Comment ce qui s'est produit à une génération précédente est fondateur de l'identité subjective à la génération suivante ? Plus spécifiquement, comment la guerre du Liban (1975-1990/91), vécue par les parents, peut être constructive ou désorganisatrice du sujet (enfant) dans sa singularité ? La transmission psychique est inévitable et fondatrice de l'identité subjective. L'étude des éléments psychiques, relevant de cette expérience violente passée, vécue par la génération précédente, permet de comprendre la participation des processus psychiques générationnels à la formation de l'identité singulière, facilitant ou entravant le travail psychique à la génération suivante. Nos hypothèses envisagent la transmission dans la relation entre le père et le fils, à partir de l'exploration des processus d'identification et de conflictualité dans le lien père-fils, de la part négative (voire traumatique) du contenu transmis et des investissements narcissiques établis entre le père et le fils. Des entretiens de recherche ont été réalisés auprès de dix familles, dont le père était un combattant pendant la guerre, ayant des enfants (garçons, adolescents). L'objectif principal est d'interroger les effets psychiques de la guerre sur le père combattant et le vécu subjectif de l'enfant, examinant les traces de l'expérience violente vécue par le père chez l'enfant. L'analyse des processus en jeu dans le lien père-fils montre des caractéristiques de transmission différentes relatives à chaque lien étudié, et des mouvements généraux de transmission. Une étude plus approfondie de trois cas accentue, principalement, trois aspects de transmission : la violence, l'énigmatique et le narcissique. Ce travail rend compte : - de la part active et créative de l'individu dans l'élaboration de ce qui est transmis à partir de la guerre du Liban ; - des fonctions intrusive et aliénante de la transmission, par rapport à des fonctions constructive et créatrice ; - de la fonction fondatrice du collectif au niveau individuel. Dans le contexte du Liban, il s'agit, principalement, d'une transmission idéologique violente de la guerre, qui paraît être un détournement de la conflictualité oedipienne et intrapsychique. / How is it that the experiences of a preceding generation are foundational to the subjective identity of the following generation? More specifically, how can the Lebanese civil war, witnessed by parents, be constructive or destructive to the subject (child) in his/her singularity? The psychological transmission is inevitable and foundational to the subject's identity. Studies on psychological elements related to that violent experience could help us comprehend the influence of generational psychological processes on singular identity formation. This facilitates or hinders the psychological development of the second generation. The principal objective of this research is to explore the effects of the war on the father (combatant) and the subjective experiences of the child through intergenerational psychological transmission. This study examines the psychological transmission through analysis of the identification process and the ensuing rivalry between father and son. This study also seeks to analyze the negative part (traumatic) of the transmitted heritage and the narcissistic investment between parent and child. Our research interviews were conducted with ten families in which the father was a combatant during the war and have adolescent children. The analysis of these processes between father and son has revealed some common characteristics among the subjects. A more detailed study of three of those cases accentuated three aspects of the transmission process: Violent, Enigmatic and Narcissistic. The study has revealed an active and innovational role by the subject in the transmission process. The results have also revealed the function of a collective component among the individuals studied. The transmission process had an intrusive and alienating function as well as a constructive and creative function. In the Lebanese context, there's a violent ideological transmission related to the war, which seems to be a diversion of the Oedipian and intrapsychic conflict.

Jeder Vierte erleidet im Laufe seines Lebens einen Verkehrsunfall. Obwohl psychische Folgen verbreitet und vielfältig sind, bleiben sie oft unbeachtet oder ihnen wird erst Aufmerksamkeit zuteil, wenn wenn das Leiden oder die Beeinträchtigung durch sie zu stark werden oder die Symptomatik sich längst chronifiziert hat. Am Lehrstuhl für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie der TU Dresden wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit der Christoph-Dornier-Stiftung für Klinische Psychologie in Dresden ein Forschungsprojekt zu psychischer Traumatisierung nach Verkehrsunfällen durchgeführt. Schwerpunkt dieser Studie war es, herauszufinden, inwieweit psychische Beeinträchtigungen wenige Tage nach einem Verkehrsunfall sowie 3 und 6 Monate danach auftreten und welche auslösenden bzw. aufrechterhaltenden Faktoren für die psychischen Beeinträchtigungen zu finden sind. Zu diesem Zweck wurden in einer Unfallklinik Patienten mit einer Fragebogenbatterie untersucht, die dort nach einem Verkehrsunfall eingeliefert worden waren. Die Auftretenshäufigkeit von posttraumatischer Belastungssymptomatik steigt über den Untersuchungszeitraum hinweg leicht an, dies gilt sowohl für klinische als auch subklinische Symptomatik. Interessant sind hier v.a. die verschiedenen Verlaufstypen. Die Gedanken-kontrollstrategien "Ablenkung" und "Sorgen" scheinen beim Umgang mit auftretenden Intrusionen eine relevante Rolle im Zusammenhang mit der posttraumatischen Belastungssymptomatik spielen. Weiterhin zeigte sich, daß Variablen wie die subjektiv wahrgenommene Kontrollierbarkeit der Unfallsituation oder die Beschäftigung mit der Frage "Warum gerade ich?" Einfluß auf die Entwicklung posttraumatischer Symptomatik ausüben. Die Ergebnisse der Studie haben mehrere Implikationen: Erstens konnte repliziert werden, daß posttraumatische Belastungssymptomatik nach Verkehrsunfällen ein relevantes Problem ist, das nicht einfach ignoriert werden darf. Zweitens konnten Erkenntnisse über den längsschnittlichen Verlauf der Symptomatik bereitgestellt werden, die eine Früherkennung von potentiellen Betroffenen näher rücken läßt. Drittens und letztens konnte die wichtige Rolle der kognitiven Variablen bei der Entstehung einer Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung nach Verkehrsunfällen untermauert werden.

school learnersChild-headed household is a phenomenon that is growing in South Africa. As such, it is imperative to uncover the realities of children in this situation. This study explores and describes the schooling experiences of secondary school learners from child-headed households. This qualitative study included a sample of 20 grade 10 and 11 learners from four secondary schools. Data were collected through structured interviews and document analysis. The Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to analyze the data. The findings suggest that secondary school learners from child-headed households live in poverty and encounter experiences such as absenteeism, psychological trauma, gender-based discrimination, lack of adequate food and scholastic materials, drug abuse and teenage pregnancy. These experiences impact negatively on their schooling. The study recommends that learners from child-headed households should get more care and support from educators and other stakeholders. / Science and Technology Education / M.A. (Socio-Education)

school learnersChild-headed household is a phenomenon that is growing in South Africa. As such, it is imperative to uncover the realities of children in this situation. This study explores and describes the schooling experiences of secondary school learners from child-headed households. This qualitative study included a sample of 20 grade 10 and 11 learners from four secondary schools. Data were collected through structured interviews and document analysis. The Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to analyze the data. The findings suggest that secondary school learners from child-headed households live in poverty and encounter experiences such as absenteeism, psychological trauma, gender-based discrimination, lack of adequate food and scholastic materials, drug abuse and teenage pregnancy. These experiences impact negatively on their schooling. The study recommends that learners from child-headed households should get more care and support from educators and other stakeholders. / Science and Technology Education / M.A. (Socio-Education)

Variables predicting the effects of surgery in patients with low back pain Abstract The theoretical part of the thesis summarizes the knowledge about pain and its types, especially chronic pain. Than we focus on low back pain and currently used approaches in the treatment of this syndrome. In this work we summarize the influence of central sensitization and adverse life experineces and posttraumatic stress disorder on pain (especially low back pain). In the practical part, we investigated the effect of central sensitization and adverse life events and posttraumatic stress disroder on the effect of spinal surgery in low back region. The results were obtained using Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI), PTSD Cecklist dor DSM-5 (PCL- 5) a Life Event Checklist (LEC-5 Standard), Short Form 36 Helth Survey Questionnaire (SF- 36), NASS Lumbar Spine Questionnaire. The obtained data were statistically evaluated and processed. Higher scores of CSI and LEC-5 (more adverse life events) were both statistically significantly correlated with worse low back surgery outcomes. At the same time, a statistically significant relationship between PCL-5 (checklist of PTSD symptoms) and CSI was confirmed. Keywords Pain, central sensitization, adverse life experiences, adverse life events, PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder,...

Deaf individuals experience significant obstacles to participating in behavioral health research when careful consideration is not given to accessibility in the design of study methodology. To inform such considerations, we conducted a secondary analysis of a mixed-methods study that explored 16 Deaf trauma survivors’ help-seeking experiences. Our objective was to identify key findings and qualitative themes from consumers' own words that can be applied to the design of behavioral clinical trials methodology. In many ways, the themes that emerged are what we would expect of any research participant, Deaf or hearing – a need for communication access, empathy, respect, strict confidentiality procedures, trust, and transparency of the research process. However, additional considerations must be made to better recruit, retain, and engage Deaf trauma survivors. We summarize our findings in a “Checklist for Designing Deaf Behavioral Clinical Trials” to operationalize the steps researchers should take to apply Deaf-friendly approaches in their empirical work.

Idag finns ett starkt forskningsstöd som visar att små barn utvecklar PTSD eller andra stressrelaterade symtom i samband med trauma i lika eller högre grad än äldre barn, ungdomar och vuxna. De yngsta barnens starka beroende av sina vårdnadshavare för överlevnad och skydd i kombination med deras utvecklingsmässiga omognad gör de minsta barnen till en särskilt utsatt och sårbar grupp. Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt är att undersöka forskningsstödet för olika psykoterapeutiska metoder för små barn (noll till fem år) med trauma. Översikten omfattar 29 artiklar med olika metodologiska tillvägagångssätt. Sammanfattningsvis visar litteraturöversikten att det saknas forskning om behandling av små barn samt att det finns studier som påtalar behov av att anpassa behandlingen till barnens ålder och behov. Detta inkluderar till exempel att involvera barnets primära omsorgsperson/er, att använda lek som metod, att ge åldersanpassad psykoedukation samt att identifiera känslor utifrån ålder och mognad. Framtida forskning om små barn har flera frågeställningar som behöver besvaras; Hur går en evidensbaserad diagnostisk process till för de små barnen? Vilka symtom behöver premieras i behandlingen? Vilka barn bör erbjudas behandling och hur kan effekten av terapin mätas? Ytterligare studier med fokus på genomförbarhet och enhetliga utfallsmått rekommenderas. / There is ample evidence to suggest that infants and small children can develop PTSD and other stress-related symptoms as a result of trauma, to an equal or greater degree than older children, adolescents and adults. Particularly, their strong reliance and dependence on their caregivers for protection and survival, in combination with their developmental immaturity, makes them an especially vulnerable group. This review aims to investigate the evidence base for varying psychotherapeutic methods specifically targeting small children zero to five years of age who have experienced trauma. A structured search was conducted using two databases; PsychInfo and Web of Science. The results includes 29 articles with diverse methodological approaches. In essence, the discussion highlights that there is sparse research concerning small children and the treatment of trauma. Studies that exist, put forward the need to conduct therapy with the small children and their caregivers, so called “dyadic therapy” regardless of psychotherapeutic orientation. Also, adapting therapy to suit the small children's cognitive, language and social development is imperative. This is done, for example, through the use of play, by providing age appropriate psychoeducation, and identifying emotions based on age and maturity. Still, there are many questions remaining that may need to be answered in order to provide evidence-based treatment to small children and their families, for example; How do we best conduct an evidence-based assessment of trauma in small children? Which trauma-symptoms should be treated and how should the treatment outcome be measured? Further studies are recommended.

The study focuses on the experiences of learners who live in child-headed households at Osizweni Township. Through a qualitative inquiry I sampled five households purposively. Data was collected using interviews and questionnaires. These categories emerged after data analysis: needs of learners, psychological experiences, relationships with social support systems and the role change from childhood to adulthood. The findings revealed that children experienced extreme financial constraints after the death of parents resulting in inadequate basic and educational needs. These children were traumatized and left emotionally vulnerable, living in fear and isolation constantly. Relatives did not offer any support to these children but support from the school, community and siblings was evident. These children made huge adjustments assuming parental responsibilities and this affected their academic performance. It is recommended that more study is required on the development of a Community Support Centre to educate learners and parents on how to support these children. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)