho, foi utilizado um modelo experimental homogêneo à base de poliuretano, simulando o tecido ósseo, com dois implantes do tipo hexágono externo paralelos que receberam intermediários do tipo multi-unit. Na superfície de cada intermediário foram instalados três sensores (strain gauges), capazes de medir a microdeformação dispostos de maneira eqüidistante entre si. Na região óssea simulada, foram instalados quatro sensores para cada implante, posicionados nas faces mesial, distal, vestibular e lingual. A aplicação da carga estática de 300N foi realizada em uma máquina de ensaios universais. As leituras foram realizadas em quatorze momentos para todos os corpos de prova, variando o direcionamento da carga (axial e inclinada à 30 graus) e simulando ainda sete diferentes pontos de aplicação de carga (1- pilar mesial, 2 - pôntico, 3- pilar distal, 4- simultaneamente no pilar mesial, pontico e pilar distal, 5- no pilar mesial e distal, sem contato no pôntico, 6- no pilar mesial e no pôntico, 7- no pilar distal e no pôntico). Os resultados mostraram que a direção da carga interferiu na magnitude e distribuição da microdeformação, de forma que, no osso simulado, os valores encontrados na carga axial se encontraram dentro da tolerância fisiológica independente do local de aplicação de carga. Observou-se uma distribuição mais uniforme quando a carga foi aplicada simultaneamente nos pilres mesial, pôntico e pilar distal. Por outro lado, valores de microdeformação acima do limite de tolerância foram observados para a carga inclinada e nesta situação o local de aplicação teve influência na microdeformação, com valores extremamente elevados e sem uniformidade na distribuição, devendo o carregamento oblíquo ser evitado. / Long-term success with implants has some critical factors such as incidence and transmission of mechanical stress to the prosthesis, abutments, and implants to the adjacent bone tissue. Each part of the system should be subjected to loads under its strength limit. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate abutment and peri-implant bone tissue strains during functional and parafunctional loads application in a three-unit screw-retained fixed prosthesis supported by two implants. In order to simulate the bone tissue, an experimental model made of homogeneous polyurethane was used wherein two external hexagon implants were placed parallel to each other, provided with multi-unit abutments. On the surface of each abutment three sensors (strain gauges) were positioned equidistant to each other to measure microstrains. The simulated bone around each implant received four strain gauges, positioned on the mesial, distal, buccal and lingual aspects. The tests were performed applying a 300N static load on a universal testing machine. The readings were made at fourteen moments for each specimen, changing load direction (axial and 30 degrees oblique) and also simulating seven different points of load application (1- mesial abutment, 2- pontic, 3- distal abutment, 4- simultaneously on the mesial abutment, pontic and distal abutment, 5- mesial and distal abutment (no pontic contact), 6- mesial abumtent and pontic, 7- distal abutment and pontic. The results showed that the load direction significantly influenced the magnitude and distribution of microstrains, so that for the simulated bone, the values found during axial load were within the physiological threshold independent of the point of load application; however, a more uniform distribution was observed when force was applied simultaneously on the mesial abutment, pontic and distal abutment. Furthermore, microstrain values above the tolerance limits were observed during oblique load, and for this condition, the point of load application significantly influenced the microstrains, with extremely high values and non-uniform distribution for all load conditions tested. Therefore, oblique loading must be avoided.

O tratamento cirúrgico do câncer bucal pode resultar em graves seqüelas das estruturas anatômicas envolvidas na fisiologia da cavidade bucal. A extensão e a localização da ressecção cirúrgica, assim como a condição dental, são determinantes do planejamento da prótese obturadora. Este trabalho emprega a Análise de Elementos Finitos para o estudo do comportamento biomecânico de uma prótese obturadora maxilar Classe IV de Aramany, em um modelo digital desenvolvido a partir de uma TC de um indivíduo adulto. O modelo tridimensional desenvolvido no programa Rhinoceros® versão 3.0 foi utilizado para a geração da malha de elementos finitos no programa FEMAP/NASTRAN®. Uma força de 120 N foi aplicada nas plataformas oclusal e incisal, correspondentes aos dentes posteriores e anteriores da prótese obturadora, para observação das forças de tensão geradas no tecido ósseo maxilar. Os resultados são apresentados sob a forma de análise qualitativa, indicada pela escala de Tensão Máxima Principal, e análise quantitativa, representada por valores em Mega Pascal (MPa). Observou-se que o carregamento posterior provoca tensão de tração e tensão de compressão, independentemente da região óssea avaliada, induz a uma maior tensão de tração em todas as regiões ósseas observadas e a uma maior tensão de compressão na região média anterior do palato. O carregamento anterior gera tensão de tração em todas as regiões ósseas consideradas e acarreta maior tensão de tração do que tensão de compressão, independentemente da região óssea avaliada. Concluiu-se que ocorre uma tendência de rotação da prótese em direção à área de ressecção cirúrgica, tanto para o carregamento posterior como para o carregamento anterior. O nível das tensões de tração e de compressão observado neste estudo indica que o comportamento biomecânico da prótese obturadora maxilar Classe IV de Aramany encontra-se dentro dos limites fisiológicos do tecido ósseo maxilar. / The surgical treatment of oral cancer may result in severe sequel of the anatomical structures involved in oral physiology. The extension and location of surgical resection, as well as the dental condition, enjoin the prosthetic planning of the obturator prostheses. This study employs the finite elements analysis to evaluate the biomechanical behavior of Aramany Class IV obturator prostheses, in a digital model developed from a computerized tomography of an adult individual. A tridimensional model was constructed applying the software Rhinoceros® version 3.0 and then it was used to develop the finite element mesh in the software FEMAP/NASTRAN®. A 120 N load was applied to the occlusal and incisal surfaces correspondent to the prosthetic teeth. The qualitative analysis was based on Principal Maximum Tension Scale and the quantitative analysis was expressed in Mega Pascal values. Results demonstrated that the posterior load generates tensile and compression stress and a higher tension stress regardless of the osseous region, as well as a higher compression stress on the anterior medial area of residual palate. Anterior load provokes tensile stress in each of the osseous regions evaluated, in addition to a higher tensile then compression stresses, despite of the osseous region. Therefore, it was concluded that the prostheses tends to rotate towards surgical resection areas during posterior and anterior loading. The amount of tensile and compression stresses observed herein indicates that the biomechanical behavior of Aramany Class IV obturator prostheses is within the physiological limits of the maxillary osseous tissue.