Volvo Group är ett av världens ledande tillverkare av bland annat lastbilar, bussar, entreprenadmaskiner och motorer för marina och industriella applikationer. Volvo Group äger totalt 10 olika märken, dessa är: Volvo Trucks, UD Trucks, Renault Trucks, Mack Trucks, Group Trucks Asia & JVs, Volvo Construction Equipment, Volvo Bus, Volvo Penta, Volvo Financial Services och Governmental Sales. Initiativet till projektet togs av Metod och Processutvecklings avdelningen på Volvo Group Trucks Operations (GTO), som är den delen av Volvo Group som utför själva sammansättningen av lastbilar. Volvo GTO finns i flertal olika länder världen över vilket leder till att arbetsprocesserna kan skilja mellan länderna. För att kunna standardisera ett arbetssätt där konstruktören (komponent ägaren) tillsammans med geometri arkitekten kan göra en första ergonomisk analys på den berörda komponenten. För att detta ska vara möjligt så tog projektet fram en handbok på hur man som komponentägare skall gå tillväga för att få en så bra och korrekt analys som möjligt. I denna kandidatarbete tas det upp förslag på hur VR hade kunnat hjälpa till ett utvärderingsverktyg redan i konstruktionsstadiet när en ny produkt/komponent ska tas fram eller om det ska göras förbättringar på en befintlig komponent. Kandidatarbetet har valt att fokusera mest på hur konstruktören och geometri arkitekten ska kunna utvärdera de ergonomiska aspekterna med VR som hjälp. Projektet har undersökt två user case varav ett av dem presenteras i denna rapport. Detta gäller monteringen av värmeskydd. Anledningen till att just denna montering valdes är på grund av dess dåliga ergonomi och åtkomlighet. Projektet valde att göra både en RULA-analys och PLIBEL-analys. RULA-analysen gav hög totalpoäng, 7 av 7 medan PLIBEL endast är en analys på arbetsplatsen vilket gav ett bra underlag för fortsatt arbete. Studien visade att VR är ett väldigt bra hjälpmedel vid analys av ergonomiska aspekter i tidig design fas. Det ger relevanta resultat och har potential för besparingar i resurser och kostnader inom utvecklingsprocessen. För att förbättra kandidatarbetes resultat har det gjorts besök på ESI-Group som har gått in med stöttning i form av VR utrustning och workshop. Detta gav projektmedlemmarna en inblick på möjligheterna man har med VR. / Volvo Group is one of the Worlds leading manufacturer in the categories trucks, busses, construction equipment and engines for the marine and industrial applications. Volvo Group consist of many different brands 10 in total, these are: Volvo Trucks, UD Trucks, Renault Trucks, Mack Trucks, Group Trucks Asia & JVs, Volvo Construction Equipment, Volvo Bus, Volvo Penta, Volvo Financial Services and Governmental Sales. The initiative for the project came from Method and Process Development within Volvo Trucks Tuve Plant, department at Volvo Group Trucks Operations (GTO), which is the part of Volvo Group performing the actual production of the trucks. Volvo GTO is located worldwide in several different countries, which leads to different work processes. To standardize a method where the designer (component owner) together with the geometry architect can make a first ergonomics analysis of the concerned component. To make this possible, the project presented a manual on how the component owner should proceed to obtain as good and correct analysis of ergonomics as possible. This bachelor thesis makes suggestions for how VR would be helpful in the design phase as an evaluation tool during development of a new product/component or whether improvements should be made to an existing component. The thesis has focused mostly on how the designer and geometry architect can evaluate the ergonomics aspects with VR as a help, already in the design phase. The project has investigated two user cases. One of them is presented in this report. This applies to the installation of heat shield, the reason that this particular assembly was chosen is due to its poor ergonomics and accessibility. The project chose to do a RULA-analysis and PLIBEL-analysis. The RULA analysis gave a high total score, 7 out of 7, while PLIBEL was an analysis at the workplace. Both proved to be a good basis for continued work.  The study shows that VR is a great tool for analysis of the ergonomics aspects in early design phase. It gives relevant results and has the potential for savings in resources and cost in product development process. To improve the results of the thesis, there have been visits on ESI-Group which has sponsored the thesis in the form of VR equipment and workshop. This gave the project members an insight into the possibilities of VR.

This study is a software usability design case about information presentation in a software dash­board. The dashboard is supposed to present system information about an enterprise resource planning system. The study aims to evaluate if the intended users of the dash­board prefer a list-based or an object-based presentation of the information and why. It also investigates if the possi­bility to get familiar with the prototype affects the evaluation’s result. The study was performed using parallel prototypes and evaluation with users. The use of parallel prototypes is a rather unexplored area. Likewise, little research has been done in the area of how user experience changes over time. Two prototypes were created, presenting the same information in two different design solutions, one list-based, and one object-based. The prototypes were evaluated with ten presumptive users, with respect to usability. The evaluation consisted of two parts, one quantitative and one qualita­tive. Half of the respondents got a chance to get familiar with the list-based prototype, and half the object-based prototype, after which they evaluated both sequentially. The result of the evaluation showed that seven out of ten respondents preferred the list-based prototype. The two primary reasons were that they are more used to the list-based concept from their work, and that the list-based prototype presented all information about an application at once. In the object-based prototype the user had to make a request for each type of information, which opened up in a new pop-up window. The primary reason that three of the ten respondents preferred the object-based prototype was that it had a more modern look, and gave a cleaner impression since it only presented the information the respondent was interested in at each point in time. The result also implied that the possibility to get familiar with the prototype by testing it for a couple of days affected the result. Eight out of ten respondents preferred the prototype they got familiar to, and the only ones that liked or preferred the object-based prototype were those who had gotten familiar with it.   The results of the study support the results of the existing research done by Dow et al. (2010) on the use of parallel prototypes, i.e. creating several prototypes in parallel, and conform with the results of the research of Karapanos et al. (2009) on how user experience changes over time. Some other interesting information that emerged from the study was that all but one of the respondents thought that the prototype they got familiar with had an acceptable level of usability. The study also validated that all respondents are positive to use a dashboard in their work, and that the presented information was enough for a first version of the dashboard. It also validated that the different groups of users would use the dashboard differently, and therefore are in need of slightly different information.

Detta examensarbete utfördes på Karlstads universitet i samarbete med Volvo Car Group, en svensk tillverkare av premiumbilar. Arbetet är fokuserat på ett kvalitetsproblem på Volvos produktionslinje då ett tillverkningsfel uppstår när montörer sätter sig i bilarna för att utföra arbetsuppgifter. Detta gäller på andra generationen av XC90 och senare bilmodeller. Ett permanent instegsveck uppstår och återhämtar sig inte när kunden får sin bil levererad. Idag har Volvo inga provmetoder som kan efterlikna problemet och ett arbete sattes igång under 2015 för att komma fram till en ny provmetod. Arbetet fick avslutas mitt i projektet pga. andra prioriteringar, vilket resulterade i en prototyp som behövdes utvärderas vidare för att kunna bli en fullständig provmetod.   Målet för det här examensarbetet var att utvärdera prototypen med hjälp av designprocessen. En förstudie utfördes med fokus på information från det tidigare projektet, nuvarande provmetoder, läderteknik, granskning av sätesdesign, benchmarking och observationer på Volvos bilmodeller direkt från fabriken och ute hos återförsäljare. Efter förstudien påbörjades en utvärdering om prototypen kunde efterlikna problemet mellan Volvos olika varianter av stolar, såsom sportstolar. Genom att betygsätta resultatet med en betygsskala mellan 1–5 var det möjligt att se stor skillnad mellan stolarna med referens från produktion. Andra typer av slitage som nötningsskador uppstod innan det önskade resultatet, speciellt på stolar inriktade på god komfort. På sportstolarna var den avancerade geometrin ett problem att applicera efter provmetodens möjligheter.   Sista delen av projektarbetet utfördes det en bedömning av prototypen baserat på resultatet från mätningarna. Prestandan från prototypen bedöms vara svår att efterskapa på alla typer av stolar. Ett av de större problemen var att få lädret i ett skört tillstånd då prototypen hade en begränsad rörelse. För att projektet skulle fortlöpa så utfördes en kort granskning baserat på erfarenheterna där fokus låg på faktorer som hade påverkat resultatet mest, dessa var rörelse och material. Resultatet för att kunna efterlikna samma instegsveck i produktion är det optimalt med en tryckrörelse på 45° riktat mot sätets sidobolster samt ett mjukt PUR-skum. Detta gav ett optimalt resultat på alla stolar utan att andra slitage uppstod. För att lösa problemet är det nödvändigt för Volvo att titta på två områden, antingen åtgärder inom produktion med extra skydd eller tillämpa konstruktionsändringar i stolarna med en nyutvecklad provmetod som är framtagen på rätt premisser. / This thesis was carried out at Karlstad University and in corporation with Volvo Car Group, a premium car manufacturer from Sweden. The work focuses on a quality problem at the assembly line. A problem occurs on the front seats with the new generation of XC90 and further released car models. It is to Volvo Cars knowledge that an early wear occurs on the leather seats when assemblers ingress and egress the cars during work tasks and the wear then never recovers. To fix this problem and previous work has been carried out at Research & Development in 2015 but was unfortunately required to be held because of other priorities. The previous work resulted in a prototype which purpose was to become a new test method to this issue. However, the prototype needed further investigation to verify if it can replicate the early wear like the seats at the assembly line.   The goal of the research was to evaluate the prototype with a theory based on Engineering Design Process. A pre-study was performed focusing on collecting data from the previous project, current test methods, leather technology, seat design, benchmarking as well as an excursion of Volvo’s lineup of cars at the assembly line and dealerships. After the pre study, a measurement task was performed with the variety of different seat design. This was done to evaluate whether the prototype met the requested requirements or not. By grading the result with a number between 1-5 it was possible to see a difference between the seat design and to replicate the wear problem. Other attritional wear would occur before the desired outcome of wear, especially on comfort seats. It was hard to apply the sports seat to the benefits of the prototype because of the more advanced design.   The last part consisted of an assessment on the prototype and was based on its performance. The results show that the prototype does have a problem to replicate the wear and isn’t applicable on all available seats. One of the main issues was to get the leather in a brittle state based on the movement from the prototype. Furthermore, a short research was carried out on in-depth knowledge of this work to gain an understanding and cognition for continued work. For replicate the requested wear a pressure movement was required at a 45° angle and aimed to the seat side bolster with a soft polyurethane foam. It shows successfully results at every kind of seat design. To solve this issue it’s necessary for Volvo to consider precautions at the assembly line or changes in seat design with a newly developed test method based on the right premises.

The aim of this work is to compile the linguistic picture of Chods, that is how the word is fixed in the language and the conceptual system of a native speaker. For this purpose, canonical literature has been chosen that thematizes Chods, furthermore some Chod newspapers, corpus syn2013pub and Jindřich's song-books and a few collections of Chod fairytales and legends representing folk literature. This thesis has also drawn upon systemic data, i. e. dictionaries wherein the word Chod can be found in order to record the denotations of this word. Next, the thesis explored the etymology of the word Chod and its synonyms, which also helps to clarify the objective of this work. All the data have been analysed and the connotations, collocations and also attittude towards the dennotation have been gathered that have been featured in more sources to compile the linguistic picture of Chods. Among the most frequent collocations and connotations confirmed in more than one source are Chodsko, border service, privileges and duties of Chods, Kozina and Lomikar, the uprising, Újezd, rebels, defenders against the Germans, nacionalism, freedom, a traditional costume, dialect, music, bagpipes, pies, Chod festival, ceramics, farmers, a banner, a dog, stubborness, repulsion, pride, distinctiveness, togetherness, hard...

Due to the rapid development of technology, electrical products are being shipped all over the world. The electronic components have gotten greater in capacity but are smaller in size, making them sensitive to electrostatic discharge (ESD). ESD packaging protects sensitive components from electrostatic discharge and electrical fields. There are different types of packaging solutions depending on the sensitivity of the product. Rigid packaging of insulating paperboard, impregnated with a thin, conductive carbon layer was used in this study. The conductive material is supposed to lead the static electricity away from the product, to the packaging which is insulated, where it safely can discharge. The inside of the packaging, normally dressed in a foam to protect the device inside, is supposed to be replaced with paperboard. The purpose of this master thesis is to investigate whether or not an ESD-packaging can be created by coating a paperboard with a dispersion containing nanographite and nanocellulose. Solid Bleached Board is a paperboard made by the mill Iggesund Paperboard, used for graphical products and packaging of high quality. Paperboard is made from cellulose, an environmentally sustainable raw material from the forest. Classifications of materials used in ESD packaging-solutions are divided into how quickly electricity moves through the material. Carbon is normally within the range of 10^2 to 10^6 Ω for sheet- and volume resistance. Maximal charge and maximal electrical discharge of the packaging are by standard not supposed to exceed 100 V and 50 nJ. Two different nanographite dispersions with different binders (polyvinyl alcohol and cellulose nanofibres) have been made. These have been coated onto the paperboard using a bench-coater. Measurements of ESD- and paperboard-properties have been performed onto the paperboard. The measured values were within the range of what was considered acceptable to be able to create an ESD packaging. The prototype was designed materially with solid bleached board, coated with a dispersion made of 220g nanographite, 22g cellulose nanofibres and 3791g water with a solid content of 8,2%. The design has been developed with the company's existing packaging in mind together with information about the already existing ESD packages. The results from the measurements show that it is fully possible to create and produce ESD-packaging, but needs further testing after this thesis. Societal, ethical and environmental aspects have been considered during the entire study. / På grund av den snabba tekniska utvecklingen transporteras elektriska produkter över hela världen. Elektroniska komponenter har fått större kapacitet men är mindre i storleken vilket gör dem känsliga för elektrostatisk urladdning (ESD). ESD-förpackningar skyddar känsliga komponenter från elektrostatisk urladdning och elektriska fält. Det finns olika typer av förpackningslösningar beroende på produktens känslighet. Styva förpackningar av isolerande kartong, impregnerade med ett tunt, elektriskt ledande kolskikt användes i denna studie. Det ledande materialet leder den statiska elektriciteten bort från produkten, till förpackningen som är isolerad, där den säkert kan urladdas. Förpackningens insida, som normalt är klädd med ett skum för att skydda produkten inuti, är tänkt att ersättas med kartong. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka om en ESD-förpackning kan skapas genom att bestryka ett kartongark med en dispersion innehållande nanografit och nanocellulosa. Homogen helblekt kartong (Solid Bleached Board, SBB) är en kartong tillverkad av pappersbruket Iggesund Paperboard, som används för grafiska produkter och förpackningar av hög kvalitet. Kartong är tillverkad av cellulosa, ett miljövänligt och hållbart material från skogen. Klassificeringar av material som används i ESD-förpackningar är indelade i hur snabbt elektricitet rör sig genom materialet. Kol ligger normalt inom intervallet 10^2 till 10^6 Ω för yt- och volymresistans. Maximal uppladdning och maximal elektrisk urladdning av förpackningen ska inte överstiga 100 V och 50 nJ. Två olika dispersioner med olika bindemedel (polyvinylalkohol och cellulosa nanofibrer) har tillverkats. Dessa har bestrukits på kartongen med en bänkbestrykare. Mätningar av ESD- och kartong-egenskaper har utförts på kartongen. Mätdata låg inom det intervall som ansågs vara acceptabelt för att kunna skapa en ESD-kartong. Prototypen, sample B, är designad materiellt med homogen helblekt kartong, bestruken med en dispersion gjord av 220g nanografit, 22g cellulosa nanofibrer och 3791g vatten med en torrhalt på 8,2%. Designen har utvecklats med företagets befintliga förpackningar i åtanke tillsammans med information om de redan existerande ESD-förpackningarna. Resultaten från mätningarna visar att det är fullt möjligt att skapa och producera ESD-kartong, men det kräver ytterligare tester efter denna studie. Samhälleliga-, etiska- och miljöaspekter kommer att beaktas under hela studien.

This Diploma Thesis deals with modern technologies such as 3D scanning, rapid prototyping and vacuum casting to production of prototype form. It considers advantages and disadvantages of the modern technologies compared to traditional process of manufacturing prototype form and economical contribution using the modern technologies. Part of the thesis considers a choice of suitable manufacturing technology of a particular product.

The purpose of this thesis was to design and implement a prototype of binary topology sensor network (as proposed in patent CZ 306855 B6). Important part was evaluation of this type of network. A survey of commonly used sensors and technologies used in intelligent buildings and sensor networks was created. The gathered information was used for the evaluation. A network for analog signal transmission was designed and implemented (including all the elements) based on the patent proposal. A number of configurations was proposed to test the network features. Measurements were performed using all the proposed configurations. Two devices were used for the measurement: STM32 Nucleo F303K8, MyRIO (by National Instruments). Looking at the measured data, we can tell that the consistency is good enough to declare this network functional as a concept. However, we cannot recommend this type of network for high precision applications at the time, due to some accuracy and consistency issues. We have also detected relatively significant noise in the data. That could be caused by many external influences, partly by faulty design of the components.

This diploma thesis describes both the theoretical and practical part of the process of design and implementation of interactive computer software for the~management of~the~quality control of the~devices, assigned by SIGMA GROUP a.s., more precisely its Energo division, which is engaged in the maintenance and repair of pumping equipment. The theoretical part explains the concept of user experience, its acquisition methods, specification of~requirements and interface design methods. The next part is focused on the description of the~formats used by common text editors. Within the theoretical part is described the design of the interactive application itself. In the practical part there is a description of the main parts of the system and the conclusions from the system testing.

This thesis explains meaning of user experience, its main aspects, selected methodology, its integration into agile development process and what UX maturity level can be represented in real company. It also deals with analysis of selected existing user interfaces used for network print management and its end users. Prototyping and user testing methods are iteratively applied to these user interfaces. Evaluation of these methods concludes the thesis with a recommendation what UX processes should be integrated for future development of user interfaces in Y Soft.

This thesis deals with the integration of auxiliary data knowledge into machine learning methods especially prototype based classification models. The problem of classification is diverse and evaluation of the result by using only the accuracy is not adequate in many applications. Therefore, the classification tasks are analyzed more deeply. Possibilities to extend prototype based methods to integrate extra knowledge about the data or the classification goal is presented to obtain problem adequate models. One of the proposed extensions is Generalized Learning Vector Quantization for direct optimization of statistical measurements besides the classification accuracy. But also modifying the metric adaptation of the Generalized Learning Vector Quantization for functional data, i. e. data with lateral dependencies in the features, is considered.:Symbols and Abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation and Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Utilized Data Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 Prototype Based Methods 19 2.1 Unsupervised Vector Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.1.1 C-means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.1.2 Self-Organizing Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.1.3 Neural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.1.4 Common Generalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.2 Supervised Vector Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.2.1 The Family of Learning Vector Quantizers - LVQ . . . . . . 36 2.2.2 Generalized Learning Vector Quantization . . . . . . . . . 38 2.3 Semi-Supervised Vector Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.3.1 Learning Associations by Self-Organization . . . . . . . . . 42 2.3.2 Fuzzy Labeled Self-Organizing Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.3.3 Fuzzy Labeled Neural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.4 Dissimilarity Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.4.1 Differentiable Kernels in Generalized LVQ . . . . . . . . . 52 2.4.2 Dissimilarity Adaptation for Performance Improvement . 56 3 Deeper Insights into Classification Problems - From the Perspective of Generalized LVQ- 81 3.1 Classification Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 3.2 The Classification Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 3.3 Evaluation of Classification Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 3.4 The Classification Task as an Ill-Posed Problem . . . . . . . . . . . 92 4 Auxiliary Structure Information and Appropriate Dissimilarity Adaptation in Prototype Based Methods 93 4.1 Supervised Vector Quantization for Functional Data . . . . . . . . 93 4.1.1 Functional Relevance/Matrix LVQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4.1.2 Enhancement Generalized Relevance/Matrix LVQ . . . . 109 4.2 Fuzzy Information About the Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4.2.1 Fuzzy Semi-Supervised Self-Organizing Maps . . . . . . . 122 4.2.2 Fuzzy Semi-Supervised Neural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 5 Variants of Classification Costs and Class Sensitive Learning 137 5.1 Border Sensitive Learning in Generalized LVQ . . . . . . . . . . . 137 5.1.1 Border Sensitivity by Additive Penalty Function . . . . . . 138 5.1.2 Border Sensitivity by Parameterized Transfer Function . . 139 5.2 Optimizing Different Validation Measures by the Generalized LVQ 147 5.2.1 Attention Based Learning Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 5.2.2 Optimizing Statistical Validation Measurements for Binary Class Problems in the GLVQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 5.3 Integration of Structural Knowledge about the Labeling in Fuzzy Supervised Neural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 6 Conclusion and Future Work 165 My Publications 168 A Appendix 173 A.1 Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 A.2 Support Vector Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 A.3 Fuzzy Supervised Neural Gas Algorithm Solved by SGD . . . . . 179 Bibliography 182 Acknowledgements 201