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Influência da Motilidade Gastrintestinal no processo de desintegração de comprimidos / Influence Gastrointestinal Motility on tablet disintegrating processPires, Deivid William [UNESP] 04 March 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A via oral de administração de fármacos é seguramente a mais empregada, não apenas pela facilidade de administração, mas também pela adesão do paciente ao tratamento. Dentre as formas de apresentação oral, os comprimidos são os mais utilizados, uma vez que são apresentações bastante seguras e estáveis. Para o desenvolvimento de novas formulações é essencial o conhecimento de parâmetros fisiológicos que possam influenciar no desempenho da forma farmacêutica. É possível supor que parâmetros da atividade motora do trato gastrintestinal podem trazer implicações significativas na biodisponibilidade de fármacos administrados por via oral. A Prucaloprida é um agonista do receptor 4-serotonina com conhecidos efeitos colocinéticos e possíveis efeitos procinéticos, acelerando a propulsão do conteúdo lumial. Assim, estudar o efeito da Prucaloprida no trânsito gastrintestinal se torna importante, já que pode influenciar no processo de desintegração de comprimidos e na biodisponibilidade de um fármaco. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da Prucaloprida no Trânsito Gastrintestinal e como esse efeito influi nos processos de desintegração de um comprimido e na biodisponibilidade do Metronidazol (marcador farmacocinético). Foram produzidos lotes de comprimidos contendo 100 mg de metronidazol, com e sem adição de ferrita na formulação, para estudar os fatores de correlação entre os perfis de dissolução, in vitro, e verificar a influência da ferrita no processo de dissolução do fármaco. Cada lote foi avaliado através de testes farmacotécnicos e avaliados segundo o perfil de dissolução. Para os experimentos in vivo, cada voluntário foi submetido a duas fases de estudos, em dias distintos, para avaliar a biodisponibilidade do metronidazol. Os dispositivos BAC multissensor e monossensor foram empregados para a avaliação em tempo real do processo de desintegração do comprimido e avaliar os parâmetros de trânsito no trato gastrintestinal. Os lotes de comprimidos com e sem ferrita tiveram perfis de dissolução significativamente diferentes para concentração dissolvida e eficiência de dissolução, mas apresentaram similaridade segundo o fator f2 proposto por Moore & Flaner, 1996, com variação máxima de 10% entre elas. Nos ensaios in vivo, o efeito do tratamento por prucaloprida provocou significativa redução no TEG e na biodisponibilidade do metronidazol sérico. A Prucaloprida, em dose de 1 mg, apresentou efeitos significativos no Trânsito Gastrintestinal e em parâmetros da biodisponibilidade do Metronidazol (MT), devido a rápida exposição do conteúdo gástrico ao intestino delgado e, dessa forma, alterando significativamente a taxa de absorção do MT. / The oral route of drugs administration is surely the most used, not only for being easily employed, but also due to the patient adhesion. Among them, tablets are the most common, since they present safe and stable features. In order to develop new formulations, it is essential to acknowledge some physiological parameters and their influence on the pharmaceutical form performance. It is possible to speculate that motor activity parameters of the gastrointestinal tract might interfere in the drug availability after oral administration. Prucalopride is a 4-serotonine receptor agonist with known colonkinetic and possible prokinetic effects, which accelerates the luminal content propulsion. Therefore, it is important to study its effects on the gastrointestinal transit, since it might influence the tablet disintegration process and bioavailability. The objective of this study was to assess the Prucalopride effect on the gastrointestinal transit and how it affects the tablet disintegration process and the Metronidazol (pharmacokinetic marker) bioavailability. Tablet batches were produced, 100 mg of Metronidazol, with and without ferrite, in order to study correlation factors between the in vitro dissolution process for each batch. The influence of the ferrite in the drug dissolution process was also evaluated. Each batch was assessed by pharmacokinetic tests and by their dissolution profile. On regards to the in vivo experiment, each volunteer was submitted to a two phase study, in distinct days, in order to assess the metronidazol bioavailability. Both monossensor and multissensor ACB systems were employed in the real time evaluation of the tablet disintegration process and in the assessment on the gastrointestinal transit parameters. Both tablet batches (with and without ferrite) showed different dissolution profiles for dissolved concentration and dissolution efficiency, although some similarities were found in the f2 factor, proposed by Moore & Flaner, 1996, with maximum variation of 10% between them. Regarding the in vivo study, the prucalopride treatment demonstrated a significant reduction effect in the gastric emptying time and in the serum metronidazol bioavailability. The prucalopride, at 1 mg, produced significant effects in the gastrointestinal transit and in the metronidazol bioavailability due to the fast exposure of the gastric content to the small bowel and, therefore, modifying significantly, the metronidazol absorption rate.
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Influência da Motilidade Gastrintestinal no processo de desintegração de comprimidosPires, Deivid William. January 2016 (has links)
Orientador: José Ricardo de Arruda Miranda / Resumo: A via oral de administração de fármacos é seguramente a mais empregada, não apenas pela facilidade de administração, mas também pela adesão do paciente ao tratamento. Dentre as formas de apresentação oral, os comprimidos são os mais utilizados, uma vez que são apresentações bastante seguras e estáveis. Para o desenvolvimento de novas formulações é essencial o conhecimento de parâmetros fisiológicos que possam influenciar no desempenho da forma farmacêutica. É possível supor que parâmetros da atividade motora do trato gastrintestinal podem trazer implicações significativas na biodisponibilidade de fármacos administrados por via oral. A Prucaloprida é um agonista do receptor 4-serotonina com conhecidos efeitos colocinéticos e possíveis efeitos procinéticos, acelerando a propulsão do conteúdo lumial. Assim, estudar o efeito da Prucaloprida no trânsito gastrintestinal se torna importante, já que pode influenciar no processo de desintegração de comprimidos e na biodisponibilidade de um fármaco. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da Prucaloprida no Trânsito Gastrintestinal e como esse efeito influi nos processos de desintegração de um comprimido e na biodisponibilidade do Metronidazol (marcador farmacocinético). Foram produzidos lotes de comprimidos contendo 100 mg de metronidazol, com e sem adição de ferrita na formulação, para estudar os fatores de correlação entre os perfis de dissolução, in vitro, e verificar a influência da ferrita no processo de dissolução do fárm... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The oral route of drugs administration is surely the most used, not only for being easily employed, but also due to the patient adhesion. Among them, tablets are the most common, since they present safe and stable features. In order to develop new formulations, it is essential to acknowledge some physiological parameters and their influence on the pharmaceutical form performance. It is possible to speculate that motor activity parameters of the gastrointestinal tract might interfere in the drug availability after oral administration. Prucalopride is a 4-serotonine receptor agonist with known colonkinetic and possible prokinetic effects, which accelerates the luminal content propulsion. Therefore, it is important to study its effects on the gastrointestinal transit, since it might influence the tablet disintegration process and bioavailability. The objective of this study was to assess the Prucalopride effect on the gastrointestinal transit and how it affects the tablet disintegration process and the Metronidazol (pharmacokinetic marker) bioavailability. Tablet batches were produced, 100 mg of Metronidazol, with and without ferrite, in order to study correlation factors between the in vitro dissolution process for each batch. The influence of the ferrite in the drug dissolution process was also evaluated. Each batch was assessed by pharmacokinetic tests and by their dissolution profile. On regards to the in vivo experiment, each volunteer was submitted to a two phase study, in... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre
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The biasing of the 5-HT4 receptor as an antidepressant targetTrottier, Giacomo 04 1900 (has links)
La dépression majeure peut être très dommageable pour le 8% des Nord-Américains qui en souffriront au moins une fois durant leur vie. Les traitements actuels de la dépression ont été créés grâce à la compréhension de l'hypothèse de la monoamine; où les transporteurs de la sérotonine ou les enzymes sont bloqués ou inhibés afin de maintenir le neurotransmetteur (NT) dans la fente synaptique. Sur une période de plusieurs semaines, cette augmentation de NT encourage la plasticité synaptique, ce qui augmente la sensibilité de réponse de 5-HT dans la fente synaptique. Cette forme de traitement est efficace chez 40% des patients, tandis que les 60% restants ont une réponse partielle ou nulle. Dans les modèles de dépression chez la souris des changements dans les niveaux de phosphorylation de CREB sont corrélés aux effets antidépresseurs (AD). Dans le cas RS67333, des effets AD apparaissent après 2 à 3 jours de traitement. Les effets anti-anhédoniques sont démontrés par la réponse au traitement. RS67333 est un agoniste spécifique du récepteur 5-HT4, un récepteur couplé à la protéine G (GPCR) qui est généralement situé, après synapses, dans les régions du système limbique. Il existe d'autres ligands qui sont également spécifiques au récepteur 5-HT4: 5-HT, Zacopride, Prucalopride et ML10302, mais les mêmes effets anti-anhédoniques constatés lors de RS67333 n’ont pas été observés. Comment RS67333 est-il différent des autres en termes de signalisation? Nous avons utilisé le transfert d’énergie par résonnance de bioluminescence (BRET) pour étudier les interactions 5-HT4R avec les sous-unités, α β γ de la protéine G et nous avons comparé ces associations avec d'autres agonistes connus de 5-HT4. Nous avons constaté que RS67333 est un agoniste partiel et qu’il active un changement conformationnel de la protéine Gαs, mais n’active pas un changement conformationnel de la protéine Gαo. Prucaloride, 5-HT et Zacopride induisent aussi un changement de conformation du complexe Gαs, mais pas ML10302. Pour la formation de Gαo, Prucalopride, ML10302 et 5-HT agissent comme des agonistes, mais pas zacopride ni RS67333. Nous avons utilisé un test de dosage immuno-enzymatique sur support solide (ELISA) pour mesurer l’intériorisation induite par les ligands pour étudier la régulation des récepteurs. Nous avons constaté que RS67333 et ML10302 n’induisent pas l'internalisation du récepteur, tandis que zacopride, prucalopride et 5-HT sont très efficaces. L'efficacité sous-optimale des ADs actuels met l’accent sur la nécessité de développer des médicaments avec d'autres mécanismes d'action. RS67333 a des effets persistants anti-anhédoniques après une courte période de temps, et d'autres études de ses propriétés de signalisation pourraient donner lieu à une nouvelle génération d’antidépresseurs rapides de longue durée d’action. / Major Depression can be very damaging on the 8% of North Americans that will have it at least once within their lifetime. Current treatments of depression have been developed through the understanding of the monoamine hypothesis; whereby serotonin (5-HT) transporters or enzymes are blocked or inhibited in order to maintain the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft. Over a period of several weeks this increase in NT induces synaptic plasticity which increases the response sensitivity of 5-HT in the synaptic cleft. This form of treatment is effective on 40% of patients, while the remaining 60% have partial or no response. In mouse models of depression, changes in phosphorylation levels of CREB correlated to antidepressants (AD) effects. In the case of RS67333 AD effects appear within 2-3 days of treatment. The response can be evidenced as anti- anhedonic. RS67333 is specific agonist for 5-HT4 receptor, a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that is typically located post synaptically, in limbic regions. There are other ligands that are also specific to receptor 5-HT4: 5-HT, Zacopride, prucalopride and ML10302, but have not been observed to have the same anti-anhedonia effects of RS67333. How does RS67333 differ from the others in terms of signaling? We used bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) to study the interactions of 5-HT4R with the α β γ subunits of the G protein and we compared these associations with other known 5-HT4 agonists. We found that RS67333 was a partial agonist and activated a conformational change of the Gαs protein but did not activate a conformational change of Gαo protein. Prucaloride, 5-HT and Zacopride also induced a conformational change of the Gαs complex but not ML10302. For the formation of Gαo, Prucalorpide, ML10302 and 5-HT acted as agonists, but not Zacopride. We used an ELISA assay to measure ligand induced internalization to study receptor regulation. We found that RS67333 and ML10302 did not induce receptor internalization, while Zacopride, Prucalopride and 5-HT were very effective. The suboptimal efficacy of current ADs stresses the need to develop drugs with other mechanisms of action. RS67333 has persistent anti-anhedonia effects after a short period of time and further studies of its signalling properties may open up a new generation of fast and long acting antidepressants.
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Les récepteurs 5-HT4b adoptent différentes conformations ligand-spécifique ayant des propriétés de signalisation et de régulation distinctesYounes, Stephane Y. 04 1900 (has links)
Les antidépresseurs actuels sont très similaires au niveau de leur mécanisme d’action et sont plus ou moins efficaces. Un des problèmes majeurs est leur long temps de latence à fournir une action thérapeutique dû aux adaptations des sites pré et post synaptiques. Dans un modèle animal, nous avons récemment découvert que l’agoniste RS67333 des récepteurs 5-HT4 était en mesure de produire en trois jours les mêmes effets antidépresseurs qui normalement prennent de deux à trois semaines à apparaître avec les antidépresseurs actuellement disponibles. De plus, nous avons constaté que les effets antidépresseurs de cet agoniste possédaient une résistance à la tolérance. Il y a d’autres agonistes du même récepteur, tel que le prucalopride qui ne produit pas d’effets antidépresseurs comme RS67333. Étant donné que l’efficacité du Prucalopride à stimuler les 5-HT4Rs est similaire sinon plus grande que celle de RS67333, nous avons énoncé l’hypothèse que le récepteur 5-HT4 pourrait adopter différentes conformations actives suite à son activation par différents agonistes. Nous avons ainsi décidé d’explorer les principales réponses fonctionnelles des récepteurs 5-HT4B en observant leurs propriétés de régulation et de signalisation.
Nous avons montré que l’isoforme B du récepteur 5-HT4, étant hautement exprimé dans le système limbique, détient une signalisation et une régulation différentes dépendant du ligand activateur. Nos résultats indiquent que chacun des agonistes testés (5-HT, RS67333, ML10302, Zacopride, Prucalopride) modulent distinctivement la production d’AMPc et l’internalisation du récepteur. Les résultats nous ont clairement permis de déterminer que les agonistes possèdent une efficacité et ou puissance différentes les uns par rapport aux autres. De plus, l’ordre d’efficacité des agonistes à moduler la voie de l’AMPc était (Prucalopride > Zacopride = ML10302 = 5-HT > RS67333) et est différente de leur ordre d’efficacité à induire la régulation du récepteur par internalisation (5-HT > Zacopride > Prucalopride > ML10302 = RS67333). Ainsi, nous avons montré que les 5-HT4Rs adoptent des conformations qui sont ligand-spécifiques.
Cela implique que la sélectivité fonctionnelle serait un facteur important à considérer dans les mécanismes d’action antidépresseur des agonistes de ce récepteur. / Antidepressants currently available are very similar toward their mechanism of action and are more or less effective. One major problem is their long latency to provide a therapeutic effect due to adaptations of pre and post synaptic locations. In an animal model, we recently discovered that the agonist RS67333 of the 5-HT4 receptors was able to produce in three days the same antidepressant effects that normally take two to three weeks to appear with the currently available antidepressants. In addition, we found that the antidepressant effects of this agonist had a resistance to tolerance. There are others agonists of the same receptor such as prucalopride, which does not produce antidepressant effects as RS67333. Since the effectiveness of prucalopride to stimulate 5-HT4Rs is similar if not greater than RS67333, we stated the hypothesis that the 5-HT4 receptor could adopt different active conformations following its activation by various agonists. We decided to explore the major functional responses of 5-HT4B by observing their regulatory and signaling properties.
We showed that the B isoform of the 5-HT4, being highly expressed in the limbic system, has a different signaling and regulation depending on the ligand. Our results indicate that each of the agonists tested (5-HT, RS67333, ML10302, Zacopride, Prucalopride) distinctively modulate cAMP production and receptor internalization. The results have clearly identified that agonists differed in potency and efficacy. Moreover, the order of effectiveness of agonists to modulate the cAMP pathway was (prucalopride> zacopride = 5-HT = ML10302> RS67333) different from their order of effectiveness in inducing receptor regulation by internalization (5-HT> Zacopride> Prucalopride> RS67333 = ML10302). Thus, we have shown that 5-HT4Rs adopt conformations that are ligand-specific. This implies that functional selectivity is an important factor in the mechanisms of antidepressant action of this receptor agonists.
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Les récepteurs 5-HT4b adoptent différentes conformations ligand-spécifique ayant des propriétés de signalisation et de régulation distinctesYounes, Stephane Y. 04 1900 (has links)
Les antidépresseurs actuels sont très similaires au niveau de leur mécanisme d’action et sont plus ou moins efficaces. Un des problèmes majeurs est leur long temps de latence à fournir une action thérapeutique dû aux adaptations des sites pré et post synaptiques. Dans un modèle animal, nous avons récemment découvert que l’agoniste RS67333 des récepteurs 5-HT4 était en mesure de produire en trois jours les mêmes effets antidépresseurs qui normalement prennent de deux à trois semaines à apparaître avec les antidépresseurs actuellement disponibles. De plus, nous avons constaté que les effets antidépresseurs de cet agoniste possédaient une résistance à la tolérance. Il y a d’autres agonistes du même récepteur, tel que le prucalopride qui ne produit pas d’effets antidépresseurs comme RS67333. Étant donné que l’efficacité du Prucalopride à stimuler les 5-HT4Rs est similaire sinon plus grande que celle de RS67333, nous avons énoncé l’hypothèse que le récepteur 5-HT4 pourrait adopter différentes conformations actives suite à son activation par différents agonistes. Nous avons ainsi décidé d’explorer les principales réponses fonctionnelles des récepteurs 5-HT4B en observant leurs propriétés de régulation et de signalisation.
Nous avons montré que l’isoforme B du récepteur 5-HT4, étant hautement exprimé dans le système limbique, détient une signalisation et une régulation différentes dépendant du ligand activateur. Nos résultats indiquent que chacun des agonistes testés (5-HT, RS67333, ML10302, Zacopride, Prucalopride) modulent distinctivement la production d’AMPc et l’internalisation du récepteur. Les résultats nous ont clairement permis de déterminer que les agonistes possèdent une efficacité et ou puissance différentes les uns par rapport aux autres. De plus, l’ordre d’efficacité des agonistes à moduler la voie de l’AMPc était (Prucalopride > Zacopride = ML10302 = 5-HT > RS67333) et est différente de leur ordre d’efficacité à induire la régulation du récepteur par internalisation (5-HT > Zacopride > Prucalopride > ML10302 = RS67333). Ainsi, nous avons montré que les 5-HT4Rs adoptent des conformations qui sont ligand-spécifiques.
Cela implique que la sélectivité fonctionnelle serait un facteur important à considérer dans les mécanismes d’action antidépresseur des agonistes de ce récepteur. / Antidepressants currently available are very similar toward their mechanism of action and are more or less effective. One major problem is their long latency to provide a therapeutic effect due to adaptations of pre and post synaptic locations. In an animal model, we recently discovered that the agonist RS67333 of the 5-HT4 receptors was able to produce in three days the same antidepressant effects that normally take two to three weeks to appear with the currently available antidepressants. In addition, we found that the antidepressant effects of this agonist had a resistance to tolerance. There are others agonists of the same receptor such as prucalopride, which does not produce antidepressant effects as RS67333. Since the effectiveness of prucalopride to stimulate 5-HT4Rs is similar if not greater than RS67333, we stated the hypothesis that the 5-HT4 receptor could adopt different active conformations following its activation by various agonists. We decided to explore the major functional responses of 5-HT4B by observing their regulatory and signaling properties.
We showed that the B isoform of the 5-HT4, being highly expressed in the limbic system, has a different signaling and regulation depending on the ligand. Our results indicate that each of the agonists tested (5-HT, RS67333, ML10302, Zacopride, Prucalopride) distinctively modulate cAMP production and receptor internalization. The results have clearly identified that agonists differed in potency and efficacy. Moreover, the order of effectiveness of agonists to modulate the cAMP pathway was (prucalopride> zacopride = 5-HT = ML10302> RS67333) different from their order of effectiveness in inducing receptor regulation by internalization (5-HT> Zacopride> Prucalopride> RS67333 = ML10302). Thus, we have shown that 5-HT4Rs adopt conformations that are ligand-specific. This implies that functional selectivity is an important factor in the mechanisms of antidepressant action of this receptor agonists.
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