It is widely agreed that marine protected areas (MPAs), which can provide long-term protection to marine ecosystems of high ecological, economic, social and cultural value, will only be successful if they are designed and implemented with the involvement and support of stakeholders and other key actors. Putting a collaborative approach into practice is not easy, though. Appropriate governance structures, which formalize and facilitate information sharing, consensus building, and decision making are necessary, but insufficient. Also needed is a shared interest on the part of all groups – beginning with MPA agencies themselves – to work together, notwithstanding the often considerable investments of time, effort and material resources that are required. Perhaps most fundamentally, effective collaboration depends on trust, and strong interpersonal relationships. Consistent with a global trend in favour of more inclusive and participatory approaches to protected area planning and management, Canada’s federal government has set out to develop a national system of MPAs in cooperation with a broad array of interest groups, including marine resource users and other stakeholders; government actors with responsibilities and authorities for oceans activities that relate to the objectives of MPAs; and Aboriginal communities and organizations within whose territories MPAs are situated. The overarching goal of the study was to understand the extent to which federal MPAs in British Columbia (BC), Canada, are established collaboratively, and what is required to overcome obstacles to successful collaboration. This goal was pursued through an in-depth investigation of two MPA planning processes in BC: the proposed Race Rocks MPA, at the southern tip of Vancouver Island; and the Gwaii Haanas National Marine Conservation Area Reserve and Haida Heritage Site, in the Haida Gwaii archipelago. Data for the study was collected through semi-structured interviews; documentary research; and a participant questionnaire. The study found that, while MPA agencies engaged with outside parties in a variety of ways to plan Race Rocks and Gwaii Haanas, these processes fell short of expectations for genuine collaboration in a number of respects. In the case of Race Rocks, this has resulted in the failure (for a second time) to designate the MPA. The dissertation illuminates the challenges and shortcomings that were encountered in both cases, and offers practical solutions to address them. / Graduate / 0366 / pipakins@gmail.com

A demanda pela visitação nos Parques brasileiros tem crescido ao longo dos últimos anos e é cada vez mais necessário que a gestão dessas áreas protegidas seja efetiva para se alcançar os propósitos de existência das mesmas. Com o objetivo de analisar a gestão da visitação dessa categoria de Unidade de Conservação no Estado de São Paulo, foi delineado um estudo de caso sobre Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão - PECJ, criado em 1941. Localizado a cerca de 180 quilômetros da capital paulista, na Serra da Mantiqueira, o município de Campos do Jordão tem no turismo sua principal atividade econômica e, ao mesmo tempo, se encontra num espaço de áreas protegidas que visam conservar a biodiversidade local. Neste contexto, a abordagem do caso escolhido apoiou-se na revisão da literatura, análise de documentos e legislação pertinentes, visita a campo, diálogo com a gestão atual e passada do Parque, com os prestadores de serviços de apoio ao visitante e uma amostra do público que visitou a área em julho de 2011. Motivada por questionamentos a respeito das modificações da gestão do PECJ desde a criação do Sistema Estadual de Florestas - SIEFLOR (SÃO PAULO, 2006) - e a percepção dos envolvidos sobre as ações voltadas ao uso público, a pesquisa alcançou resultados que evidenciaram mudanças no direcionamento da gestão do Parque e implantação de medidas para melhorar a qualidade da recepção dos frequentadores, como o novo Centro de Visitantes revitalizado em 2010. Também está em elaboração o novo Plano de Manejo - PM - que deverá ser concluído em 2013. Sobre a percepção das gestões atual e da passada, notou-se um otimismo sobre o potencial da visitação do Parque, a importância das atividades de recreação, educação e interpretação ambientais. Os representantes dos serviços de apoio à visitação avaliaram positivamente as medidas implementadas que atingiram o uso público e o seu ambiente de trabalho. Os formulários empregados com os visitantes sugerem que os indivíduos que vão ao PECJ estão satisfeitos com os atrativos e com a experiência da visita, mas reivindicam principalmente por mais infraestrutura de atendimento e monitores ambientais. Como um todo, observou-se que a efetividade de gestão da visitação do PECJ tem sido buscada e passos importantes já foram dados, restando para os próximos anos o enfrentamento de problemas como falta de recursos e processos burocráticos excessivos para que as funções do Parque sejam plenamente contempladas. / The demand for visiting the Brazilians Parks has grown over the past years and it is increasingly necessary that the management of these protected areas is effective to achieve the purpose of existence of the same. Aiming to analyze the management of visitation in that category of Conservation Unit in the State of São Paulo, a case study was outlined on the Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão - PECJ, created in 1941. Located about 180 km from the state capital, in the Serra da Mantiqueira, the municipality of Campos do Jordão has in tourism its main economic activity, and at the same time, it is an area of protected areas designed to conserve local biodiversity. In this context, the approach chosen for this case relied on the literature review, document analysis and legislation, field visit, dialogue with the management of the park, past and present, with service providers visitor support and a sample of public who visited the area in July 2011. Motivated by questions regarding the changes of PECJ management since the creation of the State Forests System - SIEFLOR (SÃO PAULO, 2006) - and the perception of stakeholders on initiatives aimed at public use, research has achieved results that show changes in direction of Park management and implementation of measures to improve the reception quality of the visitors, as the new Visitors Centre revitalized in 2010. Also under development is the new Management Plan - PM - to be completed in 2013. On the perception of the current and past administrations, we noted optimism about the potential of visiting the Park, the importance of recreational activities, environmental education and interpretation. The representatives of support services to visitors positively evaluated the measures implemented that reached the public use and their working environment. The forms employed with visitors suggest that individuals who go to PECJ are satisfied with the attractions and the experience of the visit, but they request more infrastructure services and environmental monitors. As a whole, it was observed that the effectiveness of management\'s visitation of PECJ has been looked for and important steps have already been taken, leaving in the coming years coping with problems such as lack of resources and excessive bureaucratic procedures for the functions of the Park are fully addressed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:12:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-Omar Souza Nicolau.pdf: 2729935 bytes, checksum: eb8a202ed2c7218ce40017550b9ec376 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-20 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work aims to present environmental issues that emerged in Caravelas between 2002 and 2006. Two proposals are being dispute in the city: the establishment of a protected area of sustainable use versus a large shrimp farming project. These two enterprises are proposed within the same area, thus unabling the realization of both. Within this scenario, different local agents made efforts to mobilize the local community in order to support one or another proposal. This dissertation is a narrative on these agent s efforts, also evaluating their actions on truth disputes in place. These different agents, with include representatives from local municipal government, environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the environmental federal agency (Ibama) and local traders, disposed themselves to mobilized the local community, lead to a situation of opposition: each action from one group of agents led to a reaction from the opposite group, forming a complex dynamics of reactive actions. This dispute grows up to involving other agents, such as representatives of the Federal Senate, State Government of Bahia, State Government of Esp?rito Santo, Public Prosecutor Bureau and local and the local and regional media. Futhermore, my insertion as a reasercher and, at the same time, activist from one of the two disputing permeate this study, influencing the narrative presented herein. / Este trabalho pretende apresentar as quest?es ambientais que se revelaram em Caravelas entre os anos de 2002 e 2006. H? duas propostas em disputa no munic?pio: a de uma Unidade de Conserva??o de Uso Sustentado; e outra, um mega-projeto de carcinicultura. A ?rea de ambos os empreendimentos se sobrep?em inviabilizando a realiza??o concomitante dos dois projetos. Neste cen?rio, diferentes agentes locais envidaram esfor?os para a mobiliza??o da comunidade caravelense para ades?o de uma ou outra proposta. A disserta??o narra o esfor?o dos agentes nesse processo, avaliando as a??es impetradas pelos mesmos na disputa pelas verdades que ora se encontram em jogo. Estes diferentes agentes, que incluem desde o poder p?blico municipal, ONGs de cunho ambientalista, Ibama at? comerciantes locais, se dispuseram a contribuir na mobiliza??o comunit?ria que se edificou e se comp?s em oposi??o: a cada dispositivo acionado por um grupo de agentes, impunha uma atua??o em resposta do outro grupo polarizado, constituindo uma din?mica complexa de a??es reativas. Esta disputa avan?a e se amplia envolvendo outros agentes tais como o Senado Federal, O governo do Estado da Bahia, do esp?rito Santo, o Minist?rio P?blico Estadual e Federal, a m?dia local e de outros estados. Ademais, a minha inser??o como pesquisador e ao mesmo tempo militante de um dos p?los da disputa tamb?m permeia todo o trabalho, explicitando as dificuldades e oportunidades que o fazer do trabalho acad?mico e a a??o pol?tica influenciaram mutuamente na produ??o da disserta??o.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-10T19:06:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - In?s de Souza Infante.pdf: 3239235 bytes, checksum: 95b0067e2cbd0e5bc1df6cf05cd0c876 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-10T19:06:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - In?s de Souza Infante.pdf: 3239235 bytes, checksum: 95b0067e2cbd0e5bc1df6cf05cd0c876 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-17 / CAPES / The creation of conservation units is to preserve and / or conserving biodiversity. However, the space reserved for them limits, sometimes, the development and economic growth, which can generate conflicts. To minimize this problem, in 1991, was created in the Paran? Ecological VAT, whose initial goal was to compensate municipalities that had entered its territory in protected areas. Thirteen federal states followed Parana?s example and, with some variations to the adopted criteria for the transfer, also developed and implemented that instrument. Among them is the Rio de Janeiro state, which by Law 5.100 of October 4, 2007, created the Green ICMS. The criteria adopted by Rio de Janeiro take into account the existence of conservation, water quality and management of solid waste in each municipality. The aim of this study is evaluating the potential of Rio de Janeiro?s municipalities to participate in the transfer of Green ICMS from the creation of new conservation areas potential. The methodology adopted in this work simulates the creation of parks and APAs in three different scenarios, using 100%, 75% or 50% of the forest remnants in each of the 92 municipalities of Rio de Janeiro? states. The indexes of municipal protected area and the relative indexes of municipal protected area needed to determine the amount to be transferred to each municipality followed the guidelines in the present Decree 41.844 of May 4, 2009. In 92 municipalities of Rio de Janeiro?s state, 28 have protected areas under their tutelage, and they occupy 98.449ha, equivalent to 8.43% of the remaining forests of the state, and town of Parati is one that contains higher remaining area. In 67 municipalities there are remnants that can be converted into protected areas. The biggest benefit from the creation of parks in 100% of its remnants would be Rio Claro, in 75% and 50% would Angra dos Reis. In the case of establishing APAs using 100%, 75% or 50% of their remaining forest the city to receive greater value would pass Angra dos Reis. / A cria??o de unidades de conserva??o visa ? preserva??o e/ou conserva??o da biodiversidade. Entretanto, o espa?o a elas reservado limita, por vezes, o desenvolvimento e o crescimento econ?mico, podendo gerar conflitos. Para minimizar esse problema, em 1991, foi criado no Paran? o ICMS Ecol?gico, cujo objetivo inicial foi compensar os munic?pios que tivessem inseridas em seu territ?rio unidades de conserva??o. Mais treze estados da federa??o seguiram exemplo do Paran? e, com algumas varia??es em rela??o aos crit?rios adotados para o repasse, tamb?m criaram e implementaram esse instrumento. Entre eles, est? o estado do Rio de Janeiro, que atrav?s da lei n? 5.100, de 4 de outubro de 2007, criou o ICMS Verde. Os crit?rios adotados por esse estado levam em conta a exist?ncia de unidades de conserva??o, a qualidade da ?gua e a administra??o dos res?duos s?lidos em cada munic?pio. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o potencial dos munic?pios do estado do Rio de Janeiro de participa??o no repasse do ICMS Verde a partir da cria??o de novas unidades de conserva??o. A metodologia adotada para a realiza??o deste trabalho consiste em simular a cria??o de Parques e APAs em tr?s cen?rios distintos, utilizando 100%, 75% ou 50% dos remanescentes florestais de cada um dos 92 munic?pios do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os ?ndices de ?rea protegida municipal e os ?ndices relativos de ?rea protegida municipal necess?rios para determinar o valor a ser repassado a cada munic?pio seguiram as orienta??es presentes no Decreto 41.844, de 04 de maio de 2009. Dos 92 munic?pios do estado do Rio de Janeiro, 28 possuem unidades de conserva??o sob sua tutela, sendo que as mesmas ocupam uma ?rea de 98.449ha, equivalente a 8,43% dos remanescentes florestais do estado, sendo o munic?pio de Parati aquele que cont?m maior ?rea de remanescentes. Em 67 munic?pios ainda h? remanescentes florestais pass?veis de serem convertidos em unidades de conserva??o. O maior beneficiado com a cria??o de Parques em 100% de seus remanescentes seria o munic?pio de Rio Claro, em 75% e 50% seria Angra dos Reis. No caso da cria??o de APAs utilizando 100%, 75% ou 50% de seus remanescentes florestais, o munic?pio a receber maior valor de repasse seria Angra dos Reis.

A etnoconservação é uma abordagem teórica em construção que visa salvaguardar a conservação e gestão da biodiversidade incluindo a valorização sociocultural, tendo como pressuposto a indissociável relação entre a biodiversidade e a dimensão humana. Neste trabalho, adotaram-se dispositivos legais que podem dar subsídios a ações de base etnoconservacionista em ambientes altamente fragmentados que apresentam vulnerabilidade no contexto socioambiental. Em decorrência de diversas pressões, como o avanço da urbanização em detrimento das áreas naturais remanescentes na cidade rururbana de Porto Alegre, o objetivo desta dissertação é realizar uma análise etnoconservacionista dessa cidade, caracterizando a circulação e o acesso dos Guarani-mbyá aos ecossistemas da região. Esse objetivo geral desdobra-se em: a) descrever o processo de criação da cidade rururbana de Porto Alegre; b) caracterizar socioambientalmente as Áreas Protegidas da cidade rururbana e c) avaliar a circulação dos Guarani-mbyá em seu território, com ênfase no acesso destes aos ecossistemas da região e tendo em vista a proposição de abertura de diálogos e a adoção de instrumentos de conservação e gestão da biodiversidade de acordo com direitos, costumes e tradições dos Guarani-mbyá. A metodologia adotada caracterizou-se por uma abordagem qualitativa. A caracterização da constituição do município de Porto Alegre, a evolução da urbanização até a criação da Macrozona cidade rururbana no Plano de Desenvolvimento Urbano Ambiental – PDDUA – foi realizada por meio de revisão bibliográfica, análise documental e fotográfica, como também a caracterização das Áreas Protegidas da cidade rururbana de Porto Alegre. Também foram realizadas entrevistas com técnicos e pesquisadores que atuam com os Guarani-mbyá na região e o mapeamento das Áreas Protegidas com ênfase nas tekoás Anhetenguá, Pindó Poty e TI Cantagalo. Além disso, desenvolveu-se um conjunto de técnicas de geoprocessamento em um mosaico de imagens do satélite SPOT 5 de 2011, adquiridas a partir do programa Google Earth Pro 4.2 (beta) em abril/2012. Com o Software ArcMap versão 9.3 as imagens foram georeferenciadas através de pontos de controle. No mesmo programa, as geoinformações foram organizadas no formato Geodatabase com a construção de uma tabela de atributos. A Base Hidrográfica foi adquirida na Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental – FEPAM. Contou-se também com arquivos digitais para uso em SIG, em abril/2012, no formato “shape file”. Para acabamento gráfico dos mapas foi utilizado o Software Photoshop CS5 versão 12.0. Os mapas apresentam-se em escala de 1:15000. Os resultados demonstram a complexidade do território tradicional guarani fragmentado pelo processo de colonização e urbanização, tensões e restrições de uso nas áreas naturais do entorno das tekoás. A condição desses territórios, localizados na interface da dimensão rural e urbana, e a proteção do patrimônio ambiental e cultural, são discutidas no contexto da Mata Atlântica e do povo Guarani-mbyá, com ênfase nas Áreas Protegidas e nas áreas de circulação guarani. / Ethno-conservation is a theoretical approach that aims to safeguard the biodiversity’s conservation and management in accordance with the socio-cultural appreciation, presupposing the inseparable relationship between biodiversity and human dimensions. In this dissertation, legal means to subsidize ethno-conservation actions on fragmented environments that present vulnerability on the socio-environmental context were adopted. Due to many factors, such as the expansion of urban areas into the remaining natural urban-rural areas in the city of Porto Alegre, the goal of this dissertation is to analyze the ethno-conservation of urban-rural areas in the city of Porto Alegre, characterizing the Guarani-Mbya ecosystems’ movement and access. The general aim is divided in three parts: a) to describe the urban-rural areas development process in Porto Alegre; b) to characterize the city’s protected urbanrural areas in relation to socio-environmental aspects; and c) to evaluate the movement of the Guarani-mbyá in their territory, specially related to ecosystems’ access, in opposite to the open dialogue and use of conservation tools and biodiversity management, according to the Guarani-mbyá’s rights, traditions and habits. In order to develop this dissertation, there were adopted qualitative investigative methodological procedures. The constitution characterizations of the city of Porto Alegre, as well as the urban evolution up to the creation of an urban-rural city on the PDDUA (Urban-Enviormental Development Plan) was created based on bibliographic review, analysis of documents, photos and characteristics of the urbanrural protected areas of Porto Alegre. Furthermore, interviews were conducted with experts and researchers that work with the Guarani-Mbya in the region and the mapping of protected areas emphasizing tekoás Anhetenguá, Pindó Poty and TI Cantagalo. The field record has been done with techniques in mosaic environment of satellite images SPOT 5 of 2011, taken from the software Google Earth Pro 4.2 (beta) on April/2012. The images were referenced geographically using control points with the Software ArcMap version 9.3. In the same software, the geographic information was organized in the format Geodatabase by building a table of attributes. The Hydrographic Base was acquired in the State Foundation of Environmental Protection - FEPAM. Digital files to be used in GIS, on April/2012, in the format "shape file" were also exerted. The software Photoshop CS5 version 12.0 was used to finalize the graphic map. The maps are presented in a 1:15,000 scale. The results show the complexity of traditional Guarani territory fragmented by the processes of colonization and urbanization and tensions and restrictions in natural areas surrounding the tekoás. The territories’ conditions, located at the interface of urban and rural dimension, and protection of the cultural and environmental heritage are discussed in the context of the Atlantic Forest and the Guarani-Mbya people, with emphasis on protected areas and areas of outstanding Guarani.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2018-08-08T13:06:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Ana Carolina Marques de Oliveira.pdf: 2679291 bytes, checksum: 45f07178e07bd1ba891d59c35b4f71a7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T13:06:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Ana Carolina Marques de Oliveira.pdf: 2679291 bytes, checksum: 45f07178e07bd1ba891d59c35b4f71a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-30 / In a scenery of lack of financial and human resources for the protected areas management, and great anthropic pressure in the territory around them, the mosaics of protected areas rise as a strategies to enforce their implementation and improve their management. By involving protected areas from different spheres of government, private protected areas, and representatives of civil society, mosaics are an integrated management figure of the territory that requires great effort of articulation and present a singular complexity for a management which is indeed participatory. The mosaics are managed by councils composed of representatives of government and civil society, with the conduction by a coordination and executive secretariat. Often, the lack of financial and human resources dedicated to its management makes the work of mosaics of protected areas intermittent. This leads to its destructuring and reduces its capacity of action and articulation for environmental management of the territory. Furthermore, as an instrument of public policy, it is important that the effectiveness of the mosaics be periodically evaluated and improved. This study aims to evaluate this management effectiveness and verify the common potentials and challenges in the management of Mosaics of Protected Areas. This evaluation was made by applying the Gidsick?s protocol (2013), adapted by Hermmann e Costa (2015). The results showed that the Central Fluminense and Mico-le?o-dourado mosaics show medium effectiveness, the Carioca and Bocaina mosaics show low effectiveness and the Mantiqueira mosaic shows no effectiveness on its management. Besides that, all of them show to be effective on their governance, but with serious difficulties in the management scope, which affects the capacity of execution and effectiveness of the sociodiversity and biodiversity aspects. Comparisons were made between the mosaics studied to support the elaboration of proposals for their improvement, using cluster analysis and a qualitative matrix of effectiveness. The proposals developed should be discussed and accepted by the mosaic councils and adapted by them so that they can be implemented. The strengthening of mosaics will only be achieved through actions involving a real partnership between government and civil society, with a division of responsibilities and activities so that this conservation tool can function efficiently. However, it is essential that the government and civil society take joint responsibility for this conservation instrument to function efficiently. / Em um cen?rio de car?ncia de recursos financeiros e humanos para a gest?o de unidades de conserva??o, e de grande press?o antr?pica nos territ?rios que as envolvem, os Mosaicos de ?reas Protegidas surgem como uma das estrat?gias para fortalecer a implementa??o e aprimorar a gest?o das mesmas. Por envolver Unidades de Conserva??o de diferentes esferas de governo, ?reas particulares e representantes da sociedade civil, os mosaicos s?o uma figura de gest?o integrada do territ?rio que exige grande esfor?o de articula??o e apresentam uma complexidade singular para a gest?o participativa de fato. Os mosaicos s?o geridos por colegiado composto por representantes do governo e da sociedade civil, com a condu??o por uma coordena??o e secretaria executiva. Muitas vezes, a falta de recursos financeiros e humanos dedicados ? sua gest?o faz com que o trabalho dos mosaicos de ?reas protegidas se mostre intermitente. Isto leva ? sua desestrutura??o e reduz sua capacidade de atua??o e articula??o para gest?o ambiental do territ?rio. Al?m disso, como instrumento de pol?tica p?blica, ? importante que a efetividade dos mosaicos seja periodicamente avaliada e melhorada. Este estudo visa avaliar a efetividade de gest?o e verificar as potencialidades e os desafios comuns na gest?o dos Mosaicos de ?reas Protegidas no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Esta avalia??o foi realizada com base no Protocolo de Gidsicki (2013), adaptado por Hermmann e Costa (2015). Os resultados mostraram que os mosaicos Central Fluminense e Mico Le?o Dourado apresentam efetividade m?dia, Carioca e Bocaina efetividade baixa, e Mantiqueira n?o apresenta efetividade. Apesar disso, todos se mostram efetivos no aspecto de governan?a, mas com dificuldades no ?mbito gest?o, o que afeta a capacidade de execu??o e a efetividade nos ?mbitos sociodiversidade e biodiversidade. Foram tra?adas compara??es entre os mosaicos estudados para embasar a elabora??o de propostas para o seu fortalecimento, utilizando an?lise de agrupamento e matriz qualitativa de efetividade. As propostas desenvolvidas devem ser discutidas e aceitas pelos conselhos de mosaico e adaptadas por eles para que possam ser implementadas. O fortalecimento dos mosaicos s? ser? alcan?ado por meio de a??es que envolvam uma parceria real entre governo e sociedade civil, com divis?o de responsabilidades e atividades para que este instrumento de conserva??o possa funcionar de maneira eficiente.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-10-16T18:43:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Felipe Martins Cordeiro de Mello.pdf: 3086568 bytes, checksum: a0ef07009412e60bba5d202f649f3f0f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-16T18:43:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Felipe Martins Cordeiro de Mello.pdf: 3086568 bytes, checksum: a0ef07009412e60bba5d202f649f3f0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-21 / MacArthur Foundation / In their origins, and especially from the point of view of conservation biology, ecological corridors were defined as portions of natural or semi-natural - restored - ecosystems that connected forest fragments, located generally in protected areas, in order to enable among them the movement of the biota and thus the gene flow. It should be noted a dual function: to both facilitate the dispersion of species and recolonization of degraded areas, and ensure the maintenance of populations that require, for their survival, natural areas with greater extent of that contained in protected areas considered separately. This initial concept, strictly biological imprint, acquired an interdisciplinary character when incorporated the socio-cultural and economic dimensions giving rise to the concept of Biodiversity Corridor. It corresponds to a large area of extreme biological importance, consisting of a network of protected areas interspersed with varying degrees of human occupation or different forms of land use, in which the management is integrated to ensure the survival of all species the maintenance of ecological and evolutionary processes and the development of a strong regional economy. This is a proposal for spatial planning to plan conservation actions on a regional scale and involving different sectors of society. Within this perspective, several international and national initiatives are being put into practice using as basis the concept of connectivity. In Australia the government created the National Wildlife Corridors and is implementing, on a continental scale, actions to restore connectivity. In the Mesoamerican region an initiative involving eight countries - the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor - has achieved good conservation outcomes which influenced one of these countries - Costa Rica - to implement the National Biological Corridors as one of the bases of its environmental policy. In Brazil, where the concepts of connectivity and corridors have been implemented for over almost two decades, important advances have been recorded. In the state of Esp?rito Santo, for example, actions to implement the Central Corridor of the Atlantic are running and bringing direct benefits to the stakeholders. This study aimed to evaluate different initiatives of biodiversity corridors around the world and in Brazil doing a critical analysis of the successes and difficulties encountered and suggesting recommendations to contribute to the improvement of the same. / Em seus origens e, sobretudo, do ponto de vista da conserva??o biol?gica, os Corredores Ecol?gicos foram definidos como por??es de ecossistemas naturais ou seminaturais ?restaurados-, que ligam remanescentes florestais, localizados, em geral, em Unidades de Conserva??o, com objetivo de possibilitar entre eles o movimento da biota e, consequentemente, o fluxo de genes. Salienta-se assim uma dupla fun??o: tanto facilitar a dispers?o de esp?cies e a recoloniza??o de ?reas degradadas, como assegurar a manuten??o de popula??es que demandam para sua sobreviv?ncia ?reas naturais com extens?o maior de aquela contida em Unidades de Conserva??o consideradas separadamente. Esse conceito inicial, de cunho estritamente biol?gico, adquiriu um car?ter interdisciplinar quando incorporou as dimens?es socioculturais e econ?micas dando origem ao conceito de Corredor de Biodiversidade. Ele corresponde a uma grande ?rea de extrema import?ncia biol?gica, composta por uma rede de unidades de conserva??o entremeadas por ?reas com variados graus de ocupa??o humana ou diferentes formas de uso da terra, na qual o manejo ? integrado para garantir a sobreviv?ncia de todas as esp?cies, a manuten??o de processos ecol?gicos e evolutivos e o desenvolvimento de uma economia regional forte. Trata-se de uma proposta de ordenamento territorial de modo a planejar a??es de conserva??o em uma escala regional e envolvendo diversos setores da sociedade. Dentro dessa ?tica, v?rias iniciativas internacionais e nacionais est?o sendo postas em pr?ticas utilizando como base, o conceito de conectividade. Na Austr?lia o governo criou o Plano Nacional de Corredores da Vida Selvagem e vem implementando, em escala continental, a??es para restaura??o da conectividade. Na regi?o Mesoamericana uma iniciativa que envolve oito pa?ses ? o Corredor Biol?gico Mesoamericano ? vem alcan?ando bons resultados de conserva??o o que influenciou um desses pa?ses ? a Costa Rica ? a implementar o Programa Nacional de Corredores Biol?gicos como uma das bases de sua pol?tica ambiental. No Brasil, aonde os conceitos de conectividade e de corredores v?m sendo implementados ao longo de quase duas d?cadas, importantes avan?os tem sido registrados. No estado do Esp?rito Santo, por exemplo, a??es para implanta??o do Corredor Central da Mata Atl?ntica est?o sendo executadas e trazendo benef?cios diretos para as partes envolvidas. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes iniciativas de corredores de biodiversidade ao redor do mundo e no Brasil fazendo uma an?lise cr?tica dos ?xitos alcan?ados e das dificuldades encontradas e sugerindo recomenda??es visando contribuir para o aprimoramento das mesmas.

[Truncated abstract] The extent to which marine populations are connected by larval dispersal is crucial to their distribution, maintenance and diversity. Thus, for the effective conservation of threatened systems such as coral reefs, understanding patterns of connectivity is essential. However, the biophysical mechanisms that retain or disperse larvae within and among populations are poorly understood. Though the open ocean environment provides the opportunity for long-distance dispersal, if this potential is only rarely realised, recruits produced from afar are unlikely to contribute to the local-scale demography of populations over ecological time frames, but will limit broad-scale genetic diversification over evolutionary time. This thesis explores the extent of genetic and demographic connectivity of two species of reef-building corals over a range of spatial scales among the discontinuous reef systems of northwest Australia. ... Putative source and sink dynamics were not random, but were associated with levels of disturbance and recovery from a recent and catastrophic coral bleaching. When S. hystrix samples from another two offshore systems were included in the analysis, large differences among systems showed that gene flow over hundreds of kilometres is rare over microevolutionary time scales that account for connections over multiple generations. Levels of subdivision over the same spatial scales were markedly lower in the acroporid coral, Acropora tenuis, than in S. hystrix. These results are congruent with expectations based on reproductive mode; in contrast to S. hystrix, which releases brooded larvae that are competent to settle immediately, A. tenuis broadcasts its gametes, and after external fertilisation, the larvae need to develop for several days before they are competent to settle. Despite the differences in levels of broad-scale subdivision, in both species significant differentiation was detected between reefs within systems (>10 km), and between sites within some reefs (< 10 km). These results indicate not only that dispersal between reefs and even some reef patches is restricted, but also that hydrodynamics influence retention of brooded and spawned larvae in similar ways. Further analysis of A. tenuis populations from two coastal systems detected significant differences in genetic diversity among the four major systems of northwest Australia. Additionally, genetic divergence between the coastal and offshore zones was greater than expected by the geographic separation of systems, indicating that connectivity between these zones via transport of A. tenuis larvae on oceanic currents occurs rarely even over microevolutionary time scales. This study has two primary implications for conservation. First, since coastal and offshore reefs of northwest Australia appear to be discrete genetic entities, they have independent evolutionary potential to adapt to local conditions and environmental change. Second, systems, reefs and some reef patches of northwest Australia are demographically independent units. Therefore, designs of coral reserve networks should consider routine dispersal distances of kilometres to a few tens of kilometres.

<p>A variety of radiation sources exist at the Department of Radiology and the Department of Nuclear Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge. Radiation sources can also be found in areas outside of these departments due to the wide use of mobile xray machines and fluoroscopic c-arm equipment and also due to the movement of patients that have received diagnostic or therapeutic doses of radionuclides.</p><p>In a proposal for a new legislation from the Swedish Radiation Protection Authority (SSI), which was later issued as legislation SSI FS 2005:6, the effective doses of the general public from a practice using ionising radiation need to be kept below stated limit of 0.1 mSv/year. This project was performed to verify the dose limit for individuals of the general public in the above mentioned practices.</p><p>Long-term measurements with TL-dosimeters were utilised to carry out the environmental monitoring of the areas throughout the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. To assess the contribution of ionising radiation from rooms housing mobile fluoroscopic c-arm equipment to surrounding areas, a tissue equivalent phantom of size (30×30×20 cm3) was employed to simulate a patient and the scattered radiation was monitored by using area monitors, such as portable proportional counters. The annual effective doses were calculated in terms of personal dose equivalent as well as ambient dose equivalent monitored using TL-dosimeters and area monitors, respectively. The stated limit of 0.1 mSv/year to the general public was verified by risk analysis.</p><p>An attempt to create a method for determining the amount of radiation shielding in terms of lead equivalence in walls, doors, protective glasses of manoeuvre rooms and cupboards of diagnostic x-ray labs was also performed using a radiation point source of 99mTc and a NaI scintillation detector. Depending on the accuracy in the measurements the amount of lead deviated slightly from the expected 2 mm value based on the former legislation SSI FS 1991:1.</p>

<p>Transboundary protected areas are a fairly recent concept that have been increasing in popularity and are increasingly being integrated into large international organizations’ environmental policy making. This essay examines the phenomena through the cooperation between two national parks, Parc National des Pyrénées in France and Parque Nacional Ordesa Monte Perdido in Spain. The theoretical framework used in this essay is based upon border theory, focusing on the different factors that influence the behavior of the border dweller and how the different social conceptions of nature influence the way it is managed. The results in this study result from researching published and private documents from the national parks and interviews carried out with staff from the park administrations from both countries. The collaboration between these two national parks dates back twenty years and the cooperation has been carried out in many small projects. Historical ties between the villages in the border region, which also shares a common culture and lingual heritage, have inspired the cooperation. There are also economical benefits that influence the collaboration, such as the European Union’s regional policy that provides funds for transboundary cooperation. A mutual world heritage site, Pyrénées – Mont Perdu, is also situated within the parks’ territories, which should be managed conjointly by the national parks. However, an in-depth and well-integrated cooperation has not been found, as difference in the nature and how the organizations themselves are managed and regulated has generated a long and complicated course for decisions regarding cooperation. It appears that even if nature itself might be boundless, the national jurisdictions that prevail over nature are clearly adhered to and there are no available transboundary structures designed to handle a cooperation of this kind.</p> / <p>Gränsöverskridande naturvård är ett relativt nytt koncept som alltmer ökat i popularitet och även inlemmats i flera stora internationella organisationers naturvårdspolicy. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka gränsöverskridande naturvård mellan två angränsande nationalparker, Parc National des Pyrénées i Frankrike och Parque Nacional Ordesa Monte Perdido i Spanien. Uppsatsen har utgått ifrån gränsteoretiska utgångspunkter i form av vilka faktorer som påverkar gränsbeteendet och med särskilt fokus på hur föreställningar om naturen påverkar hur denna förvaltas. Samarbetet har granskats genom dokument publicerade av parkerna samt genom intervjuer med personal i de båda parkerna. Nationalparkerna har under drygt tjugo år haft en viss samverkan som konkretiserats genom flera småskaliga projekt. Samarbetet har inspirerats av en historisk samverkan mellan byarna i gränsregionen som har ett gemensamt språk och kulturarv samt ekonomiska incitament i form av den Europeiska Unionens stöd för samverkan mellan gränsregioner. Inom nationalparkernas område återfinns även ett gemensamt världsarv, Pyrénées – Mont Perdu, som skall förvaltas av nationalparkerna tillsammans. Studien visar dock att en fördjupad samverkan mellan parkerna inte har kunnats implementeras i praktiken, eftersom naturen förvaltas och regleras på olika sätt i de båda nationalparkerna. Skillnader mellan Parc National des Pyrénées och Parque Nacional Ordesas förvaltningsstruktur och administrationssätt gör att beslutsvägen för samarbetsfrågor blir lång och komplicerad. Även om naturen själv är gränslös, visar studien att de bestämmelser som råder över den, är starkt bundna till den nationella organisationsformen och att det i nuläget inte finns någon gränsöverskridande struktur som kan hantera frågor av detta slag.</p>