A dor crônica (DC) é um problema global de saúde. A incidência da DC no mundo oscila entre 7 e 40% da população e, como consequência da mesma, cerca de 50 a 60% dos que sofrem dela ficam parcial ou totalmente incapacitados, de maneira transitória ou permanente, comprometendo de modo significativo a qualidade de vida. Sabe-se que a divisão pré-límbica (PrL) do córtex pré-frontal medial (CPFM) é uma região importante na elaboração da dor e de seus aspectos cognitivos e emocionais. Há evidências que a DC de origem neuropática (DN) é capaz de provocar mudanças morfológicas, resultando em uma reorganização nas redes neurais do CPFM, e existe alta relação de comorbidade entre ansiedade e DC. Sendo assim, necessita-se de estudos que forneçam aprimoramento dos modelos animais em DC para que, assim, investiguem-se as bases neuroanatômicas, neurofisiológicas e psicofarmacológicas da DN e a participação de áreas corticais na gênese e manutenção da dor. Para isso, o presente trabalho foi dividido em três etapas: 1) Avaliação dos aspectos nociceptivos, motores e afetivo-cognitivos de ratos submetidos a um modelo adaptado de injúria por constrição crônica do nervo isquiático (CCI: uma ligadura) comparando com o modelo clássico de Bennett e Xie (CCI: quatro ligaduras): nossos resultados mostraram que o modelo adaptado de CCI produziu hipersensibilidade ao frio (teste de acetona) e alodinia mecânica (teste de von Frey) semelhante ao causado pelo modelo de CCI com quatro ligaduras. Ambos os grupos CCI apresentaram comportamento do tipo ansioso, depressivo e déficits cognitivos, utilizando-se o modelo de campo aberto (open field), teste de nado forçado e teste de reconhecimento de objeto, respectivamente. Contudo, o modelo adaptado pode ser uma melhor opção, visto que uma simples ligadura não provoca prejuízos motores, nem tampouco o comportamento de autotomia, diferentemente dos animais com CCI em que foram realizadas 4 ligaduras. 2) A - Estudo do efeito da Indometacina (2mg/kg), um antiinflamatório não-esteroidal, administrada por via periférica (IP) sobre a DN: a indometacina diminuiu a alodinia mecânica no primeiro, segundo e quarto dias, mas não no décimo quarto, vigésimo primeiro e vigésimo oitavo dias após a CCI adaptada (1 ligadura). Esses dados sugerem que a COX-1 e a COX-2 estão envolvidas na mediação da indução, mas não na manutenção da DN. B - Envolvimento do córtex PrL sobre a geração, potencialização e manutenção da DN, através da microinjeção local de cloreto de cobalto (CoCl2: 1mM/200nL), um bloqueador do influxo de cálcio (causando bloqueio de sinapses). O CoCl2 atenuou a alodinia mecânica no vigésimo primeiro e vigésimo oitavo, mas não no sétimo e décimo quarto dias após a CCI com 1 ligadura. Nossos dados também indicam que córtex PrL participa na elaboração da fase tardia da alodinia mecânica em nosso modelo adaptado de DN. C - Investigação do papel do sistema glutamatérgico, endocanabinoide e endovaniloide do córtex PrL sobre a alodinia mecânica 21 dias após a CCI adaptada. Os presentes resultados mostraram que a microinjeção do agonista N-metil D-Aspartato (NMDA), nas concentrações de 1 e 4 nmol, foi capaz de aumentar a alodinia mecânica durante o teste de von Frey, enquanto que um antagonista de receptores de aminoácidos excitatórios do tipo NMDA, o LY235959, diminuiu a alodinia mecânica quando microinjetado na maior dose (8nmol) no córtex PrL. O AM251, um antagonista de receptores endocanabinoides do tipo CB1, aumentou a alodinia mecânica em todas as doses (50, 100 e 200pmol) quando microinjetado no PrL. O tratamento do PrL com a menor concentração de anandamida (AEA: 5pmol) não alterou a alodinia mecânica; contudo, a administração de AEA no PrL nas doses intermediárias (de 50 e de 100pmol) reduziu a alodinia mecânica, e este efeito foi bloqueado pelo pré-tratamento do PrL com AM251 (200pmol). Digno de nota, o tratamento do PrL com a maior dose de AEA (200pmol) aumentou a alodinia mecânica, no entanto, este efeito foi atenuado pelo bloqueio prévio de receptores de potencial transitório vaniloide do tipo 1 (TRPV1), com microinjeções de 6 Iodo-nor-di-hidrocapsaicina (6-I-CPS) na dose de 3pmol no PrL. Esses dados sugerem que o córtex PrL está envolvido na potenciação e manutenção da DN crônica (DNC), através da ativação dos receptores NMDA e dos receptores TRPV1. O efeito da atenuação da alodinia mecânica foi causado pela ativação dos receptores endocanabinoides do tipo CB1 em roedores com DNC após 21 dias da CCI. 3) Investigação da comorbidade entre a DNC com ansiedade/pânico e o efeito dos agonistas e antagonistas de receptores NMDA e CB1 no PrL em roedores confrontados com serpente após 21 dias da CCI pelo método adaptado: o confronto entre roedores e serpentes constrictoras induziu nos ratos respostas relacionadas ao medo, tais como avaliação de risco, imobilidade defensiva e fuga em animais com DNC e Sham. Além disso, após terem sido confrontados com a serpente, os animais com DNC tiveram a alodinia mecânica aumentada. O pré-tratamento do PrL com NMDA (4nmol) aumentou o índice e porcentagem de avaliação de risco e a porcentagem de fuga, e a dose intermediária de NMDA (1nmol) aumentou o índice de fuga em animais neuropáticos confrontados com uma serpente constrictora. Além disso, a alodinia mecânica foi intensificada após o confronto em animais que receberam NMDA (4nmol) no PrL. Adicionalmente, os animais tratados com LY235959 diminuíram os comportamentos defensivos apresentados por animais com DNC quando confrontados com a salamanta. Além disso, esses animais pré-tratados com o antagonista de receptores NMDA tiveram seus limiares de von Frey aumentados após o confronto. O bloqueio de receptores endocanabionoides do tipo CB1, com o antagonista AM251, aumentou o comportamento de avaliação de riscos dos animais com DN crônica durante a exposição com a serpente e tiveram seus limiares de retirada de pata no teste de von Frey diminuídos após o confronto. Contudo, o pré-tratamento do PrL com AEA (100pmol) diminuiu os comportamentos defensivos de avaliação de risco, imobilidade defensiva e de fuga dos animais com DNC confrontados com a serpente, e esses animais também apresentaram aumento do limiar de retirada de pata no teste de von Frey após o confronto. Interessantemente, a dose de AEA (200pmol) não alterou comportamento defensivo, mas agravou DNC, através da diminuição do limiar de alodinia mecânica, apresentando um clássico efeito em \"U invertido\", pois menor e a maior dose de AEA (50 e 200pmol) induziram valores de comportamentos defensivo elevados, semelhante ao controle (veículo). Concluindo, os presentes dados obtidos no nosso trabalho, sugerem que o modelo adaptado de CCI, através da realização de uma ligadura do nervo isquiático, é um modelo animal eficaz para se estudarem as comorbidades entre DC e alterações cognitivas e emocionais. A diminuição da atividade das enzimas COX-1 e COX-2 atenuou a alodinia mecânica apenas durante a gênese da DN. Além disso, evidenciou-se que o córtex PrL é recrutado para elaborar a DN durante sua manutenção e potencialização. A ativação dos receptores glutamatérgicos do tipo NMDA e vaniloides do tipo TRPV1 potencializam a DNC e o sistema endocanabinoide via receptor CB1 a diminui. Finalmente, roedores com DNC tiveram seus limiares de alodinia mecânica diminuídos após o confronto com a serpente. Os comportamentos defensivos foram intensificados em animais com DNC, mostrando, assim, o estabelecimento da comorbidade entre DC e ansiedade/pânico e a participação do neocórtex na elaboração da DNC, em um modelo de neuropatia periférica induzida pela constrição crônica no nervo isquiático em ratos Wistar. A comorbidade entre ansiedade/pânico e DNC sensibiliza os animais, agravando o quadro de dor crônica. / Chronic pain (CP) is a global health problem. The incidence of CP in the world ranges from 7 to 40% of the population and, as a consequence, about 50% to 60% of those suffering from it are partially or totally incapacitated, in a transitory or permanent manner significantly compromising the quality of life. The prelimbic (PrL) division of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is an important region for the elaboration of cognitive and emotional aspects of pain. In addition, chronic neuropathic pain (CNP) can induce morphological changes, resulting in a reorganisation in the mPFC neurons. Moreover, there is an intrinsic relation between CP and anxiety disorder. Our study aims to investigate the effects of a modification of an animal model of CP and evaluate the neuroanatomical and pharmacological bases of neuropathic pain (NP). The role played by PrL cortex in the modulation of CNP was also investigated. Thus, the present work was divided into three steps: 1) Ethological analysis of nociceptive, motor and affective-cognitive aspects of rats submitted to an adapted model of chronic constriction of the ischiadicus nervus (CCI: a simple ligature) compared with the classic CCI model performed by Bennett and Xie (CCI: four ligatures): our results showed that the adapted-CCI model produced cold hypersensitivity and mechanical allodynia similar to those described in laboratory animals submitted to the model with four ligatures of the ischiadicus nervus. Both CCI groups displayed anxiety- and depression-like responses, and cognitive deficits, in the the open field test, forced swim test and object recognition test, respectively. However, the adapted model of CCI used in the present work may be a better choice, since a simple ligature of the ischiadicus nervus cause neither motor deficits, nor autotomy behaviour, unlike the animals with CCI induced by four ligatures of spinal nerves. 2) A- Effect of Indomethacin (2mg/kg) a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug peripherally administered (IP) on NP: The peripheral treatment with indomethacin reduced mechanical allodynia on the first, second, and fourth days, but not on the fourteenth, twenty-first, and twenty-eighth days after adapted CCI. These findings suggest that COX-1 and COX-2 are involved in the mediation of NP induction, but not in the maintainance of NP. B- Involvement of the PrL cortex on the generation, potentiation and maintenance of DN, through the microinjection of cobalt chloride (CoCl2: 1mM/200nL), a calcium influx blocker (synapse blocker): CoCl2 attenuated mechanical allodynia at twenty-first and twenty-eighth, but not at seventh and fourteenth days after CCI. Our data also indicate that PrL cortex participates in the elaboration of the chronic phase of mechanical allodynia in our adapted NP model. C- The role of the glutamatergic, endocannabinoid and endovanniloid systems of the PrL cortex on mechanical allodynia 21 days after CCI: The present data showed that microinjection of the N-methyl D-Aspartate agonist (NMDA), in a dose of 1 and 4nmol, was able to increase the mechanical allodynia threshold during mechanical stimulation by von Frey test filaments, whereas the NMDA receptors antagonist LY235959 decreased mechanical allodynia when microinjected at the highest dose (8nmol) in the PrL. The PrL cortex pretreatment with the CB1-cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM251 increased mechanical allodynia at all doses (50, 100 and 200 pmol). Microinjections of anandamide (AEA) at the smaller dose (5pmol) in PrL did not cause influence in the mechanical allodynia. However, the PrL treatment with AEA at the intermediate doses (50 and 100pmol) reduced mechanical allodynia and that effect were blocked by the pretreatment of the PrL cortex with AM251 (200pmol). Interestingly, the higher dose of AEA (200pmol) increased mechanical allodynia. Furthermore, this effect was attenuated by the PrL pretreatment with the transient potential receptor antagonist type 1 (TRPV1) ion channel selective antagonist 6 Iodonordihidrocapsaicin (6-I-CPS) in a dose of 3 pmol. These findings suggest that the PrL cortex is involved in the potentiation and maintenance of CNP through the activation of NMDA receptors and TRPV1 receptors in PrL cortex. The effect of attenuation of mechanical allodynia was caused by the activation of CB1 endocannabinoid receptors in rodents with CNP after 21 days of CCI. 3) Investigation of the comorbidity between CNP with anxiety/panic and the effect of NMDA glutamatergic and CB1 endocannabinoid receptors on PrL cortex after 21 days of CCI in rodents. The confrontation between a constrictor snake and the rodent elicited innate fear-related responses in prey, such as risk assessment, defensive immobility, and escape behaviour that were enhanced in CNP rodents and Sham. Also, after a confrontation with a potential predator, the CNP animals increased their mechanical allodynia thresholds. In adition, the microinjection of NMDA (4nmol) PrL, increased innate fear-related responses, such as risk assessment, and the treatment of PrL with NMDA at 1nmol incresed escape behaviour in rodents with CNP. The treatment of the PrL with NMDA in a dose of 4nmol increased the mechanical allodynia threshold during mechanical stimulation by von Frey test filaments, after confrontantion, whereas PrL pretreatment with LY235959 decreased innate fear-related responses, such risk assessment, defensive immobility, and escape behavior and decreased mechanical allodynia when microinjected (4 and 8nmol). The PrL Pretreatment with the CB1-cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM251 (all doses) increased unconditioned fear-related responses, such as risk assessment. Moreover, AM251 (100 and 200pmol) microinjections in the PrL increased mechanical allodynia after prey versus predator confrontation. The microinjections of AEA (100pmol) in the PrL decreased risk assessment, defensive immobility, and escape behaviour and reduced mechanical allodynia. Interestingly, the pretreatment of the PrL with the higher dose of AEA (200pmol) did not change the fear-induced behaviour elicited by predators, but increased the CNP. There was a classical inverted U-shape curve from the lower to the higher dose of AEA. These data suggest that the anxiety/panic and pain comorbidity increases CNP symptoms. The present findings also indicate that the CCI-adapted model, by ischiadicus nervus ligation with a single ligature is an effective animal model for studying comorbidities between CP and cognitive/emotional disturbances. In conclusion, we observed that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are efficient to attenuate the mechanical allodynia only during NP genesis. The PrL cortex is recruited during the maintenance and potentiation of NP. The PrL glutamatergic system via NMDA activation and endovaniloid mechanisms related to TRPV1 ion channel activation potentiate CNP, and the endocannabinoid mechanisms via CB1 receptors recruitment decrease the CNP. Finally, rodents with CNP had their mechanical allodynia thresholds decreased after the confrontation with wild snakes. In addition, their defensive behaviours were itemised, thus showing the anxiety/panic and CNP potential comorbidity and the participation of the neocortex in the elaboration of CP in a model of peripheral neuropathy induced by injury of the ischiadicus nervus through its chronic constriction in Wistar rats.

Abstract Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune skin disease predominantly found in elderly people, which causes blistering of the skin and severe itching. The incidence of BP reported by previous studies has varied greatly between 0.05 and 42.8 per 1 million persons per year. Higher incidences have been reported in Western Europe and the USA, while countries around the Mediterranean have reported lower rates. However, the epidemiology of BP has not previously been studied in any Scandinavian country. The one-year mortality of BP is highly variable with estimates between 11% and 41% worldwide. As for comorbidities, the previous studies have shown that BP is associated with neurological disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and mortality of BP in Finland, to assess the treatments used for BP, and the potential contribution of systemic glucocorticoid treatment to the high mortality rate found in BP patients. A further aim was to obtain more specific information about the neurological diseases associated with BP, and to clarify the less studied association with psychiatric disorders. For these purposes, we collected the records of all immunologically confirmed BP patients diagnosed in the Oulu University Hospital between 1985 and 2012, and, for a sub-study III, data for all patients diagnosed with BP in Finnish hospitals between 1987 and 2013. We found that the incidence of BP in Northern Finland has increased over the past two decades to approximately 27 new BP cases per 1 million persons per year. The one-year mortality of BP patients is 17%, and the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) is 7.6. Common comorbidities found in the sample of BP patients were: cardiovascular diseases (76%), neurodegenerative diseases (41%), skin conditions other than BP (37%) and type 2 diabetes (23%). Many neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system were associated with BP, as were many psychiatric disorders. The association was strongest between multiple sclerosis (MS) and BP, with MS patients having almost a 6-fold higher risk of BP than controls. The present study reports for the first time the incidence and mortality of BP in Finland, and provides new information about the association between BP and neurological and psychiatric disorders. / Tiivistelmä Rakkulainen pemfigoidi (josta jatkossa käytetään nimitystä pemfigoidi) on autoimmuunisairaus, joka esiintyy yleensä iäkkäillä, ja aiheuttaa ihon rakkulointia ja hankalaa kutinaa. Aiemmissa tutkimuksissa pemfigoidin ilmaantuvuus on vaihdellut 0,05:sta 42,8:aan tapaukseen miljoonaa ihmistä kohden vuodessa. Ilmaantuvuuden on havaittu olevan korkeampi Länsi-Euroopassa, kun taas Välimeren ympäristössä ilmaantuvuus on matalampi. Pemfigoidia sairastavien kuolleisuus vuoden kuluessa diagnoosista vaihtelee noin 11-41%:n välillä. Aiemmat tutkimukset ovat myös osoittaneet, että pemfigoidi liittyy neurologisiin sairauksiin. Pemfigoidin epidemiologiaa ei ole kuitenkaan tutkittu Suomessa tai muissa Pohjoismaissa. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää pemfigoidin ilmaantuvuus ja kuolleisuus Suomessa, tutkia sen hoitoon käytettyjä lääkkeitä sekä arvioida systeemisen glukokortikoidihoidon osuutta korkeaan kuolleisuuteen. Lisäksi tavoitteena oli saada yksityiskohtaista tietoa pemfigoidiin liittyvistä neurologisista sairauksista ja selvittää lisää aiemmissa tutkimuksissa ristiriitaiseksi jäänyttä yhteyttä psykiatrisiin sairauksiin. Tätä varten keräsimme tiedot kaikista Oulun yliopistollisessa sairaalassa diagnosoiduista, immunologisesti varmennetuista pemfigoiditapauksista vuosilta 1985-2012. Kolmannessa osatyössä käytimme kansallista aineistoa, joka sisälsi kaikkialla Suomessa diagnosoidut pemfigoidia sairastavat potilaat vuosilta 1987-2013. Pemfigoidin ilmaantuvuus kasvoi seuranta-aikana ollen nykyisin Pohjois-Suomessa noin 27 tapausta miljoonaa ihmistä kohden vuodessa. Kuolleisuus vuoden kuluessa diagnoosista oli 17% ja vakioitu kuolleisuussuhde (standardized mortality ratio) 7,6. Yleisiä oheissairauksia pemfigoidia sairastavilla olivat sydän- ja verisuonisairaudet (76%), neurodegeneratiiviset sairaudet (41%), muut ihosairaudet (37%) sekä tyypin 2 diabetes (23%). Tutkimuksessa todettiin, että monet neurogeneratiiviset sairaudet ja monet psykiatriset sairaudet liittyvät pemfigoidiin. Yhteys oli vahvin pesäkekovettumataudin (MS-tauti) ja pemfigoidin välillä, ja MS-tautia sairastavilla riski sairastua pemfigoidiin oli lähes 6-kertainen verrattuna kontrollipotilaisiin. Tämä tutkimus on ensimmäinen, joka raportoi pemfigoidin ilmaantuvuuden ja kuolleisuuden Suomessa. Tutkimus antaa lisäksi uutta tietoa pemfigoidin yhteydestä neurologisiin ja psykiatrisiin sairauksiin.

Les objectifs généraux de cette thèse visaient d'une part à déterminer si les enfants et adolescents abusés sexuellement consultaient et étaient davantage hospitalisés pour des problèmes de santé génito-urinaire que la population pédiatrique générale et d'autre part, à explorer ce qui pouvait expliquer cette différence le cas échéant. La thèse visait également à pallier les lacunes des études antérieures pour la plupart rétrospectives, transversales et conduites principalement auprès de filles, grâce à une méthodologie prospective et de cas-contrôle apparié en ayant recours aux diagnostics médicaux documentés dans les banques administratives publiques du Québec (RAMQ, MSSS) entre les années 1996 et 2013. Dans le premier article, à partir d'un échantillon de 882 enfants (1-18 ans) dont l'agression sexuelle a été corroborée et 882 enfants de la population générale appariés selon l'âge, le sexe et la région sociosanitaire, les résultats du modèle linéaire généralisé indiquent que les filles victimes d'agression sexuelle recevaient plus de diagnostics pour des problèmes de santé urinaire (RR: 2,1) et génitale (RR: 1,4), mais qu'aucune différence n'a été décelée pour les infections transmises sexuellement (ITS). Chez les garçons, ceux ayant été victimes d'agression sexuelle recevaient un nombre équivalent de diagnostics pour les problèmes de santé génitale et urinaire et les données étaient insuffisantes pour conduire des analyses et comparer les taux d'ITS. Selon le type de problèmes de santé analysé (santé génitale, urinaire ou ITS), les filles victimes d'agression sexuelle et celles de la population générale consultaient entre 2,5 et 11 fois en lien avec des diagnostics de troubles génito-urinaires comparativement aux garçons victimes ou ceux de la population générale. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent que l'agression sexuelle à l'enfance est associée à davantage de problèmes de santé urinaire et génitale chez les filles, mais pas chez les garçons. Des efforts de prévention et d'intervention précoce pour une bonne santé génito-urinaire chez les filles victimes d'agression sexuelle pourraient prévenir l'aggravation et la chronicisation de ces problèmes de santé à l'âge adulte. Le deuxième article quant à lui testait un modèle théorique biopsychologique selon lequel une plus grande détresse psychologique (mesurée par la comorbidité des troubles psychiatriques) expliquerait en partie l'effet de l'agression sexuelle sur le nombre accru de diagnostics génito-urinaires chez les filles. Les résultats issus des analyses de médiation conduites auprès de 661 filles victimes d'agression sexuelle et 661 filles de la population générale indiquent qu'après avoir contrôlé le statut socio-économique, le nombre d'années de données médicales et le nombre de diagnostics génito-urinaires/psychiatriques reçus avant la date de signalement de l'agression sexuelle, une plus grande comorbidité psychiatrique expliquait 23% de la relation entre l'agression sexuelle à l'enfance et le nombre de diagnostics urinaires et 62% de la relation entre l'agression sexuelle à l'enfance et le nombre de diagnostics génitaux. Ces résultats indiquent que plus les filles consultent après le signalement de l’agression sexuelle pour un grand nombre de troubles psychiatriques distincts (comorbidité) et plus leur risque de consulter ultérieurement pour des problèmes génito-urinaires est augmenté. Ainsi, cette conclusion suggère que l'émergence de problèmes de santé génito-urinaire des années après l'agression sexuelle pourrait être prévenue chez les filles en prenant soin directement de leur détresse psychologique. / The general objectives of this thesis were first, to determine whether children and adolescents who were sexually abused consulted or were hospitalized more often for genitourinary health problems than the general pediatric population and second, to explore what could explain this difference if any. This thesis also aimed to overcome limitations of previous studies who were retrospective, cross-sectionnal and conducted among girls for the majority, via a prospective matched-cohort design and medical diagnoses documented in Quebec's public administrative banks (RAMQ, MSSS) between 1996 and 2013. In the first article, using a sample of 882 children (1-18 years) with a substantiated report of sexual abuse and 882 children from the general population matched by age, sex and geographic area, the results of the generalized linear mixed model indicated that abused girls received more diagnoses for urinary (RR: 2.1) and genital (RR: 1.4) health problems, but no difference was found for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Among the boys, those who have been sexually abused received an equivalent number of diagnoses for genital or urinary health problems and there were insufficient data to conduct analyses and compare STIs rates. Depending on the genitourinary health problem, sexually abused girls and those from the general population received between 2.5 and 11 times more diagnoses than abused boys or those from the general population. The results of this study indicate that childhood sexual abuse is associated with more urinary and genital health problems in girls, but not in boys. Prevention and early intervention efforts for a good genitourinary health among girls victim of sexual abuse could prevent the aggravation and chronicisation of these health problems in adulthood. The second article tested a theoretical psychobiological model according to which greater psychological distress (as measured by psychiatric comorbidity) would partly explain the effect of sexual abuse on the increased number of genitourinary diagnoses among girls. Results form mediation analyses conducted with 661 sexually abused girls and 661 girls from the general population indicated that after controlling for socio-economic level, number of years of medical data and genitourinary/psychiatric diagnostics prior sexual abuse report date, greater psychiatric comorbidity explained 23% of the relationship between child sexual abuse and the number of urinary diagnoses and 62% of the relationship between child sexual abuse and the number of genital diagnoses. These results indicate that the more girls consult after the report of sexual abuse for a large number of distinct psychiatric conditions (comorbidity), the greater their risk to consult later for genitourinary health problems. Thus, this conclusion suggests that the emergence of genitourinary health problems years after the sexual abuse could be prevented among girls by taking direct care of their psychological distress.

No description available.