Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1998. / Title from title page screen, viewed July 14, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Patricia A. Jarvis (chair), Deborah Gentry, Matthew Hesson-McInnis, Connie B. Horton, Margaret Nauta. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-93) and abstract. Also available in print.

Introdução: O desenvolvimento psicossexual humano inicia no período pré-natal e é composto pelo papel de gênero (PG), pela identidade de gênero (IG) e pela orientação sexual (OS). Em indivíduos com DDS 46,XY, vários fatores podem comprometer esse desenvolvimento, levando a incongruência de identidade de gênero e à mudança de gênero. Nesses pacientes, a exposição androgênica pré-natal e o grau de virilização da genitália externa tem sido avaliados como possíveis influenciadores destes desfechos, mas seu papel ainda não foi esclarecido. Objetivos: Avaliar os desfechos psicossexuais - IG, PG e OS - e aspectos da vida sexual em uma coorte de indivíduos com DDS 46,XY na idade adulta com diagnostico etiológico caracterizado do ponto de vista clínico e molecular e investigar a influência da exposição androgênica pré-natal e do grau de virilização da genitália externa nesses desfechos e na prevalência de disforia de gênero (DG). Pacientes: 144 pacientes com diagnóstico etiológico confirmado de DDS 46,XY acompanhados do HCFMUSP com idade entre 16 e 60 anos foram incluídos neste estudo. Métodos: Os componentes do desenvolvimento psicossexual (IG, PG, OS) foram avaliados usando questionários e por teste psicológico projetivo (HTP - House-Tree-Person). O escore de Sinnecker foi utilizado para a mensuração do grau de virilização da genitália externa. A exposição androgênica pré-natal foi estimada de acordo com a etiologia do DDS 46,XY. Aspectos da vida sexual foram avaliados através de questionário específico.Todas as variáveis categóricas foram analisadas usando teste X². A força de associação foi avaliada pelo cálculo do V de Cramer. O índice kappa foi usado para avaliar concordância entre resultados dos testes. Resultados: Houve uma associação positiva entre exposição androgênica pré-natal e a maior incidência de desfechos psicossexuais masculinos em indivíduos com maior exposição. O grau de virilização da genitália externa não interferiu nos desfechos psicossexuais. Houve uma prevalência de 19% (27/144) de disforia de gênero em toda a coorte. Em 93% (25/27), a DG foi do sexo feminino para o masculino e ocorreu em 50% (16/32) de casos de deficiência de 5alfa-RD2, seguido de 33% (5/15) dos casos de deficiência da 17beta-HSD3 e se associou com exposição androgênica pré-natal (p < 001; V=0,461), mas não com a virilização da genitália externa. A mediana de idade do desejo de mudar de sexo foi de 8 anos (5 - 9) enquanto que a da idade da mudança de sexo foi 15 anos (10.5 - 20). Os desfechos psicossexuais mostraram maior concordância com o sexo social final (PG - k=0.81; IG - k=0.65 e OS - k=0.85) do que com o sexo de registro (PG - k=0.1; IG - k=0.25 e OS - k=0.15). Quanto a sexualidade, alguns parâmetros (fantasias sexuais, masturbação e parceiro sexual fixo) foram melhores no sexo masculino comparado ao feminino. No entanto, não houveram diferenças em relação aos parâmetros da vida sexual comparando indivíduos do sexo feminino com e sem atipia genital e indivíduos do sexo masculino que mantiveram o sexo social com os que mudaram para este sexo. Conclusões: A exposição androgênica pré-natal influenciou o desenvolvimento psicossexual em indivíduos com DDS 46,XY, de uma forma exposição-dependente, favorecendo desfechos masculinos, enquanto que o grau de virilização da genitália externa não influenciou estes desfechos. A DG do feminino para o masculino foi comum entre esses indivíduos e também foi influenciada pela exposição androgênica pré-natal. Os parâmetros psicossexuais nesses pacientes concorda muito mais com o sexo social final do que com o sexo de registro. A sexualidade dos indivíduos do sexo masculino tem aspectos mais satisfatórios que o feminino. Atipia genital no sexo feminino não afetou a sexualidade destas pacientes assim a sexualidade dos indivíduos que mudaram para o sexo masculino são semelhantes aos que foram registrados no sexo masculino Behavioral and Psychosexual Aspects of 46,XY DSD Individuals At Adulthood / Introduction: The human psychosexual development begins at prenatal period and is composed by gender role, gender identity and sexual orientation. In 46,XY DSD individuals a variety of factors may jeopardize an adequate psychosexual development and sometimes results in desire to change the gender. The effects of prenatal androgen exposure and the impact of atypical genitalia in the psychosexual outcomes have been suggested as influencing factors in the human psychosexual development but there is not conclusive evidence, especially in DDS 46, XY. Methods: We evaluated the psychosexual compounds - gender role (GR) at childhood gender identity (GI) and sexual orientation (SO) in individuals a large cohort of 144 46,XY DSD individuals, 86% of them raised in the female social sex, from a single tertiary medical center. The same psychologist, specialized in DSD, performed the psychosexual evaluation. We used a questionnaire and a projective psychological test (HTP test) to measure the psychosexual compounds. Prenatal androgen exposure was estimated considering the 46,XY etiology. Sinnecker\'s score was used to measure the external genitalia virilization. All ordinal variables were analyzed using Wilcoxon test. Categorical variables were analyzed using X2 test with posterior Cramer\'s V to measure the association strength. The kappa index was calculated as a concordance measure. Results: We found an association between prenatal androgen exposure and major prevalence of male psychosexual outcomes and a higher incidence of female to male gender dysphoria. There was not difference in the psychosexual outcomes according by external genitalia virilization in male and in female individuals. There was an incidence of 19% of gender dysphoria (27 out from 144). In 93% (n=25), the gender change was from female to male (F to M). The ethological diagnosis related with F to M GD were 5alpha-RD2 deficiency (5ARD2) in 16/32 (50%), followed by 5/15 (33%) in 17beta-HSD3 deficiency (17betaHSD3). Others diagnosis related with F to M GD were: partial gonadal dysgenesis (n=3/24; 12%) and 3betaHSD2 (n=1/3; 33%). Both cases of male to female (M to F) GD occurred in partial gonadal dysgenesis (8%; n=2/24). The median of GD age (desire to belong to another gender) was 8 years old (5-9), and the median of gender change itself was 15 years old (10.5 - 20). In F to M GD, gender change was associated with prenatal androgen exposure (p < 001; V=0,461). The psychosexual components showed higher concordance index with final gender (GI - k=0.81; GI - k=0.65 and SO - k=0.85) then with the assigned sex (GI - k=0.1; GI - k=0.25 and SO - k=0.15). Conclusion: Prenatal androgen exposure affects the psychosexual development, favoring more male outcomes. This influence was observed in GI, GR and SO. The degree of external genitalia virilization did not influence the psychosexual development. Female to Male GD is common in 46,XY DSD raised in female social sex, especially in 5ARD2 and 17?HSD3 deficiencies. There is a strong relationship between prenatal androgen exposure and F to M GD. On the other hand, M to F gender change was rare in 46,XY DSD and occurred only in partial gonadal dysgenesis patients

Introdução: O desenvolvimento psicossexual humano inicia no período pré-natal e é composto pelo papel de gênero (PG), pela identidade de gênero (IG) e pela orientação sexual (OS). Em indivíduos com DDS 46,XY, vários fatores podem comprometer esse desenvolvimento, levando a incongruência de identidade de gênero e à mudança de gênero. Nesses pacientes, a exposição androgênica pré-natal e o grau de virilização da genitália externa tem sido avaliados como possíveis influenciadores destes desfechos, mas seu papel ainda não foi esclarecido. Objetivos: Avaliar os desfechos psicossexuais - IG, PG e OS - e aspectos da vida sexual em uma coorte de indivíduos com DDS 46,XY na idade adulta com diagnostico etiológico caracterizado do ponto de vista clínico e molecular e investigar a influência da exposição androgênica pré-natal e do grau de virilização da genitália externa nesses desfechos e na prevalência de disforia de gênero (DG). Pacientes: 144 pacientes com diagnóstico etiológico confirmado de DDS 46,XY acompanhados do HCFMUSP com idade entre 16 e 60 anos foram incluídos neste estudo. Métodos: Os componentes do desenvolvimento psicossexual (IG, PG, OS) foram avaliados usando questionários e por teste psicológico projetivo (HTP - House-Tree-Person). O escore de Sinnecker foi utilizado para a mensuração do grau de virilização da genitália externa. A exposição androgênica pré-natal foi estimada de acordo com a etiologia do DDS 46,XY. Aspectos da vida sexual foram avaliados através de questionário específico.Todas as variáveis categóricas foram analisadas usando teste X². A força de associação foi avaliada pelo cálculo do V de Cramer. O índice kappa foi usado para avaliar concordância entre resultados dos testes. Resultados: Houve uma associação positiva entre exposição androgênica pré-natal e a maior incidência de desfechos psicossexuais masculinos em indivíduos com maior exposição. O grau de virilização da genitália externa não interferiu nos desfechos psicossexuais. Houve uma prevalência de 19% (27/144) de disforia de gênero em toda a coorte. Em 93% (25/27), a DG foi do sexo feminino para o masculino e ocorreu em 50% (16/32) de casos de deficiência de 5alfa-RD2, seguido de 33% (5/15) dos casos de deficiência da 17beta-HSD3 e se associou com exposição androgênica pré-natal (p < 001; V=0,461), mas não com a virilização da genitália externa. A mediana de idade do desejo de mudar de sexo foi de 8 anos (5 - 9) enquanto que a da idade da mudança de sexo foi 15 anos (10.5 - 20). Os desfechos psicossexuais mostraram maior concordância com o sexo social final (PG - k=0.81; IG - k=0.65 e OS - k=0.85) do que com o sexo de registro (PG - k=0.1; IG - k=0.25 e OS - k=0.15). Quanto a sexualidade, alguns parâmetros (fantasias sexuais, masturbação e parceiro sexual fixo) foram melhores no sexo masculino comparado ao feminino. No entanto, não houveram diferenças em relação aos parâmetros da vida sexual comparando indivíduos do sexo feminino com e sem atipia genital e indivíduos do sexo masculino que mantiveram o sexo social com os que mudaram para este sexo. Conclusões: A exposição androgênica pré-natal influenciou o desenvolvimento psicossexual em indivíduos com DDS 46,XY, de uma forma exposição-dependente, favorecendo desfechos masculinos, enquanto que o grau de virilização da genitália externa não influenciou estes desfechos. A DG do feminino para o masculino foi comum entre esses indivíduos e também foi influenciada pela exposição androgênica pré-natal. Os parâmetros psicossexuais nesses pacientes concorda muito mais com o sexo social final do que com o sexo de registro. A sexualidade dos indivíduos do sexo masculino tem aspectos mais satisfatórios que o feminino. Atipia genital no sexo feminino não afetou a sexualidade destas pacientes assim a sexualidade dos indivíduos que mudaram para o sexo masculino são semelhantes aos que foram registrados no sexo masculino Behavioral and Psychosexual Aspects of 46,XY DSD Individuals At Adulthood / Introduction: The human psychosexual development begins at prenatal period and is composed by gender role, gender identity and sexual orientation. In 46,XY DSD individuals a variety of factors may jeopardize an adequate psychosexual development and sometimes results in desire to change the gender. The effects of prenatal androgen exposure and the impact of atypical genitalia in the psychosexual outcomes have been suggested as influencing factors in the human psychosexual development but there is not conclusive evidence, especially in DDS 46, XY. Methods: We evaluated the psychosexual compounds - gender role (GR) at childhood gender identity (GI) and sexual orientation (SO) in individuals a large cohort of 144 46,XY DSD individuals, 86% of them raised in the female social sex, from a single tertiary medical center. The same psychologist, specialized in DSD, performed the psychosexual evaluation. We used a questionnaire and a projective psychological test (HTP test) to measure the psychosexual compounds. Prenatal androgen exposure was estimated considering the 46,XY etiology. Sinnecker\'s score was used to measure the external genitalia virilization. All ordinal variables were analyzed using Wilcoxon test. Categorical variables were analyzed using X2 test with posterior Cramer\'s V to measure the association strength. The kappa index was calculated as a concordance measure. Results: We found an association between prenatal androgen exposure and major prevalence of male psychosexual outcomes and a higher incidence of female to male gender dysphoria. There was not difference in the psychosexual outcomes according by external genitalia virilization in male and in female individuals. There was an incidence of 19% of gender dysphoria (27 out from 144). In 93% (n=25), the gender change was from female to male (F to M). The ethological diagnosis related with F to M GD were 5alpha-RD2 deficiency (5ARD2) in 16/32 (50%), followed by 5/15 (33%) in 17beta-HSD3 deficiency (17betaHSD3). Others diagnosis related with F to M GD were: partial gonadal dysgenesis (n=3/24; 12%) and 3betaHSD2 (n=1/3; 33%). Both cases of male to female (M to F) GD occurred in partial gonadal dysgenesis (8%; n=2/24). The median of GD age (desire to belong to another gender) was 8 years old (5-9), and the median of gender change itself was 15 years old (10.5 - 20). In F to M GD, gender change was associated with prenatal androgen exposure (p < 001; V=0,461). The psychosexual components showed higher concordance index with final gender (GI - k=0.81; GI - k=0.65 and SO - k=0.85) then with the assigned sex (GI - k=0.1; GI - k=0.25 and SO - k=0.15). Conclusion: Prenatal androgen exposure affects the psychosexual development, favoring more male outcomes. This influence was observed in GI, GR and SO. The degree of external genitalia virilization did not influence the psychosexual development. Female to Male GD is common in 46,XY DSD raised in female social sex, especially in 5ARD2 and 17?HSD3 deficiencies. There is a strong relationship between prenatal androgen exposure and F to M GD. On the other hand, M to F gender change was rare in 46,XY DSD and occurred only in partial gonadal dysgenesis patients

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T16:28:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eritania de Britos.pdf: 3081289 bytes, checksum: 6a59d7c8cd2acc3d4112aa7b20290960 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study refers to our literature and qualitative research, developed by the master's program in education at the University of West of Paraná-UNIOESTE, Campus de Francisco Beltrão-PR. We aim to meet as the teachers use the fairy tales in the Municipal early childhood Centres (CMEIs) of our municipality. We have outlined the universe of fairy tales, tracing a panorama of its origin and structure. Within that universe, the writers Charles Perrault, the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen. We support the concepts of myths, fables and fairy tales, emphasizing the particularity of each one, emphasizing the relevance of tales in the education of young children. We used the psychoanalytic theory to discuss the importance of these stories in the psychosexual development of the child. In the empirical literature review-we do the survey of academic-scientific productions that articulated fairy tales, education, Sexual Education, sexuality and Psychoanalysis at the State universities in the State of Paraná. We located twelve (12) universities that have graduate Stricto Sensu. Select, digital collections, seventeen (17) theses and dissertations that addressed our categories of analysis. However, do not reflect exactly our search object, which is the fairy tales in the sexual education of CMEIs. In the field research we collect data in fifteen (15) and we performed CMEIs semi-structured interviews with thirty (30) teachers who work in respective CMEIs. Our purpose was to answer the following question: what are the contributions of fairy tales in sexual education in Francisco Beltrão CMEIs? Anchored in the bibliographical research and field, we identified that the teachers feel bound to perform a job based on Emancipatory sex education, with small children, from the age of fairy tales. Therefore we reaffirm the importance of initial and continuing training, with teachers, early childhood education, about sexuality. In this sense, we present some suggestions for activities that can be used as methodological support, along with the theoretical contribution to work the issues of sexuality, present in early childhood education. Our studies led us to highlight the contributions of psychoanalysis to the field of education, by presenting correlations between fairy tales and the psychosexual development of the young child. Psychoanalytic reading of Bettelheim (2014) highlights that while the fairy tale fun kids, contribute in the construction of personality, because it clarifies important points about child development. We believe that this work has allowed us to extend the look at childhood through a fundamental element for the pedagogical practice, next to small children: fairy tales. Further, the results of our research, points to the need for training in sex education for teachers who are Emancipatory in Kindergarten, in the municipality of CMEIs Francisco Beltrão-PR. This sex education, articulated the psychoanalytic knowledge as possible way of intervention with young children, through fairy tales. / Este estudo se refere a nossa pesquisa, bibliográfica e qualitativa, desenvolvida junto ao Programa de Mestrado em Educação da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná - UNIOESTE, Campus de Francisco Beltrão/PR. Objetivamos conhecer como as professoras utilizam os Contos de Fadas nos Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil (CMEIs) do nosso município. Delineamos o universo dos Contos de Fadas, traçando um panorama de sua origem e estrutura. Dentro desse universo, destacamos os escritores Charles Perrault, Irmãos Grimm e Hans Christian Andersen. Contemplamos os conceitos de mitos, fábulas e contos de fadas, destacando a particularidade de cada um, ressaltando a relevância dos contos na educação das crianças pequenas. Recorremos à teoria psicanalítica para falarmos da importância dessas histórias no desenvolvimento psicossexual da criança. Na revisão empírico-bibliográfica realizamos o levantamento das produções acadêmico-científicas que articulavam Contos de Fadas, Educação, Psicanálise Sexualidade e Educação Sexual, junto às universidades estaduais no Estado do Paraná. Localizamos doze (12) universidades que possuem Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu. Selecionamos, dos acervos digitais, dezessete (17) teses e dissertações que abordavam nossas categorias de análise. No entanto, não refletiam, exatamente, o nosso objeto de pesquisa, que é os contos de fadas na educação sexual dos CMEIs. Na pesquisa de campo coletamos dados nos quinze (15) CMEIs do município e realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas com trinta (30) professoras que atuam nos respectivos CMEIs. Nosso propósito estava em responder à seguinte questão: quais as contribuições dos contos de fadas na educação sexual nos CMEIs de Francisco Beltrão? Ancoradas na pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo, identificamos que as professoras se sentem limitadas para realizar um trabalho fundamentado em Educação Sexual Emancipatória, com as crianças pequenas, a partir dos contos de fadas. Isso nos fez reafirmar a importância de uma formação inicial e continuada, com professores (as), da Educação Infantil, acerca da sexualidade. Nesse sentido, apresentamos algumas sugestões de atividades que podem ser utilizadas como suporte metodológico, juntamente, com o aporte teórico para trabalhar as questões da sexualidade, presentes na educação infantil. Nossos estudos nos levaram a destacar as contribuições da psicanálise para o campo da educação, por apresentar correlações entre os contos de fadas e o desenvolvimento psicossexual da criança pequena. A leitura psicanalítica de Bettelheim (2014) destaca, que ao mesmo tempo em que os contos de fadas divertem as crianças, contribuem na construção da personalidade, pois esclarece pontos importantes sobre o desenvolvimento infantil. Consideramos que esse trabalho nos permitiu ampliar o olhar para a infância, por meio de um elemento fundamental para a prática pedagógica, junto às crianças pequenas: os contos de fadas. Ainda mais, os resultados da nossa pesquisa, apontam para a necessidade de formação em Educação Sexual Emancipatória para as professoras que atuam na Educação Infantil, nos CMEIs do Município de Francisco Beltrão-PR. Educação Sexual esta, articulada aos conhecimentos psicanalíticos como caminho possível de intervenção, junto às crianças pequenas, através dos contos de fadas.

Employing both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, my dissertation project involved three phases aimed at examining women’s sexual selfviews. The primary aim of this research was to develop a comprehensive and multifaceted self-report measure of women’s sexual self-views. Phase 1 began the investigation of women’s sexual self-views through open-ended questions posed during qualitative interviews with a diverse sample of women varying among many demographic variables. The initial selection of items of the Women’s Sexual Self-Views (WSSV) scale were derived from the transcripts of Phase 1 interviews. Phase 2 focused on the development of a valid instrument intended to tap the construct of women’s sexual self-views and examined its association to potentially relevant variables, including sexual functioning status. Results from factor analyses highlighted discrete factors of women’s sexual self-views which were labeled as: Positive Sexual Self-Views (12 items), Negative Internal/Affective Sexual Self-Views (6 items), Negative External/ Behavioral Sexual Self-Views (5 items), Interpersonally-Relevant Sexual Self-Views (6 items), and Conservative Sexual Self-Views (5 items). The final version of the WSSV scale is a brief, 34-item measure of sexual self-views. Psychometric evaluation of the WSSV scale provided preliminary evidence of reliability and validity. The ability of the WSSV scale to differentiate between women with and without sexual concerns was demonstrated for the Positive Sexual Self-Views domain and the Negative Internal/ Affective Sexual Self-Views domain. That is, women with sexually difficulties had lower Positive Sexual Self-Views and higher Negative Internal/ Affective Sexual Self-Views as compared to sexually healthy controls. Phase 3 investigated the relationship between sexual self-views and memory for sexual information. Results provided initial evidence that participants performed better on sexually-relevant memory tasks which were consistent with their sexual self-views. I believe that the following study provides a deeper understanding of the cognitive factors involved in female sexual functioning and begins to provide a framework for understanding the role of memory in women’s sexuality. / text

Cette recherche s’engage à comprendre la question des orientations sexuelles, en essayant de répondre aux questions soulevées par les comportements des sujets qui souffrent à cause de leur orientation homo/hétérosexuelle ou d’autres préférences. Cette étude propose d'abord des questions et méthodologies avec l’objectif de faire une recherche crédible sur la transmission intergénérationnelle et les orientations sexuelles. Elle s'adresse d'abord aux homo/hétérosexuels eux-mêmes, hommes et femmes, qu'ils soient sortis ou non de leur souffrance, qu'ils vivent seuls ou en couple. Elle doit leur permettre de mieux saisir les spécificités de ce qu’ils ont introjecté tout au long de leur cycle de vie pour conquérir leur identité sexuelle/orientation sexuelle et, surtout, débusquer l'homophobie sous toutes ses formes, y compris celle qu'ils portent souvent en eux-mêmes. Mais elle s'adresse aussi, de manière générale, à tous ceux qui ne sont pas satisfaits des clichés et des préjugés habituels identificatoires/orientations sexuelles différents de la civilisation hétérosexualiste. Il s’agit de faire connaissances des causes psychosociales et cliniques pour pouvoir intervenir dans le domaine de la santé. En tant que cliniciens, nous présentons une recherche qui exploite les causes qui déterminent des comportements sexuels chez les humains, surtout les formes de développement psychosexuel versus activité sexuelle. / The purpose of this research is to understand the issue of the sexual orientations, trying to answer the questions raised by the behavior of those who suffer with their homosexuality or other sexual orientation. This study firstly suggests questions and methodologies aiming to do a credible research about the attachment and sexual orientations. This research is firstly addressed to the homo/heterosexuals themselves, men and women, who have assumed themselves or not, whether they live alone or as a couple. It must allow them to better understand the details of their sexual orientation and, above all, to scrutinize the homophobia in all its ways, taking in account that one which most of the time they have in themselves, without knowing. However it’s also addressed, in a general way, to those who are not pleased with the usual clichés and prejudices of the different sexual orientations of the heterosexual society. The question is to know the clinical and psychosocial causes in order to be able to intervene in the health domain. As doctors, we present a research that explores the causes, which determine the homo/heterosexual behaviors between humans, especially the patterns of psychosexual development versus sexual activity.

Young women’s sexual attitudes, experiences, and sense of self develop within multiple social contexts, including the schools in which they spend so much of their time, their romantic and sexual relationships, and a larger normative climate of expectations and beliefs about sexuality. Girls may struggle to develop a healthy view of their sexuality in the face of prevailing sexual beliefs that in many ways deny girls’ sexual desire and define female sexuality as passive and vulnerable. Despite these negative messages, however, many girls do develop positive attitudes about their sexuality, feeling entitled to sexual pleasure and safety. This study explores how young women develop this sense of sexual agency during adolescence and the transition to adulthood. Using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, I place adolescent sexual development in a social context, by considering the role of schools and early sexual relationships in young women’s developing sexual agency. Additionally, I consider the consequences of girls’ sexual attitudes and first sexual experiences not only for their sexual health but for their later sexual relationships as well. Finally, I consider how young women’s experience of sexual agency may be connected to another manifestation of gender inequality in relationships - housework. Findings suggest that girls’ attitudes toward sex and contraception are related to their sexual relationships in adulthood: girls who see sex as having negative consequences - either for their social relationships, their sense of self, or their future - are less likely to experience sexual agency in their adult relationships. Results also suggest that schools may play contradictory roles in girls’ sexual empowerment, as girls who do well in school were more confident about their ability to use contraception but were also more likely to associate sex with guilt and shame. Additionally, schools provide a peer context for the development of sexual attitudes. Finally, results suggest that explanations for gender inequality in housework are less relevant for sexual behavior, though women and men who are committed to equality in their relationships are likely to be more egalitarian in both housework and sex. / text

西游记是明代吴承恩所攥写的。西游记的主角是孙悟空。孙悟空出生时，具有超自然力量，但是一直很叛逆。因为孙悟空对天堂犯了大错，所以他受到惩罚，他必须帮助玄奘去印度取经回中国。整个旅程中，孙悟空和朝圣者经历八十一场灾难，也让孙悟空变成了一个更好的人。这篇论文应用西格蒙德·弗洛伊德的性心理發展分析为什么孙悟空在朝圣中，行为和性格变的更好。孙悟空在生命的早期阶段发展了固着，通过一直吃达到自我享乐。之后，孙悟空找到了他的阳具，如意金箍棒，孙悟空一直用如意金箍棒试图征服。孙悟空也开始仿效他的父亲形象，玉皇大帝。因为孙悟空违反玉皇大帝的法律，玉皇大帝试图处决孙悟空，但是失败了。所以，孙悟空认为强的人是高于法律的。然而只有佛陀能给孙悟空惩罚，把孙悟空放在五阶山下。孙悟空在五阶山下五百年以后，观音委任孙悟空保护玄奘去印度取经。孙悟空在玄奘身上找到了一位父亲形象，在观音身上找到了一位母亲形象。孙悟空模仿玄奘不使用他的阳具，如意金箍棒试图征服。反而，孙悟空用如意金箍棒做好事，不伤人。 / The Journey to the West is written by Wu Cheng'en,1505-1580 A.D., during the Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644 A.D. The protagonist in The Journey to the West is named Sun Wukong. Sun Wukong is born with supernatural powers and is always up to no good. As punishment for his crimes against the Heaven, Sun Wukong must take a journey to India to help the monk Tripitaka, in order to retrieve Buddhist scriptures back to China. Throughout the journey Sun Wukong and the pilgrims will go through eightyone calamities. The pilgrimage transforms Sun Wukong into becoming a better man. This paper applies Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual development to Sun Wukong to understand his actions and personality and why it changes for the better during The Journey to the West. Sun Wukong develops a fixation to always pleasure himself through eating in the early stages of his life. Later Sun Wukong finds his phallus, the Golden Rod, to conquer, imitating his first father figure, the Jade Emperor. The Jade Emperor tries to execute Sun Wukong for disobeying his laws, but fails. Therefore, Sun Wukong believes that strong people are above the law. The only one that is strong enough to punish him is Buddha by putting Sun Wukong under the FivePhase Mountain. After five hundred years under the mountain, Sun Wukong is assigned by Guanyin to protect Tripitaka during the pilgrimage. Sun Wukong finds a father figure in Tripitaka and a mother figure in Guanyin. Sun Wukong imitates Tripitaka’s kind nature by not using his phallus, the Golden Rod, to conquer. Instead Sun Wukong uses the Golden Rod to do good merits and not hurt humans.