Los coleópteros saproxílicos son aquellos que, al menos en una parte de su ciclo vital, dependen directamente o indirectamente de la madera muerta o moribunda y de otros organismos saproxílicos, como hongos habitantes de la madera. La madera muerta o moribunda posee una gran diversidad de formas y orígenes (árboles muertos, caídos o en pie, árboles moribundos, ramas muertas, caídas o no, oquedades o heridas en árboles sanos o no, o restos de troncos como tocones y cortezas), por lo que los organismos saproxílicos, son de gran importancia en los ecosistemas, sobre todo en los forestales. Sin embargo, y a pesar de ello están gravemente amenazados por cambios en sus hábitats y microhábitats, principalmente causados por el ser humano. Aunque tradicionalmente la biodiversidad de los ecosistemas ha sido medida a través de la identidad y abundancia de especies, en las últimas décadas se ha desarrollado otro modo medir la biodiversidad basándose en los rasgos funcionales de las especies, que ha sido conocido como diversidad funcional. El objetivo general de esta tesis es profundizar en el conocimiento de las comunidades de escarabajos saproxílicos en áreas protegidas y bien conservadas de la Península Ibérica a través del estudio de su diversidad taxonómica y funcional, con el fin de comprender qué variables y mecanismos pueden estar detrás de su biodiversidad. Con el fin de lograr este objetivo se realizó un muestreo sistemático de las comunidades de escarabajos saproxílicos en tres áreas protegidas de España (parque nacional de Cabañeros, parque natural de Font Roja y parque natural de Sierra Espadán) usando para ello tres tipos de trampas (trampas de intersección en vuelo o trampas de ventana, trampas de emergencia en oquedades, y trampas de emergencia en troncos en suelo). La incorporación funcional al estudio de estas comunidades ha permitido aseverar que el número de especies o la abundancia de estas no provee suficiente información sobre dichas comunidades, por lo que ambos aspectos de la biodiversidad deberían tenerse en cuenta a la hora de proponer estrategias de conservación, tanto a nivel temporal como espacial. Asimismo, la presente tesis ha demostrado que aunque dependen de variables distintas, tanto la diversidad taxonómica como la diversidad funcional de escarabajos saproxílicos son altamente dependientes del área de muestreo, por lo que en cada área protegida se deberían poner en marcha medidas de conservación y manejo adaptadas a sus características.

Den europeiska hummern är en art som lever på flera olika platser runt om Europa. Bestånden för den europeiska hummern som lever i Sverige har varit på nedåt gående trend sedan 1969-talet. Överfiske och klimatförändringarna indikerar vara en av de bidragande faktorerna till varför detta sker. Marine protected areas är forskningplatser som eliminerar eller minimerar fisket av hummern för att undersöka hur ett begränsat fiske påverkar bestånden. Resultatet för hur Marine proteced areas gynnar hummerbestånden visar sig vara goda på det platser där det är implementerade. En ökning av ”catch per unite effort” var återkommande på flertalet av studierna och en ökade tillväxt för hummern visade sig vara gynnsam inom området. Ökade temperaturer och förhöjt pCO2 är ett resultat av att klimatet förändras och dessa faktorer påverkar hummerns tillväxt, metabolism och överlevnad. Ökade temperaturer är speciellt känsligt för humrar i tidigt juvenila stadier då det är som mest känsliga. Vidare under utvecklingen behöver inte förhöjda temperatur bidra med ökad dödlighet om temperaturen inte överstiger 22 ℃. Ett ökat pCO2 ger hummern ökade metabolism och syrekonsumtion, detta leder till att utvecklingstiden accelererar för hummern men detta sker på bekostnad av tillväxten för hummer i ett senare stadie vilket i sin tur kan leda till ökad dödlighet. Hummern är i behov av hårdare fiskeregleringar alternativ flera zoner med begränsat fiske för att återfå stabila bestånd och klimatförändringarna kommer påverka bestånden.

This thesis explores how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted wildlife rangers with an emphasis on the influences of tourism rates. Two sets of data are used: one is a survey of rangers around the world and the other looks at global governmental tourism data. While coming from a routine activities perspective, the problem of decreased capable guardianship becomes apparent in the form of massively decreased tourism arrivals and troubling ranger perceptions. This data allows for the establishment of tourism trends and changes during COVID. The findings of this thesis link the downturn in tourism with impacts on formal and informal guardianship within protected areas. Recommendations and discussions include potential ways to preserve guardianship in future pandemic settings.

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Worldwide, we are losing biodiversity at unprecedented rates, and due to deforestation, degradation and poaching, Southeast Asian wildlife is facing extreme threats. Indonesia recently eclipsed Brazil in having the world's highest deforestation rate, largely due to the rise of the palm oil industry. Indonesia contains multiple biodiversity hotspots and endangered species such as the Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae). While Riau Province, Sumatra, produces approximately 20% of the world's palm oil, tigers still inhabit parts of Riau, though their habitat and prey are understudied. Thus, in this research, I aim to assess and quantify how tiger habitat has changed, how it will continue to change, and provide recommendations on how to improve the landscape for tigers. I create the first accuracy-assessed land cover maps of Riau, and then predict land cover change from 2016 – 2050. Using this newly created land cover map, I assess whether Tesso Nilo National Park, Bukit Tigapuluh National Park, and Rimbang Baling Wildlife Reserve are effective at preventing deforestation. Next, I examine human impacts within Tesso Nilo specifically, due to its suitability for oil palm and its potential as a stepping stone for wildlife movement from the western, mountains to the eastern peatlands of Sumatra. Finally, I examine impacts of human presence within Rimbang Baling on felid-prey relationships. I predict that by 2050, over 60% of natural forest in Riau will be lost, and all protected areas only confer low levels of protection. I determined that Tesso Nilo National Park has nearly 2500 km of roads within it and no areas within the park are untouched by humans. Wildlife detections were low near the boundary of Rimbang Baling and there was evidence of humans negatively impacting mousedeer (Tragulus spp) behavior. I suggest focusing on securing the habitat within Rimbang Baling and Bukit Tigapuluh to ensure habitat for dispersing tigers from the western mountains, in addition to, and perhaps before focusing on restoring Tesso Nilo and creating wildlife corridors. While tiger recovery in Riau will be difficult, with education, dedication, persistence and intelligent planning, tigers may be able to persist in this unique ecosystem in the long-term. / Ph. D. / Worldwide, we are losing plants and animals at unprecedented rates, and due to deforestation, degradation and poaching, Southeast Asian wildlife is facing extreme threats. Indonesia recently passed Brazil in having the world’s highest deforestation rate, largely due to the rise of the palm oil industry. Indonesia has a wide diversity of plants and animals, including endangered species such as the Sumatran tiger. While Riau Province, Sumatra, produces approximately 20% of the world’s palm oil, tigers still inhabit parts of Riau, though their habitat and prey are understudied. Thus, in this research, I aim to assess how tiger habitat has changed, how it will continue to change, and provide recommendations to improve the landscape for tigers. I create the first land cover maps of Riau that have been verified with field data, and then predict land cover change from 2016 – 2050. Using this land cover map, I assess whether Tesso Nilo National Park, Bukit Tigapuluh National Park, and Rimbang Baling Wildlife Reserve are effective at preventing deforestation. Next, I examine human impacts within Tesso Nilo, due to its soil characteristics making it suitable for oil palm and its potential as habitat for wildlife movement from the western, mountains to the eastern swamps of Sumatra. Finally, I examine impacts of humans within Rimbang Baling on wild cat-prey relationships. I predict that by 2050, over 60% of forest in Riau will be lost, and all protected areas only provide slight protection. I determined that Tesso Nilo has nearly 2500 km of roads within it and no areas within the park are untouched by humans. Wildlife sightings were low near the boundary of Rimbang Baling and there was evidence of humans negatively impacting tiger prey behavior. I suggest focusing on securing the forests within Rimbang Baling and Bukit Tigapuluh to ensure forest for tigers that may come from the western mountains, in addition to, and before focusing on restoring Tesso Nilo and creating wildlife movement areas. While tiger recovery in Riau will be difficult, with education, dedication, persistence and intelligent planning, tigers may be able to persist in this unique ecosystem in the long-term.

No / This paper describes the problems encountered in developing environmental education in Federal protected areas in Brazil. Results of a survey on the current status of environmental education in four categories of Federal protected areas; namely national parks, biological reserves, ecological stations and environmental protection areas, are described and discussed. The study suggests that the development of environmental education in protected areas in the country has several limitations: financial resources, lack of training, material resources and a lack of policy on environmental education. It also identifies that some of these problems seem to be inter-related with those of the National System of Conservation Units of the country which may result in a retarding of the development of environmental education in such areas.

The acoustic environment is a major attractor of protected areas, and listening to the sounds that emerge from natural areas are among the main motivations for tourists to visit natural and protected areas. Numbers of visitors are expected to be constantly increasing. The presence of humans is known to have effects on both, biodiversity and wildlife in protected areas, as well as the quality of experiences of visitors, and consequently, on the soundscape. Soundscapes are the composition of sounds emerging from an area; but more than just being the acoustic environment, soundscapes refer to the constructed perception and experience of that environment. The interest in soundscapes and how they are perceived has been rising, also in the context of protected areas. However, most studies have focused on soundscapes in relation to satisfaction and appeal, measuring pleasantness with quantitative methods, or framing soundscapes for their restorative values. This is disregarding the many facets of soundscape experiences in natural environments, and also does not sufficiently take into consideration the ways in which people relate to and connect with their natural environment. Thus the aim for this study to contribute to a better understanding of the soundscape experience, and to further investigate on intersections with nature-connectedness. Taking a qualitative approach to gain an in-depth understanding, interviews were conducted in chosen national parks in Sweden. The analysis resulted in the elaboration of four themes: 1.) appraisal of soundscapes, 2.) constituting space, 3.) engaging with the natural environment, and 4.) silence as space. The results also indicate potential in fostering human-nature-connectedness in soundscapes. The findings of the study are hoped to contribute to both, a better understanding of the multidimensional experience of soundscapes as part of the tourism experience, as well as to the application-oriented debate of the human-nature relationship. / <p>2024-05-28</p>

Abstract not available