The purpose of this research is to determine the extent of public participation in waste management, willingness of the community to assist the municipality in waste management and how the officials involve the community as partners in waste management. Waste management has become a big environmental challenge in Sedibeng District Municipality due to rural- urban drift leading to population increase in the region. In cities and towns where there is population increase there is excessive generation of waste which demands new methods of waste management including public engagement and participation. This can be achieved through education and awareness campaigns in all municipality Wards to capacitate residents to minimize waste at household level. Community participation in waste collection, prevention of waste generation, recycling methods and assistance of waste management departments is one of the recommended methods and solution to waste collection challenges. The challenge in waste management is how to identify the informal sector stakeholders that can be involved in sorting of recyclable waste material that has been separated at source. Another challenge is how private sector can be approached to participate in household refuse collection to reduce backlog of un-serviced areas in the three local municipalities of Sedibeng District Municipality. The objectives of the research are: firstly, to determine the status quo of the household waste collection in the three local municipalities comprising Sedibeng District Municipality. Secondly, it is to determine the extent of backlogs emanating from the un-serviced households in Emfuleni; Midvaal and Lesedi local municipalities. Thirdly, it is to determine how local communities, informal sector and private sector can be involved in waste solutions. Fourthly, it is aimed to identify limitations; constraints and challenges that confront municipalities in engaging stakeholders in waste management solutions. The responses were from the officials of the three local municipalities, relevant supporting departments and stakeholders. Qualitative research and data was collected through questionnaires and interviews. Findings of the research indicated, among others, that: *Though sustainable household collection services are rendered in the three local municipalities, there is a backlog of 10 000 houses at Emfuleni, 270 at Midvaal and 6 000 at Lesedi local municipalities *There are no other stakeholders rendering waste management services in the region except for the operations of the landfill sites *Only 35% of householders recycle at source. The residents are prepared to participate but lack knowledge *The study revealed that in public participation, the community, Office of the Speaker, officials and Executive Mayor are the most important stakeholders to promote sustainable waste management services. They should ensure that public participation policies and strategies are implemented in the region. The study recommends, among others, that municipalities must support the community in the form of education and awareness campaigns, recycling at source, establish infrastructure for recyclable and separated goods, how to establish co-operatives and public-private-partnerships in waste management. New approaches such as composting of organic waste, proper disposal of electronic, medical and hazardous waste need to be communicated to the public. The study ends with recommendations for further research to be pursued in the following fields of study: *The role of the private sector in a municipality. *Integrated Waste Management Plans as tools to promote public participation in the Sedibeng District Municipality *Education and awareness to the public as a strategy to promote sustainable development in waste management in the Sedibeng District Municipality *The impact of waste storage containers in the prevention of illegal dumping in local municipalities *The role of environmental committees within a municipality in waste management and public participation / PhD (Public Management and Governance), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

Public-Private-Partnership (P3) is gaining momentum as the delivery method for the development of public infrastructure. These projects, however, are exposed to economic risks. If the private parties are not comfortable with the level of the risks, they would not participate in the project and, as a result, the infrastructure will most likely not be realized. As an incentive for participation in the P3 project, private parties are sometimes offered guarantees against unfavorable economic risks. Therefore, the valuation of these guarantees is essential for deciding whether or not to participate in the project. While previous works focused on the valuation of guarantees, the incorporation of credit risk in the value of the P3 projects and the guarantees has been neglected. The effect of credit risk can be taken into account by using the rigorous Credit Value Adjustment method (CVA). CVA is a computationally demanding method that the valuation methods currently in the literature are not capable of handling. This research offers a novel approach for the valuation of guarantees and P3 projects which is computationally superior to the existing methods. Because of this computational efficiency, CVA can be implemented to account for credit risk. For the development of this method, a continuous stochastic differential equation (SDE) is derived from the forecasted curve of an economic risk. Using the SDE, the partial differential equation (PDE) governing the value of the guarantees will be derived. Then, the PDE will be solved using Finite Difference Method (FDM). A new feature for this method is that it obtains exercise strategies for the Australian guarantees. The present work extends the literature by providing a valuation method for the cases that multiple risks affect P3 projects. It also presents an approach for the valuation of the Asian style guarantee, a contract which reimburses the private party based on the average of risk factor. Finally, a hypothetical case study illustrates the implementation of the FDM-based valuation method and CVA to obtain the value of the P3 project and the guarantees adjusted for the counterparty credit risk.

Public-Private-Partnership (P3) is gaining momentum as the delivery method for the development of public infrastructure. These projects, however, are exposed to economic risks. If the private parties are not comfortable with the level of the risks, they would not participate in the project and, as a result, the infrastructure will most likely not be realized. As an incentive for participation in the P3 project, private parties are sometimes offered guarantees against unfavorable economic risks. Therefore, the valuation of these guarantees is essential for deciding whether or not to participate in the project. While previous works focused on the valuation of guarantees, the incorporation of credit risk in the value of the P3 projects and the guarantees has been neglected. The effect of credit risk can be taken into account by using the rigorous Credit Value Adjustment method (CVA). CVA is a computationally demanding method that the valuation methods currently in the literature are not capable of handling. This research offers a novel approach for the valuation of guarantees and P3 projects which is computationally superior to the existing methods. Because of this computational efficiency, CVA can be implemented to account for credit risk. For the development of this method, a continuous stochastic differential equation (SDE) is derived from the forecasted curve of an economic risk. Using the SDE, the partial differential equation (PDE) governing the value of the guarantees will be derived. Then, the PDE will be solved using Finite Difference Method (FDM). A new feature for this method is that it obtains exercise strategies for the Australian guarantees. The present work extends the literature by providing a valuation method for the cases that multiple risks affect P3 projects. It also presents an approach for the valuation of the Asian style guarantee, a contract which reimburses the private party based on the average of risk factor. Finally, a hypothetical case study illustrates the implementation of the FDM-based valuation method and CVA to obtain the value of the P3 project and the guarantees adjusted for the counterparty credit risk.

Diss. Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, 2008.

La recherche est développée en connexion avec l'évolution de la qualité et de l'efficience de la logistique inversée des déchets urbains. Après avoir observé comment la logistique inversée est exécutée au Brésil, plus spécifiquement dans deux villes brésiliennes (Fortaleza, l'Etat du Ceará et Osasco, l'Etat de São Paulo), nous avons suggéré une optimisation d'un point de vue quantitative et qualitative. Autrement dit, l'introduction d'un procédure d'optimisation dans les modelés courants de l'administration traditionnelle de la logistique inversée. En réalité, le management public peut apporter performance et efficience s'il utilise des outils mathématiques, computationnelles et managériales appropriées. Le modèle mathématique, formulé dans la thèse, est capable d'analyser et optimiser quantitativement l'emplacement d' installations pour la logistique inverse et d'indiquer quelle est la meilleure localisation pour que le management public puisse acquérir plus de performance et d'efficience dans sa gestion des déchets urbains. Pour optimiser les solutions, dans le contexte de la gestion des déchets urbains, nous utilisons la technique de programmation liner.Un programme computationnelle a été développé pour cette recherche pour faire des simulations. L'efficience et la versatilité de ce programme ont été utilisées pour faire l'analyse de deux exemples au Brésil en déterminant la localisation optimisée des installations à Fortaleza et à Osasco. Finalement, tandis que la recherche opérationnelle est la base de la construction de ce modèle mathématique, le modèle de partenariat public-privé est l'indication du type idéal de management pour la gestion des déchets urbains. / The research is developed in connection with the evolution in quality and efficiency of reverse logistics of urban solid waste. Therefore, after observing how reverse logistics is currently being executed in two Brazilian cities (Fortaleza, State of Ceará and Osasco, State of São Paulo), quantitative and qualitative management optimization procedures are suggested. In other words, such optimization procedures suggest that traditional management models currently used in public administration can enhance performance and efficiency if appropriate mathematical, computational and managerial tools are used.A mathematical model was formulated capable to accomplish an optimized quantitative analysis for the location of facilities within the ambit of reverse logistics and, then, it was indicated which is the best type of public management so that the proposed model is used with high performance and efficiency. To optimize solutions in the context of urban solid waste management, linear programming techniques are used.A computer program developed for this research was used to perform the simulations. The efficiency and versatility of the computer program were evaluated through the analysis of several examples for determining the optimized location of facilities in Fortaleza and in Osasco.Operational research is the basis for the construction of the mathematical model while the public-private partnership management model is the indication of the type of appropriate management so that the aforementioned mathematical and computational tool may present optimized solutions in the proposed reverse logistics urban solid waste management model.

The purpose of this article is to highlight the probable contingencies that could arise as a result of the review of the decisions of the Dispute Boards in the arbitration. To achieve this, the structure of the article is arranged in such a way as to facilitate the understanding of the conclusions.In that sense, first, the nature and function of the Dispute Boards is defined. The classes and advantages offered by these dispute resolution mechanisms are then indicated. Subsequently, the legal provision is analyzed in order to crumble its contents. The article ends with the analysis of the effects generated by reviewing the decisions of the Dispute Boards. / El presente artículo tiene la finalidad de evidenciar las probables contingencias que podrían producirse a causa de la revisión de las decisiones de los Dispute Boards en la vía arbitral. Para llegar a ello, la estructura del artículo se encuentra ordenada de tal manera que facilitará la comprensión de las conclusiones.En ese sentido, primero, se define la naturaleza y la función de los Dispute Boards. Luego, se señala las clases y ventajas que ofrecen estos mecanismos de solución de controversias. Posteriormente, se analiza la disposición legal con la finalidad de desmenuzar su contenido. Se finaliza el artículo con la exposición de los efectos producidos a causa de la revisión de estas decisiones.

This paper discusses the basics and the ways that generally develops the «Public procurement system» between the government and private sector operators. If the material activity of the Public Administrations usually develops through its own means, economic, material and personal, it is also essential collaboration of the private sector through public procurement. The positive connection to the law is unavoidable in public contracts, but it is also very relevant public expenditure savings applying procurement rules to advertising, equal competition and competitiveness. It serves as a reference the substantive core of Spanish law which, as most of the states of Europe, faithfully follows the rules to compliance with the European Union, undoubtedly one of the forms of state integration policies with greater depth and success in the world. / En este trabajo se analizan los fundamentos y las formas en que se desenvuelve generalmente el «sistema de la contratación pública», una de las instituciones jurídicas en que se manifiesta más explícitamente la actuación colaborativa entre las Administraciones Públicas y los agentes económicos del sector privado. Si la actividad material de las Administraciones Públicas se desarrolla generalmente a través de sus propios medios, económicos, materiales y personales, también es fundamental la colaboración del sector privado a través de los contratos públicos.La vinculación positiva a la ley resulta ineludible en los contratos públicos, pero es muy relevante el ahorro de gasto público aplicando normas de contratación con publicidad, igualdad de concurrencia y competitividad. Sirve como referencia el núcleo sustancial del Derecho español que, como la mayor parte de los Estados de Europa, sigue fielmente las normas de obligado acatamiento de la Unión Europea, sin duda una de las fórmulas políticas de integración estatal con mayor calado y éxito en el mundo.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar os principais aspectos relativos à formatação de contratos das Parcerias Público-Privadas (PPP), entre o Estado e a iniciativa privada sob a ótica econômica, com foco no setor de saneamento básico, para melhoria dos resultados dos serviços prestados à população. Os instrumentos de análise são as experiências internacionais mais desenvolvidas e a base teórica disponível na literatura internacional, e também, os elementos essenciais considerados nas formatações das parcerias, indicadas por organismos internacionais. É apresentada a evolução das PPPs ao longo da história, os fundamentos teóricos dessas modalidades de atendimento à infraestrutura e provisão de serviços. Os principais modelos de parcerias desenvolvidas e as diferentes formatações das mesmas são expostos, apontando aplicação dessa tecnologia em diferentes áreas ao redor do mundo. Situam-se as principais demandas, dificuldades e oportunidades em saneamento básico no Brasil, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, na cidade de Porto Alegre, onde a formatação de PPPs é uma alternativa para acessibilidade aos serviços e ao desenvolvimento das infraestruturas demandadas pela sociedade, em um ambiente de restrição de recursos governamentais, em conjunto de normas legais e aspectos regulatórios existentes. Pontuam-se os principais tópicos a serem considerados na constituição, desenvolvimento e implementação de uma PPP, tanto sob a ótica do Estado quanto do operador privado e da sociedade, sendo o norte principal os instrumentos utilizados em diferentes países com sucesso na utilização da tecnologia e as bases dos programas incentivados por organismos como World Bank, Fundo Monetário Internacional e United Nations. Considera o ferramental de análise usado durante as diferentes fases do processo e da efetividade e da eficiência de uma PPP para todos os agentes envolvidos. Do conjunto de informações coletadas e analisadas, percebe-se a grande oportunidade para o Brasil e seus entes federados utilizar a tecnologia para resolver os problemas existentes no setor de saneamento, em especial, embora haja limitação de informações, para a formatação e constituição de PPPs. / This dissertation aims to evaluate the main aspects concerning the format of contracts for public-private partnerships between state and private initiative, under the economic perspective, focusing on the basic sanitation sector, and whose results are to improve services population. The analytical tools are the most developed international experiences and the theoretical basis presented by the international literature, as well as the essential elements to be considered in the formatting of the partnerships listed by international agencies. It shows the evolution of PPPs throughout history, as well as the theoretical foundation behind this type of service infrastructure and service provision. The main partnership models developed and the different formats of them are exposed, pointing application of this technology in different areas around the globe. It presents the main demands, challenges and opportunities in basic sanitation in Brazil, in state of Rio Grande do Sul, in Porto Alegre city, where the formatting of PPP is an alternative to accessibility to services and infrastructure development demands by society, in an environment of restricted resources of government, together with the legal and regulatory issues exist. It punctuates the main topics to be considered in the creation, development and implementation of a PPP, both from the perspective of the state, the private operator and society, with the northern main tools used in different countries with successful use of technology and the bases of the programs encouraged by bodies like the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and United Nations. It exposes analysis tools during different phases of the process and the effectiveness and efficiency of a PPP for all stakeholders. The set of information submitted, we find the greatest opportunity for Brazil and its federal entities to use technology to solve existing problems in the sanitation sector in particular, although there is limited data for formatting and setting up PPPs.

Nos mercados dominados por compras de governo, os investimentos em inovação dependem, em grande parte, de subvenções públicas cujo sucesso de aplicação está relacionado a um produtivo arranjo das instituições envolvidas. Neste trabalho são investigadas e analisadas as práticas e mecanismos relacionados à inovação em projetos de estado. A pesquisa foi realizada empregando-se o método de estudo de caso, tendo sido conduzidas uma etapa exploratória e uma etapa de pesquisa de campono setor espacial brasileiro. Foram analisadas instituições e empresas com participação no setor espacial, sendo as empresas ligadas ao desenvolvimento e à manufatura de subsistemas para satélites. Na esfera governamental, foram analisados documentos oficiais relacionados ao setor espacial, bem como ao sistema nacional de inovação. Os diferentes elementos mapeados são leis e regulamentos, subvenção econômica, programas e políticas, recursos financeiros, mão de obra, contratos e produtos desenvolvidos e propriedade intelectual. Esses elementos foram analisadosà luz das teorias institucional, de sistemas nacionais e setoriais de inovação, triângulo de Sabato, tripla hélice, inovação aberta e contratação pública e caracterizados como determinantes dinâmicos que contribuem para o aperfeiçoamento do processo de geração de inovação. Os resultados do presente trabalho compreendem: a caracterização do universo organizacional do setor espacial brasileiro e dos contratos entre instituições públicas e as empresas; análise da legislação pertinente à inovação e confronto com a prática empresarial, e a identificação dos elementos relevantes nos mecanismos de governança e inovação no setor espacial. Em especial, identificaram-se os fatores promotores e inibidores da inovação na estrutura de governança do programa de satélites brasileiros à luz dos pressupostos teóricos condicionantes da inovação. No campo teórico este trabalho busca compreender as formas de interação governo – indústria no contexto de fomento à inovação, através da estruturação de uma ferramenta analítica para a análise de projetos nacionais de inovação. Futuras aplicações desse ferramental analítico poderão ser feitas no estudo de outros setores produtivos, além dos de alta tecnologia, que sejam dependentes da interação com o Estado. / In markets dominated by government purchases, investment in innovation depends mainly on public subsidies whose success in application is related to a productive arrangement of the institutions involved.In this work we investigate and analyze practices and mechanisms related to innovation in state coordinated projects. The research was carried out using a case study method, having been conducted in two phases: exploratory and field studyin the Brazilian space sector. Institutions and companies participating in the space sector were analyzed. The studied companies develop and manufacture satellite subsystems. In the governmental sphere, official documents related to the space sector and to the national system of innovation were analyzed. The different elements mapped are laws and regulations, economic subsidy, programs and policies, financial resources, labor, contracts and developed products, and intellectual property. These elements were analyzed in light of theories of institutions, national and sectoral systems of innovation, Sabato’s triangle, triple helix, open innovation and public procurement, and characterized as dynamic determinants which contribute to the improvement of the innovation generation process. The results of the present work include: characterization of organizations which participate in the Brazilian space sector andof contracts signed between public institutions and companies; analysis of the legal framework pertaining to innovation, confronting it with organizational practice, and identification of relevant elements in the governance and innovation mechanisms in the space sector. In particular, factors which promote and inhibit innovation were identified in the governance structure of the Brazilian satellite program, in light of the theoretical presuppositions which condition innovation. In the theoretical field, this work aims to understand forms of government – industry interaction in the context of fostering innovation, through structuring an analytical tool for analyzing national projects for innovation. Future applications of this analytical framework may be in studying other productive sectors, besides high technology areas, which may be dependent of interaction with the State.

O presente estudo analisa os aspectos jurídicos da parceria entre a Rede Municipal de Ensino de Sapiranga e o Instituto Ayrton Senna, discutindo a relação do público e do privado na educação. O marco teórico é a crise do capital, que, entre suas estratégias de superação apresenta o Neoliberalismo e a Terceira Via, ambos propondo a reforma do Estado para a solução de uma crise centrada no Estado. Em 1995, no Brasil, tem-se o Ministério de Administração e Reforma do Estado, que cria o Plano Diretor da Reforma do Aparelho do Estado, o qual propunha a descentralização de serviços, até então de exclusividade do Estado, incluindo a sociedade civil organizada, o terceiro setor ou público não-estatal. Em 1998, foi promulgada a Emenda Constitucional n°19, que irá promover a reforma na Administração Pública brasileira. Dentre outras alterações, tem-se a inserção do princípio da eficiência como um dos princípios da Administração pública. A Emenda Constitucional n°19 irá fazer com que prevaleça a lógica da iniciativa privada agindo no setor público, através das entidades do Terceiro Setor. Diante disso, é apresentada a configuração jurídica dessas entidades, suas especificidades e as formas de controle social que podem ser exercidas sobre elas.Este trabalho apresenta a parceria entre o Município de Sapiranga e o Instituto Ayrton Senna, a partir da análise da legislação municipal como forma de materialização da relação públicoprivada, e as implicações da parceria para a educação municipal. / This study examines the legal aspects of the partnership between the Municipal Network for Teaching Sapiranga and the Ayrton Senna Institute, discussing the relationship of public and private education. The theoretical framework is the crisis of capital, which, among their strategies for overcoming the present Neoliberalism and the Third Way, both proposing a reform of the state to solve a crisis centered in the state. In 1995, in Brazil, it established the Ministry of Administration and State Reform of establishing a Master Plan for Reform of the state apparatus, which proposed the decentralization of services, then the exclusivity of the state, including civil society, the third sector or public non-state. In 1998, was enacted Constitutional Amendment No. 19, which will promote the reform in the Brazilian government. Among other changes, has been the inclusion of the principle of efficiency as one of the principles of government. The Constitutional Amendment No 19 will prevail to make the logic of private enterprise acting in the public sector, through the entities of the Third Sector. Thus, the configuration is displayed such legal entities, and their specific forms of social control can be exerted on them. This paper describes the partnership between the City of Sapiranga and the Ayrton Senna Institute, from the analysis of municipal law as a materialization of the public-private partnership and the implications for local education.