Thesis (MEdPsych (Educational Psychology)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / Drawings as mediators of communication are utilised in multiple contexts across national and cultural divides. The value of drawings in eliciting meaning that transcends the boundaries of words has been documented for centuries. In educational practice, drawings are utilised in a wide range of settings, ranging from therapeutic to psycho-educational assessment, disclosure in forensic and sexual abuse cases, and for artistic expression. Furthermore, research confirms the usefulness of drawings in empowering marginalised populations from a participatory action-research stance. Using drawing in research to mediate communication in a group context when studying adolescent perceptions of a traumatic event has not been explored extensively in South Africa. This study therefore sought to explore adolescents' experiences of a shared traumatic incident as facilitated through their drawings. The research process set out to answer the following research question: What insights regarding adolescents' experiences of a shared traumatic incident can be gained from using drawing in a group context? This investigation is underpinned by an eco-systemic theoretical perspective which recognises the influence of the community in the experiences of its individual members. The African concept of ubuntu, meaning "whatever happens to the individual happens to the whole group, and whatever happens to the whole group happens to the individual", thus informs the research. Within the context of psychoanalytical theory in trauma research, international literature acknowledges that families and communities are important resources to help bring about healing. The findings of this study confirm that the dynamic interaction between personal factors and interpersonal factors relating to one's peers, family and community influence how individual and collective experiences are shaped and assimilated. The findings of the study led me to conclude that drawing became a non-confrontational facilitator for traumatised participants to express difficult feelings that may otherwise have been silenced. Furthermore, in addition to self-expression, the co-analysing of drawings in a group context created opportunities for collective remembrance. Its potential to empower marginalised populations such as the adolescent participants in this study to express their views on social injustice also emerged. The study's findings could serve as a motivator for further investigation of drawings as mediators of communication in a variety of traumarelated educational settings.

Using a clinical sample of 63 girls aged 5 - 16 years, the Psychoanalytic Rorschach Profile (PRP; Burke et al., 1988), a measure of drive, ego, and object relations functioning, was examined for differences between sexual abuse (SA) victims and distressed but nonabused (NA) peers. The hypothesis that the SA group would evidence more pathological, less developed levels of drive, ego, and object relations functioning than the NA group was not supported. Limitations of the use of archival data are discussed. The effects of controlling for the number of responses (R) in Rorschach research were examined by comparing entire protocols of a clinical sample of girls from 5 - 16 years of age to shortened versions which included only the first one (N = 89; R = 10) or two (N = 17; R = 20) responses to each blot. Of 12 PRP scales compared, differences between the R = 10 and entire protocols were found on 5 variables, but when R was increased to 20, only 2 differences remained. Support was given for the notion of uniform Rorschach administration in which 2 responses per card are solicited.

M.Cur.

M.A. / The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) Act was passed in 1995 and the TRC started its hearings in 1996. The purpose of the TRC was to promote national unity and reconciliation by establishing as complete a picture as possible of the human rights violations that had occurred during the apartheid era and to offer reparations to those who had been affected, as well as to grant amnesty to those who had committed these human rights violations. The TRC had to appoint people to help carry out its functions and deliver a report about human rights violations. Most of the people employed by the TRC to help carry out these functions were South African. Furthermore every South African had been involved in the past in one way or another, purely by being a South African. In this project the author explores, analyses and interprets the experiences of some of the people who were employed by the TRC. The focus of this project is to find out whether being employed by the TRC and having to listen to the stories being brought to the TRC exposed anyone to the possibility of developing what is called secondary traumatisation. This kind of traumatisation is different from the traumatisation that the people relating the stories had gone through during the apartheid years. This kind of traumatisation is said to develop from being exposed to traumatised people.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. February 2016 / South Africa is regarded as one of the most violent countries in the world. Colonialism and apartheid laid the foundations for a divided and segregated society where violence was accepted as a legitimate means of conflict resolution in order to ensure the domination of one racial group over all other groups. As social and economic inequalities have become more entrenched in South African society, criminal violence has escalated. However, the nature of violence in the country has changed from political violence to criminal violence. Against this backdrop of violence and associated trauma, the South African Police have the insurmountable task of trying to maintain law and order. The science of traumatology is a burgeoning field; traditionally empirical research has focused on the responses of primary trauma victims. However, in recent decades the secondary effects of traumatisation on those who counsel the victims of primary trauma, has received significant attention. Located within the South African Police Service, is an often forgotten secondary group of professionals who assist the police officials through assuming the roles of occupational and forensic social work. The profession of social work is inherently stressful and demanding, especially in a country like South Africa, where social problems are ubiquitous and pervade every facet of South African society. Furthermore, a particular occupational stressor significantly impacting on these social workers as they investigate child abuse or provide counselling for a police officer, is secondary traumatisation. The questions arise: firstly, how these social workers are affected by the amount of traumatic material to which they are exposed by the very nature of their work, and secondly, what coping strategies they employ. It was therefore deemed imperative to explore the effects of secondary traumatisation experienced by these social workers in the South African Police Service in order to understand and ameliorate the negative effects of secondary traumatic stress. Furthermore, social work supervisors can enhance the quality of care their social workers provide to clients if they are adequately supported. It was therefore also considered necessary to explore the stressors these social workers experience and to identify the necessary support mechanisms appropriate to such therapeutic endeavors. The primary aim of this study was therefore to explore the nature and extent of secondary traumatic stress experienced by social workers employed by the South African Police Service. The research design adopted for this study was exploratory, descriptive and correlational, while the research methodology employed was a hybrid of both quantitative and qualitative paradigms. As this study involved an in-depth analysis of a bounded system comprising social workers employed at SAPS, the research was considered a case study. The study comprised two phases: In the first phase questionnaire booklets containing seven standardised research tools and open-ended questions, were administered in group settings. In addition, questionnaires were posted to social workers who were not able to attend the group meetings along with a self-addressed envelope. The research tools measured the nature of secondary trauma exposure, levels of secondary traumatic stress, vicarious trauma, compassion satisfaction, burnout, coping resources and dimensions of the work environment. Two hundred questionnaire booklets were distributed and 128 usable questionnaires were returned. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the quantitative data, through the use of statistical programmes, SAS and SPSS. In the second stage of the study, 30 participants who participated in the first part of the study and who indicated that they were willing to be interviewed, were purposively selected. A structured research tool was used to guide the interview in order to explore the participants’ perceptions and experiences of secondary trauma while working for SAPS. The interviews were conducted either face-to face, telephonically or through Skype. The qualitative data that emerged from the interviews were analysed through the use of Atlasti, a qualitative computer programme, which assisted the researcher in the thematic analysis. Through the process of incorporating qualitative techniques, the researcher also made use of reflexivity when analysing the qualitative data. In total 128 social workers participated in the study, of whom 102 were occupational social workers while 26 were forensic social workers, all located within South Africa. The extent of exposure to secondary trauma varied substantially between both occupational and forensic social work when considered as separate divisions, as well as within each discipline. This variation manifested in frequencies and duration of cases. In the interviews forensic social workers identified particularly traumatic cases as those where the sexual abuse was severe or the child had died as a result of extreme abuse. In comparison, occupational social workers identified some of the worst cases they had dealt with as cases where the police officers became disabled; and where they were required to deal with police suicides and police family murders or femicide-suicides. Most participants presented with high or average levels of secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma as well as with moderate and low levels of burnout. Furthermore, there was a strong positive correlation between levels of secondary traumatic stress and burnout. The majority of participants experienced average levels of compassion satisfaction from their work. Participants identified various coping strategies and resources incorporating different individual dimensions, namely, physical, emotional, cognitive, social and spiritual. Participants showed high levels of resilience and findings indicated that resilience was negatively correlated with vicarious trauma. There were numerous significant differences between the different ranks of the participants. Participants of higher rank reported greater trauma exposure and had significantly higher secondary traumatic scores. Coloured participants experienced significantly lower levels of vicarious traumatisation than Black participants. Furthermore, there were numerous statistically significant differences apparent between the forensic and occupational social workers. Forensic social workers manifested significantly higher levels of vicarious trauma than occupational social workers, and forensic social workers had greater distortions regarding self-intimacy than occupational social workers. In addition, forensic social workers presented with lower coping resources and lower levels of resilience than occupational social workers. Participants also experienced below average levels of satisfaction within the work environment at SAPS. The results from the work environment scale showed that in particular the relationship aspects in the work environment were problematic and that colleague support levels were below average. There were also significant differences in work satisfaction levels between Black and White participants. These findings enhance understanding of trauma in racially polarised societies. Multivariate analysis revealed the complex relationships existing between the numerous variables in the study, further contributing to the theory of trauma in divided societies. Two structural equation models were developed to show the relationships of the variables measured in the study which were identical apart from the vicarious trauma variable which was separated to incorporate beliefs about self and beliefs about others. The models revealed that coping mechanisms moderated the relationship between traumatic stress exposure and vicarious trauma (self) and that such mechanisms moderated the resilience and burnout relationship. These findings of the study highlight the need to involve social workers at SAPS in the drafting and implementation of a self-care policy which would help to promote empowerment and responsibility of social workers for their own mental health. Recommendations for social work policy, education, practice, supervision and support as well as future research are also provided. / MT2017

O presente trabalho se propõe a apresentar uma sistematização teórica de minha experiência clínica enquanto psicanalista, no atendimento com pacientes que, após a remissão de doenças graves tais como diversos tipos de câncer que podem afetar a medula óssea (leucemias e linfomas), apresentavam-se como se ainda estivessem doentes, remetendo-se à doença como se esta fosse um acontecimento atual, identificando-se, em seu discurso, como doentes. Apresentamos dois casos clínicos que estavam com a doença em remissão há mais de dois anos e que foram atendidos em uma instituição hospitalar. O nosso objetivo é possibilitar a compreensão dos processos psíquicos envolvidos nos referidos casos clínicos. Estes atendimentos nortearam a formulação de uma hipótese clinico-teórica. Esta hipótese refere-se à possibilidade de estudar o problema clínico a partir do paradigma conceitual do trauma em Psicanálise, especialmente na acepção desenvolvida por Freud após 1920, com a formulação do segundo dualismo pulsional. Paralelamente, é realizado o percurso teórico que visa discutir a permanência dos pacientes atendidos no lugar de doentes, o que nos conduz à apresentação de um capítulo referente aos paradoxos envolvidos na remissão de uma doença orgânica. A articulação teórico-clínica é baseada em textos de Freud e Ferenczi, além de psicanalistas contemporâneos que têm estes autores como referência. Nesta articulação percorremos os seguintes pontos conceituais: a) a experiência do adoecimento; b) o conceito de trauma e efeito traumático para a Psicanálise; c) as teorias das pulsões; d) o trauma após 1920: as neuroses traumáticas; e) ganho secundário; f) a hipocondria em Freud; g) os paradoxos da cura em Danièle Brun e em Freud; h) sobre o trabalho do luto e da elaboração. A partir da articulação entre a clínica e os conceitos teóricos realizamos a discussão de nossa hipótese clínico-teórica. O percurso teórico-clínico realizado permite verificar que o problema clínico evidenciado pode ser entendido, conforme nossa hipótese clínico-teórica, a partir dos desenvolvimentos de Freud a propósito das neuroses traumáticas, em conjunção com o entendimento de que mesmo algo que era almejado pode não trazer alívio ou realização, mas sofrimento, conforme visto nos paradoxos envolvidos na remissão da doença. O percurso que partiu da clínica nos permite afirmar que o trabalho psicanalítico com pessoas que são acometidas por doenças orgânicas deve contemplar não somente a importância da elaboração psíquica de todo o processo de adoecimento que afeta o corpo, mas também, o que ocorre psiquicamente após a remissão da doença que traz a necessidade de elaboração, pois muitas vezes será no só depois, que estes aspectos poderão ser constatados / The following academic work proposes to present a theoretical systematization of my clinical experience as a psychoanalyst, upon service to patients who, after the remission of severe illnesses such as multiple types of cancer which can affect the bone marrow (leukemia and lymphomas), presented themselves as if they were still sick, referring to the illness as if it was a current event, identifying themselves, within their speeches, as sick people. We present two clinical cases of ones who had had the disease in remission for more than two years and they were cared at a hospital institution. Our goal is to facilitate the comprehension of the psychic processes related in these referred clinical cases. These services have guided the formulation of a clinical-theoretical hypothesis. This hypothesis refers to the possibility of studying the clinical issue from the trauma conceptual paradigm within the Psychoanalysis, especially from the approach developed by Freud after 1920, by formulating the second drives (Trieb) dualism. At the same time, it is done a theoretical trajectory that aims to discuss the attended patients stay at the sick patients place, which conducts us to the presentation of a chapter referring to the paradoxes related to the remission of an organic disease. The theoreticalclinical articulation is based on Freuds and Ferenczis texts, as well as contemporary psychoanalysts who also have these authors as reference. Within this articulation we have scrolled the following conceptual points: a) illness experience; b) the concept of trauma and traumatic effect to Psychoanalysis; c) drivers (Trieb) theories; d) the trauma after 1920: the traumatic neurosis; e) secondary earn; f) hypochondria within Freud; g) the healing paradoxes in Danièle Brun and Freud; h) about the work of grief and the elaboration. From an articulation between the clinic and the theoretical concepts we have discussed our clinicaltheoretical hypothesis. The clinical-theoretical path accomplished allows us to verify that the evident clinical problem can be understood, according to our clinical-theoretical hypothesis, from Freuds developments about traumatic neurosis, in conjunction with the understanding that even something that was desired cannot bring relief or accomplishment, but sorrow, as seen at the paradoxes related on the sickness remission. The path that started with the clinic allows us affirm that the psychoanalytical work towards people that are affected by organic diseases should include not only the importance of the psychic elaboration of the whole illness process that affects the body, but also what occurs mentally after the illness remission that brings the elaboration need, because for several times it will be at deffered action, that these aspects will be able to be determined

O presente trabalho se propõe a discutir os destinos psíquicos da experiência traumática, tanto em seus aspectos defensivos, restritivos das capacidades de realização do si-mesmo, quanto no que diz respeito a seus potenciais de simbolização e transformação. Referimo-nos aqui, porém, a uma modalidade particular de traumatismo: aquela que se define por um distanciamento afetivo dos pais em relação à criança, distanciamento esse responsável pelo confronto do sujeito a uma condição de desamparo e impotência insuportáveis. O fracasso dos esforços que, no passado, o indivíduo realizou na tentativa de socorrer os pais em seu sofrimento e de recuperar seu amor deixou como herança um terrível abismo interno e, para sobreviver a essa condição, o psiquismo irá estruturar defesas sofisticadas contra a perda do sentido de si e o colapso da estrutura psíquica de que se vê permanentemente ameaçado, as quais se definem, de nosso ponto de vista, a partir de três vértices principais. Num primeiro plano de análise, pudemos reconhecer que a situação traumática para a qual não se vislumbra nenhuma possibilidade de saída torna-se para o sujeito signo de uma realidade não dimensionável, sem começo, meio e fim, ou seja, uma condição existencial definitiva e inquestionável. Num segundo, fomos levados a tratar os efeitos do abandono afetivo, também, nos termos de um fenômeno de auto-alienação, já que, em meio a uma situação de sofrimento intolerável, uma das primeiras tendências evidenciadas pelo psiquismo é a de mergulhar em um processo de transe, semelhante a uma anestesia, cujo resultado é um estado de desorientação psíquica capaz de suspender a percepção do mal e, junto com ela, a de uma boa parcela da realidade. Consideramos ainda, num terceiro plano, o fato de que, nessa condição, o indivíduo tende a localizar em si mesmo a origem da violência que se abate sobre ele, purificando os pais e a família de todo o seu potencial enlouquecedor e o atribuindo exclusivamente a si. Tais perspectivas se apresentaram para nós como dimensões concomitantes e indissolúveis das configurações subjetivas em que podem ser reconhecidas. A partir de cada uma delas, vemo-nos diante de diferentes aspectos de organizações defensivas criadas contra a angústia de fragmentação e despersonalização gerada pela profunda insegurança a respeito da confiabilidade do objeto. Na última parte da pesquisa, buscamos apresentar possibilidades para o trabalho com pacientes traumatizados, a partir do que nos parecem ser as condições imprescindíveis à simbolização de angústias profundas produzidas pela situação traumática / The present work proposes to discuss the psychic destinies of the traumatic experience, both in their defensive aspects, restrictive of the capacities for realization of the self, and in their potential of symbolization and transformation. We make reference here, however, to a specific modality of traumatism: one which is defined by the affective distance of the parents from the children, distance responsible for the confrontation of the subject with the condition of helplessness and unbearable powerlessness. The failure of the efforts which, in the past, the individual has realized in the attempt to rescue the parents from their suffering and to recover their love left as heritage a terrible interior abyss and, to survive this condition, the psychism will structure sophisticated defences against the loss of the meaning of the self and the collapse of the psychic structure with that is seen permanently threatened, which are defined, in our point of view, from three main angles. In a first level of analysis, we could recognise that the traumatic situation for which is not glimpsed none possibility of exit turns out to be for the subject a sign of a reality which cannot be measured, without beginning, middle and end, that is, a definitive and unquestionable existential condition. In a second level, we were led to treat the effects of the affective abandonment, also, in the terms of a phenomenon of self-alienation, since, in the midst of a situation of intolerable suffering, one of the first tendencies evidenced by the psychism is to submerge in a process of trance, similar to an anesthesia, whose result is a state of psychic disorientation able to cease the perception of the evil and, with it, of a good part of the reality. We also consider, in a third level, the fact that, in this condition, the individual tends to situate in himself or herself the origin of the violence which is inflicted upon him or her, purifying the parents and the family of their whole maddening potential and laying it exclusively to himself or herself. These perspectives have been presented for us as concomitant and indissoluble dimensions of the subjective configurations in which can be recognised. From each one of them, we see us in front of different aspects of defensive organizations created against the angst of fragmentation and depersonalization engendered by the deep insecurity about the confiability of the object. In the last part of the research, we try to present possibilities for a work with traumatized patients, from that appear us to be the essential conditions for the symbolization of deep angsts produced by the traumatic situation

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) influence student learning, behavior, and lifelong health and success. About one in four children have experienced at least one traumatic event (e.g., household dysfunction, neglect, and/or abuse) before the age of four, and that rate more than triples for children living in poverty. Trauma sensitive schools have been disseminated as a way to address this need, but there is little research on the topic. This study sought to improve understanding about adoption of trauma sensitive practices in a representative sample of the 77 elementary-level community schools in New York City and to identify facilitators and barriers to adoption of these practices. Thirty schools were randomly-selected, and interviews were conducted with 23 (76.7%) community school directors. Comprehensive Educational Plans were reviewed to supplement the interviews. The measurements and data analysis were informed by the Behavioral Health and Public Schools Framework (The Framework). Diffusion of Innovation Theory was used to classify facilitators and barriers. Data analysis comprised both deductive and inductive approaches. The findings indicated that community schools have adopted some practices aligned with the Framework, though services and resources are not delivered in strategic and coordinated ways. School cultures, priorities, and goals are not always well aligned with trauma sensitive practices. There is a wide range of experience among staff and agencies responsible for driving the adoption of trauma sensitive practices, and this is a barrier to adoption of coordinated school-wide approaches. Consequently, while community schools are a promising model, many social-emotional, mental health, and other needs of children and families persist. Schools are clearly an important social institution within society to foster upward social mobility and increase the chances for youth and children to develop in healthful fulfilling ways and contribute to the democratic society in which they live. But given the unequal and unfair distribution of access to educational resources, employment, housing, health care, income among other social resources, long-term efforts by communities as well as government policies, and investments are needed to ameliorate the traumatic experiences that continue to affect children and families and to prevent the intergenerational trauma that has occurred for centuries.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-05-14T12:53:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Liana O. D. Driga.pdf: 1276413 bytes, checksum: 144ff301adcb88931e1a10b694cdd8e9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-14T12:53:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Liana O. D. Driga.pdf: 1276413 bytes, checksum: 144ff301adcb88931e1a10b694cdd8e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-22 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This dissertation aims at understanding the processes by which the descendants of survivors from social catastrophes work through their parent’s and grandparent’s traumatic experience. We search to enlighten how they dealt with the ruptures within transgenerational transmission, the effect of what was left untold and the resources they found to confront the silence of their elders and how they elaborated their traumatic inheritance. Due to the intimacy between the political and the psychic, we approach the importance of the collective dimension, the necessity of inscription of the experience in the social bond and the unfolding of narratives by the second and third generations. The object of our research was the possibilities of transmission, the ways by which the descendants recollect the experience of their elders into their own forms of narrative, which enables them to reinvent themselves through succesive generations. We then investigate the ways the untold or the unsaid operate and its varied impacts on the process of transgenerational transmission. We pursued clinical researches of different modalities of the unsaid/untold, first among the survivors of the Holocaust, then the struggles of a descendant of survivors from the Armenian genocide, as well as the problems of young men of Argelian descent in France facing the official silencing of French colonial power and its traumatic effects among the succeeding generations of Argelian immigrants. We also exploited a novel written by the daughter of a victim of the Ruandese genocide about her mother’s struggles to survive in exile prior to her murder and the massacre of her family. We also studied a daughter’s narrative of her mother’s diary as a survivor of Auschwitz. In this research we pursued three main guidelines: the rebonding of social relations, psychoanalytic transference and the addressment of ties with the other, and the importance of collective historical experiences and the underlying process of historicizing traumatic events, and finally the difficult process of distinguishing the meaning of erlebnis and experience in their long and necessarily incomplete elaboration of mourning / Investigamos nessa dissertação como os descendentes de sobreviventes de catástrofes sociais elaboram a experiência traumática dos pais e avós. Como se dão os impasses na transmissão, os efeitos do não-dito e quais os caminhos para lidar com o silenciamento e o processo de elaboração de uma herança traumática. Dada a intimidade entre o plano político e psíquico, abordaremos a importância da dimensão coletiva, a inscrição no laço social e a construção da narrativa pela segunda e terceira geração de descendentes. Abordamos as possibilidades de transmissão, as formas de inscrição das origens numa narrativa, que possibilita se reinventar através das gerações. Tratamos dos efeitos do não-dito e seus impasses no ato de transmitir uma herança. Focamos nos efeitos da repetição e suas produções sintomáticas, assim como no fenômeno do declínio da experiência e como isso se articula com as possibilidades e limites da transmissão. Em seguida, abordamos como opera o não-dito, e seus diversos impasses no processo de transmissão transgeracional. Debruçamo-nos sobre diferentes modalidades do não-dito, em diferentes contextos históricos a fim de depreender resquícios do fenômeno social e psíquico tal como se manifestaram nas gerações sucessivas. Primeiramente, o não-dito na clínica envolvendo descendentes de sobreviventes do Holocausto. Na segunda parte, Altounian nos mergulha na elaboração de uma herança traumática do ponto vista de uma descendente do genocídio armênio. Na terceira parte, investigaremos o não-dito da história colonial francesa na Argélia e como se desvelaram os seus efeitos hoje sobre a população francesa de descendentes argelinos. Na quarta parte, a partir de um romance nos aproximaremos de um relato biográfico escrito por uma filha sobre a mãe que morreu no genocídio ruandês, e, finalmente o relato de uma filha que escreve sobre o diário da mãe acerca da sua experiência em Auschwitz. Finalmente, nos propomos a redefinir o que seria a herança traumática. Destrinchar as experiências das gerações que se seguem aos sobreviventes e o trabalho psíquico elaborado por elas. Para tanto nos orientamos por três eixos: os laços com o outro: transferência e endereçamento; a história e historização dos eventos: a importância do coletivo; e, entre vivência e experiência: a elaboração não-toda do luto

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-05-14T12:53:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lúcia Helena da Silva Alves.pdf: 1645318 bytes, checksum: be28418f5daba6e97b5246470ed4eb15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-14T12:53:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lúcia Helena da Silva Alves.pdf: 1645318 bytes, checksum: be28418f5daba6e97b5246470ed4eb15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Currently, we experience several extremely violent scenarios that reach the most vulnerable portion of the population, who lives in the outskirts of the big cities. Thisresearch has as its objective to deepen the theoretical investigation on trauma in a situation of extreme violence, which implies reviewing the technical devices from the field of knowledge of psychoanalysis. It is from the field of knowledge that the analyst uses the clinical devices, such as listening, floating attention, free association, transference, interpretation, among others, in order to comprehend the psychological dynamics of the subjects who have experienced trauma, those who feel vulnerable and helpless. Within this context, we ask ourselves: what is trauma? Which psychic processes are part of it? How does the recurrence of traumatic affection manifest itself in clinic? What are the psychoanalytical devices that we can use? The perception is that we are sailing in troubled waters within the clinic, where the analysis of these patients shows us that theory and practice need to be reviewed. It is in the context of the clinic that a space is opened for the individual to talk about his or her trauma–it is understood that the subject, by suffering from violence, sees him or herself invaded in all psychic spaces for the excess of intolerable pulsional energy directed to ‘Me’, whose exaggeration derives from lived experiences by the individual with the external world. The therapeutic space is the place of the reunion between the subjects, the one that takes care, and the one who is taken care of. This clinical model is not the one from the excluded, the less favoured classes, the oppressed, the ones from anywhere –but a space of reception of different subjects. In order to illustrate this research, we resorted to the method of case fragment, which is considered one of the most ancient methods used in human and social science, not only in clinical practice but also in research. The first fragment refers to Antígona, mother, human rights militant who had her son killed by a State’s agent; the second, Iolaos, boy, sexually abused by his neighbour Prócusto. It is at the light of Ferenczi’s theory and other contemporary authors that we will analyse this psychic functioning manner founded in the divide mechanism. The clinical services seek to give a new meaning to the perception of trauma and its subjective repercussions unleashed in the subject’s life, generating pulsional motions that are repeated, relived and that manifest themselves in the form of psychic suffering, with representations that need to be symbolized / Na atualidade,estamos vivenciando vários cenários de violências extremas que atingem a população mais vulnerável, que vive nas periferias das grandes cidades. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo aprofundar a investigação teórica sobre o trauma em situação de violência extrema, o que implica em rever os dispositivos técnicos a partir do campo dosaber da psicanálise. É a partir do campo dosaber que o analista faz uso dos dispositivos clínicos, taiscomo:a escuta, a atenção flutuante, a associação livre, a transferência,a interpretação, entre outros,para compreender a dinâmica psíquica dos sujeitos que vivenciam o trauma, os quais sesentem vulneráveis e desamparados. Dentro desse contexto, nos perguntamos: oque é o trauma? Quais processos psíquicos ocompõem? Como a repetição dos afetostraumáticosse manifesta na clínica? Quais os dispositivos psicanalíticos que poderemos utilizar? A percepção é de estarmos navegando em mares revoltos da clínica, onde as análises desses pacientes nos mostram que a teoria e a prática precisam ser repensadas. É no contexto da clínica que se abre o espaço para o indivíduo falar do trauma sofrido –entende-seque o sujeito,ao sofrer uma violência, vê-se invadido em todos os espaços psíquicos pelo excesso de energia pulsional intolerável voltado para o eu, cujo exagero é retirado das experiências vividas pelo indivíduo com o mundo externo. O espaço terapêutico é o lugar do reencontro entre os sujeitos, aquele que cuida, e quem é cuidado. Esse modelo clínico não é o dos excluídos, das classes menos favorecidas, dosoprimidos, de qualquer lugar -mas um espaço de acolhimento de diferentes sujeitos. Para ilustrar esta pesquisa recorremos ao método de fragmento de caso, o qual é considerado um dos métodos mais antigos utilizados nas ciências humanas e sociais, tanto na prática clínica quanto na pesquisa. O primeiro fragmento se refere aAntígona, mãe, militante de direitos humanos que teve oseufilho morto por um agente do Estado; osegundo, Iolaos, garoto, abusado sexualmente pelo vizinho Prócusto. É a luz da teoria ferencziana e de outros autores contemporâneos que analisaremos esse modo de funcionamento psíquico fundado no mecanismo da clivagem.Os atendimentos clínicos visam ressignificara vivência do trauma e suas repercussões subjetivas desencadeadas na vida do sujeito, gerando moções pulsionais que são repetidas e revividas e se manifestam na forma de sofrimento psíquico, cujasrepresentações precisam ser simbolizadas