The purpose of this Master's Thesis is to investigate the outlooks for a seed stage venture capital fund investing in biotechnology-related spinouts from public research to be established in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. Recommendations on how to improve any discovered deficits of the fund's prerequisites are also to be presented. Analyses showed that the spinout potential of the research in the region is weak. The entrepreneurial prerequisites of the researchers, in terms of previous experience, business knowledge and a track record that would vouch for them being suitable entrepreneurs, are generally poor. Nor is there sufficient industry in the region to facilitate the establishment of and subsequent businesses for the spinouts. The seed fund must therefore provide any future portfolio ventures with a substantial amount of Hands-on Management. To improve the prerequisites for the seed fund, PVA-MV must influence the researchers'attitude towards spinouts and make the monetary gains more visible. The researchers must be imbued with a business approach in their research and PVA-MV must market its services as being the intermediary of government, universities and industry and as being able to create opportunities for researchers as well as for industry. PVA-MV should also focus on the few institutes and individual researchers that do have some favourable entrepreneurial characteristics, in order to evoke professional entrepreneurs with a forming track record. To cope with the deficient prerequisites of the fund, PVA-MV must expand the competence of its own work force and focus on the rate of return rather than on building regional infrastructure pro bono as a governmental agency.

摘要 臺北市政府順應世界潮流，推動公共事務委外，為達成撙節人力與預算支出，於民國八十九年率先將公園附設游泳池委託民間經營管理。然民國九十六年卻發生承包商中途歇業、游泳池關門以及新的標案無廠商投標的現象。 本研究主要目的在探討臺北市公園附設游泳池委託經營所面臨的問題，並就經營困境提供改善方案建議。本文應用之理論為公共選擇理論、交易成本理論、代理理論和公私協力理論，採用文獻分析法、深度訪談法及參與觀察法，探索臺北市政府轄管之公園附設游泳池經營管理之最佳模式。 經研究分析發現管理機關未嚴格依契約執行、未建立退場機制、低使用率之游泳池競爭力薄弱、法令限制多、游泳池缺乏活化以及未妥做政策之可行性評估等因素為之前委外經營失敗之原因。 經歸納後提出下列建議：(1)契約訂定要嚴謹並嚴格要求應依契約執行；(2)要建立退場機制；(3)加強監督以提高服務品質；(4)主管機關法令定位要明確；(5)審慎評估將使用率低的游泳池關閉或轉型；(6)確實做好可行性評估和先期規劃；(7)建置彈性的招商機制與強化自主的履約管理；(8)利用既有優勢，提高競爭力；(9)將使用率高有競爭力的游泳池優先更新；(10)應確實檢討委託經營政策；(11)加強教育訓練，提升專業能力；(12)應確實做好市場調查。 / Abstract Following the global trend of promoting the outsourcing of public affairs in order to reduce human resources and budget expenditure, Taipei City Government has contracted out park swimming pools since 2000. Then it happened that the contractor went out of business halfway and closed the swimming pools in 2007. Furthermore, no new tenders bided for the successive contract. This study aims to investigate problems of by contracting out Taipei City Government park swimming pools, to provide proposals to mitigate difficulties in outsourcing business operation and to explore the best mode of park swimming pools management. The theories used in this thesis include Public Choice Theory, Transaction Cost Theory, Agency Theory and Public-Private Partnership Theory. Study methods used include document analysis, in-depth interviews and participant observation. The study found that the followings are causes of failure in the previous outsourcing project: the administrative authority did not enforce strict accordance with the contract, exit mechanism was not established, some low-usage swimming pools were less competitive, there were too many legal restrictions, swimming pools activation was not sufficient and feasibility study of outsourcing policy was not well performed. The following recommendations are summarized: (1) Rigorous contract terms and strict execution in accordance with the contract; (2) Establishing exit mechanism; (3) Strengthening supervision in order to improve service quality; (4) Establishing clear regulations; (5) Closing or transforming low-usage swimming pools; (6) Well-performed feasibility assessment and preliminary planning; (7) Building flexible outsourcing mechanism and strengthening self-compliance management; (8) Improving competitiveness by using the existing strengths; (9) Renovating competitive high-usage swimming pools as top priority; (10) Reviewing outsourcing policies exactly; (11) Strengthening education and training to enhance professional skills; (12) Well-performed market research.

The purpose of our thesis is to investigate the incentive mechanisms that may be used for a timely and successful implementation of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects. This purpose is achieved by investigating challenges and success factors within one of the largest Public-Private Partnership projects in Europe, the SESAR programme which stands for Single European Sky ATM Research and that aims at modernising the European air traffic management (ATM) system. The categories of SESAR actors that we investigated include: stakeholders (airspace users such as Air France, KLM, SAS; ANSPs from Sweden,Finland, Netherlands and the CANSO organisation; airport representatives including Swedavia, Zürich Airport and Guernsey Airport); as well as manufacturers (e.g. Airbus, Frequentis, Thales); international organisations as principals (e.g. European Commission – SESAR Joint Undertaking-, EUROCONTROL) and advisers (e.g. Helios UK). Referring to our contribution to the theory, we identify four categories of incentive mechanisms for timely implementation of large PPP projects: i. Financial incentives such as loans, proportionate with the level of risks the implementer bears; the deduction of loan fees or reduction of service charges can motivate stakeholders to implement earlier, once they identify a positive business case. ii. Operational incentives can refer to certain preferential treatment to those who comply and detrimental treatment to those who do not comply. iii. Legal incentives such as mandates can force commitment and have an impact on the timely implementation of PPP projects within a certain time-frame. iv. Intangible incentives, such as transparent communication, collaboration and less political behaviour, are seen as major factors contributing to the commitment and trust level among the actors involved, thus, enabling the success of the PPP project implementation.

Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) is a form of Public-Private Partnerships that is commonly used to close the growing gap between the cost of developing and modernizing transportation infrastructure systems and the financial resources available to governments. When assessing the feasibility of a BOT project, private investors consider revenue risk - which is stemmed from the uncertainty about future traffic demand - as a critical factor. A potential approach to mitigating the revenue risk is the offering of revenue risk sharing mechanisms such as Minimum Revenue Guarantee options by the government. In addition to Minimum Revenue Guarantee options, a mechanism known as Traffic Revenue Cap options may also be negotiated, which makes the government entitled to a share of revenue when it grows beyond a specified threshold. Financial valuation of investments in BOT projects should take into account uncertainty about future traffic demand, as well as Minimum Revenue Guarantee and Traffic Revenue Cap options. The conventional valuation methods including Net Present Value (NPV) analysis are not capable of integrating the uncertainty about future traffic demand in the valuation of BOT projects and properly pricing Minimum Revenue Guarantee and Traffic Revenue Cap options. Real options analysis can be used as an alternative approach to valuation of investments in transportation projects under uncertainties. However, the appropriate application of real options analysis to valuation of investments in transportation projects is conditioned upon overcoming specific theoretical challenges. Current real options models do not provide a systematic method for estimating the project volatility, which measures the variability of investment value. Existing models do not provide a method for calculating the market value of Minimum Revenue Guarantee and Traffic Revenue Cap options. Also, current models are not able to characterize the impact of Minimum Revenue Guarantee and Traffic Revenue Cap options on private investors' financial risk profile. The overarching objective of this research is to apply the real options theory in order to price Minimum Revenue Guarantee and Traffic Revenue Cap options under the uncertainty about future traffic demand. To achieve this objective, a real options model is created that characterizes the long-term traffic demand uncertainty in BOT projects and determines investors' financial risk profile under uncertainty about future traffic demand. This model presents a novel method for estimating the project volatility for real options analysis. This model devises a market-based option pricing approach to determine the correct value of Minimum Revenue Guarantee and Traffic Revenue Cap options. An appropriate procedure is created for characterizing the impact of Minimum Revenue Guarantee and Traffic Revenue Cap options on the investors' financial risk profile. The proposed real options model is applied to a BOT project to illustrate the valuation process. The limitations of the proposed real options model, as well as the barriers to its implementation, are identified and recommendations for future research are offered. This research contributes to the state of knowledge by presenting a new method for estimating the project volatility, which is required for the real options analysis of transportation investments. It also introduces a risk-neutral valuation method for pricing the market value of Minimum Revenue Guarantee and Traffic Revenue Cap options in BOT projects. The research also contributes to the state of practice by introducing a novel class of assessment tools for decision makers that characterize the investors' financial risk profile under uncertainty about future traffic demand. Proper methods for pricing of Minimum Revenue Guarantee and Traffic Revenue Cap options are useful to public and private investors, in order to avoid wasting capital in transportation projects.

Municipalities throughout the country are increasingly seeking out innovative partnerships with the private sector to acquire, operate, and/or maintain public parks. An example of this is found in Lafayette, Louisiana, where Lafayette Consolidated Government recently purchased a 100-acre farm from the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, and collaborated with community leaders to form a public-private partnership with a new non-profit, Lafayette Central Park, Inc. This entity is currently undertaking the necessary steps to lease, plan, design, fund, build, operate, and maintain a new community park on the property. This report explores the history of public-private partnerships found within park administration, as well as the myriad legal, organizational, and financial structures in place within those partnerships. The research also highlights potential benefits and drawbacks to these partnerships, found within four case studies in the Southeast, as well as through precedents found in previous research. The four case studies are Audubon Park and City Park in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Memorial Park and Discovery Green in Houston, Texas. The insights, challenges, and best practices found through the examination in this report are used to create a series of recommendations for the fledgling non-profit organization, Lafayette Central Park, for both short-term and long-term success. / text

電子發票自2000年推行以來，多為企業對企業的相關研究，幾乎沒有文獻從政府與企業在電子發票政策中合作的角度進行研究。因此本研究以政府在2010年底才推動的企業對消費者實體通路電子發票試辦作業為個案，並以公私協力關係的角度，針對政府與企業的相關人員進行個別深度訪談。首先了解企業加入電子發票試辦作業的原因，接著描繪出電子發票試辦作業中，政府與企業的互動情形；再者，找出政府與企業合作的困難，據以提出政策建議，做為政府日後推動公私協力政策之參考，最後歸納公私協力關係的條件，以驗證、補充或強化公私協力關係的文獻。 企業加入電子發票試辦作業的原因包含高階管理者的支持、成本降低、提升企業形象、資訊化程度高，導入障礙低、關係企業的引介與同業競爭等因素。企業在加入電子發票試辦作業後，與政府形成水平互補之互動模式。研究發現高階管理者的領導與支持、共同且清楚的目標、公開、互相尊重與信任、明確且完善的法律規範、持續溝通協商、公平合作與彈性、關注利害關係人、長期穩定關係等是有利政府與企業協力合作的因素；與文獻不同的是，監測績效這項因素對政府與企業合作順利與否影響並不大。另外對電子發票格式的認知差距、法令規章不完備、行政規則制定太慢、電子發票格式規定變動頻繁、政策規劃不周、資訊壟斷於大型企業、服務品質降低等因素則是政府與企業合作所碰到的困難，其中政策規劃不周導致電子發票格式規定變動頻繁是本研究在文獻以外之發現。 基於以上研究成果，本研究提出相關建議，首先，讓更多中小企業改用電子發票，亦必須注意跨機關間的合作與協調，方能讓電子發票的使用更為普及與順利；而政府在推動政策前應有完善的政策規劃，如果有經費委請顧問廠商，在遴選上須更加嚴謹，使資源更能有效運用。本研究認為後續研究者可以以中小企業為主體，甚至比較不同行業之企業採用電子發票的情形，亦可以朝電子發票其他利害關係人，像是社福團體、資訊服務業者以及稅務代理業者等著手；另外，探討政府機關間的合作或是從企業對政府電子發票的角度著手，俾能對電子發票有更全觀的了解。 / Since 2000, most research about e-invoice has focused on the topic of business to business (B2B). Just few studied in connection with the cooperation of government and business (G2B) in e-invoice policy. This thesis attempts to understand the process of business to citizen (B2C) e-invoice pilot operation, from the perspective of public-private partnership (PPP). The author adopts in-depth interviews with government and enterprise related personnel.The purpose is, first, to find out the reasons why the enterprises participate in e-invoice pilot operation. Second, the thesis describes G2B interaction in e-invoice pilot operation process; and then to find out the difficulties in G2B cooperation as well as policy suggestions. Finally, the thesis trys to conclude with conditions of PPP as well as its verification and improvement. Based on the empirical data, the reasons why the enterprises join e-invoice pilot operation include: the support from top manager, cost down, promotion of corporate image, high degree of computerization, recommendation from conglomerate and relative competitive advantage. The G2B cooperation is horizontal complementary interaction model. The findings discover eight benefical factors for PPPs including (1) the leadership and support from top managers, (2) shared goals, (3) transparent execution process and mutual respect and trust, (4) well and clear legislation and standard, (5) the lasting communication, (6) a fair collaborationship and elasticity, (7) understanding of stakeholders, (8) long-term and stable relationship. The difficulties in G2B cooperation include: (1) the different opinions of e-invoice format between government and business, (2) slow formulation of administrative direction, (3) the e-invoice format instability, (4) the incompleteness of policy planning, (5) the information monopoly by big enterprises, (6) the reduction of service quality. Based on the previous findings, this thesis recommends government to make more small and medium enterprises (SMEs) adopt e-invoice. The e-invoice authority should also pay attention to coordinate with other government organizations, to plan for public policy more solidly, and to pick and choose consulting business exactly. The author anticipates that follow-up research may focus on SMEs, with comparision of different enterprises that adopt e-invoice. More studies are suggested to involve public welfare groups, information service providers, and tax agents. The future studies may also discuss the cooperation between governments and for the perspective of business to government (B2G) e-invoice.

Inovacijos yra svarbus šalies, regiono, organizacijos plėtros ir konkurencingumo didinimo veiksnys šiuolaikinėje ekonomikoje. E.valdžios inovacijos iš vienos pusės yra viešojo sektoriaus tobulinimo ir plėtros variklis, iš kitos – procesas, reikalaujantis aukšto lygio kompetencijos, investicijų ir politinės valios. Šiai problemai atskleisti buvo atlikta literatūros, teisinių dokumentų, vykdomų projektų analizė bei kokybinė ekspertų apklausa. Išanalizavus e.valdžios ir inovacijų sampratas, inovatyvų procesą viešajame sektoriuje konstruojančius veiksnius, e.valdžios inovacijų praktines kryptis ir strateginius ES ir Lietuvos prioritetus inovacijų e.valdžioje politikoje, interpretuotas e.valdžios inovacijų apibrėžimas, nustatytos vystymosi tendencijos ir strategijos, skatinančios e.valdžios inovacijų plėtrą. / Innovations are important for country, region and organization competitiveness growth in nowadays economic. E-gov innovations on one hand are a driver of public sector improvement and development, in other hand it is a process, which expect high competence, investments and political power. In order to disclose the topic of the paper, the analysis of literary sources, legal documents, projects under implementation was carried out and qualitative questionnaire of experts was done. Having analysed the concepts of e-gov and innovation, factors constructing innovative process in public sector, trends of e-gov innovations in practice and priorities of EU and Lithuania’s strategy and policy, the definition of e-gov innovation was interpreted, the trends for development and the strategies for e-gov innovation promotion were identified.

Šiuolaikinės socialinės ekonominės šalies plėtros tendencijos socialinių pokyčių vertinimo požiūriu reikalauja iš naujo įvertinti valdžios institucijų vaidmenį ekonomikoje. Valstybei, vykdant reguliacines ir kontrolės funkcijas, nustatant norminiais teisiniais aktais bendradarbiavimo taisykles tarp viešojo ir privataus sektorių, jos vaidmuo iš esmės keičiasi, kadangi viešasis sektorius vis dažniau turi būti aktyvus rinkos dalyvis, o ne tik stebėtojas. Disertaciniame tyrime analizuojama viešojo ir privataus sektorių sanglauda, kuri integruoja dviejų sektorių institucines ir veiklos galimybes bei absorbuoja teisinio statuso problemas, kurios kyla dėl to, kad vienas sektorius vadovaujasi daugiau viešosios, kitas privatinės teisės normomis. Nors kiekvienas sektorius turi savo tikslus, sektoriniame bendravime turi juos abipusiai derinti, ieškoti kompromisų, pasitelkti ne tik žmogiškuosius resursus, bet ir turimą socialinį bei ekonominį kapitalą. Administracinis teisinis reguliavimas turi padėti išlaikyti pusiausvyrą tarp privataus sektoriaus pagrindinio tikslo – pelno ir viešojo sektoriaus pareigos – užtikrinti viešojo intereso apsaugą. Disertacijoje kapitalas tiriamas per tris jo galimas socialinio, ekonominio ir žmogiškojo kapitalo vartojimo reikšmes, akcentuojant labiausiai teisiškai reikšmingus sektorinio bendravimo ypatumus. Kadangi iš viešojo sektoriaus kyla ekonominių, socialinių santykių valstybinio reguliavimo sprendimai, įvairūs teisiniai reguliavimo būdai ir metodai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The state trends of modern social-economic development require re-evaluation of the economic role of public institutions in order to assess social changes. As the state implements its regulatory and control functions, and establishes cooperation rules for public-private sectors by normative legal acts, its role essentially changes, because the public sector increasingly needs to be an active market participant, and not just an observer. Dissertation research analysis public-private sectors’ cohesion which integrates institutional and operational opportunities of the both sectors and absorbs the problems of legal status, which arise because one sector relies more on the norms of public law, and the other – on private law norms. Although each sector has its own goals, sectorial cooperation should involve counter-balancing and search for compromises. Administrative legal regulation has to help keep balance between the private sector, which has the main objective – profit and public sector goal’s to ensure protection of the public interest. The dissertation analyses the social, economic and human capital focusing on three possible notions of its use, stressing the most legally significant peculiarities of sectorial communication. The decisions on state regulation of economic and social relations arise from the public sector, which also produces various legal regulatory methods. Therefore, this dissertation aims at analysing and suggesting the proper ways of taking use of the... [to full text]

Viešojo ir privataus sektorių bendradarbiavimas yra kontraversiškas dalykas. Iš vienos pusės, į rinką pritraukiama naujovių, tobulinamas viešojo sektoriaus darbas, skatinamas verslo ir regionų konkurencingumas, tačiau tokia partnerystė gali turėti ir neigiamų pasekmių, tokių kaip politiniai ir demokratiniai kaštai, iškreipta viešojo administravimo reikšmė visuomenėje ir neracionalūs ar neskaidrūs sprendimai. Todėl svarbu, kad visi partnerystės dalyviai teisingai suprastų projektų tikslus, norus, ar kiekvienas partneris pajėgus investuoti į partnerystę tiek materialinius, tiek ir nematerialinius resursus bei atliktų projektų vertinimą. Magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas - išanalizuoti viešojo ir privataus sektoriaus partnerystės raidą, privalumus bei trūkumus ir įvertinti partnerystės projekto naudą visoms viešojo ir privataus sektorių partnerystės pusėms. Teorinėje dalyje išanalizuota mokslinė literatūra ir įvertinta viešojo ir privataus sektorių partnerystės raida, privalumai, trūkumai, efektyvumas ir nauda visoms pusėms: viešajam sektoriui, privačiam sektoriui ir visuomenei bei pateikti pasiūlymai kaip spręsti iškilusias problemas. Teoriniu aspektu analizuojama viešojo ir privataus sektorių partnerystės samprata, akcentuojant tokios formos bendradarbiavimo atsiradimo priežastis, išskiriami privalumai ir trūkumai, galimybės ir grėsmės. Pateikiami partnerystės projektų pavyzdžiai, apibendrinti statistiniai duomenis apie projektų raidą, pokyčius ir tendencijas bei pateikiamos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The collaboration between public and private sectors is a controversial object. On one hand, there are innovations that are being attracted to the market, and the work process in the public sector is improved, as well as the competitive ability between the business and regions is motivated, on the other hand such partnership may have negative results like political and democratic costs, distorted authority of the public administration in the society, and unreasonable or ambiguous decisions. Therefore, it is essential, that not only all the parties involved in the partnership would take the aims and intentions of the projects properly, but also each partner is able to invest into the partnership tangible and intangible resources, and could make the estimation of the projects. The aim of the Master's thesis is to analyze the development, as well as the pros and cons of the public - private sectors, and to estimate the advantage of the partnership projects in regard to all the parties of private and public sectors. The theoretical part of final thesis deals with the analyzed scientific literature and the estimated development, pros and cons, efficiency of the partnership with respect of the public and private sectors, as well as the advantage to all the parties including public - private sectors and the society, additionally the potential suggestions and the occurrence of possible problems is given. The conception of public and private sectors is analyzed from the theoretical... [to full text]

Pastaruoju metu daugelyje šalių privatus sektorius yra vis intensyviau įtraukiamas finansuojant ir įgyvendinant valstybės ir savivaldybių investicijų projektus, susijusius su viešosios infrastruktūros plėtra ir viešųjų paslaugų teikimu. Vis dėlto Lietuvoje viešojo ir privataus sektorių partnerystė yra naujovė, bendrų projektų įgyvendinimui trukdo netobula įstatymų bazė, neigiamas visuomenės nuomonė, praktikos ir žinių šioje srityje trūkumas. Todėl tikslinga šiame darbe išanalizuoti ir įvertinti visas aplinkybes, kurios trukdo viešajam sektoriui bendradarbiauti su privataus sektoriaus atstovais, supažindinti su VPSP būkle ir perspektyvomis Lietuvoje. Darbe keliamas tikslas yra išanalizuoti viešojo ir privataus sektorių bendradarbiavimo Lietuvoje alternatyvas, daugiausia dėmesio skiriant pagal partnerystės principą įgyvendinamiems projektams. Šio tikslo siekiama pirmiausia supažindinant su viešojo ir privataus sektorių partnerystės samprata, svarbiausiais principais ir esme. Pateikiama pagal partnerystės schemas Lietuvoje įgyvendinamų projektų apžvalga ir vykdymo tendencijos, atlikta detalesnė VPSP reglamentuojančių teisės aktų analizė ir vertinimas. Taip pat pasitelkus anketinę apklausą siekiama įvertinti tarpsektorinio bendradarbiavimo savivaldose galimybes. Savivaldybėse atliktas tyrimas patvirtino iškeltą hipotezę, kad Lietuvoje nėra sudarytos pakankamos prielaidos viešojo sektoriaus institucijoms bendradarbiauti su privačiu verslu. Pastebėta tendencija, kad įtraukiant... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Recently in many countries private sector are increasingly involved in financing and implementation of state and municipal investment projects related to public infrastructure and public service development and improvement. However, in Lithuania, public-private sector partnership implementation remains a novelty, as joint projects implementation are hampered by imperfect legislation, negative public attitudes, practices and lack of knowledge in this field. It is therefore appropriate in this work to examine all the circumstances that prevent public sector to cooperate with the private sector. Accordingly, PPP condition and prospects in Lithuania are analyzed. The aim of this work is to analyze alternatives of public and private sector cooperation, focusing on projects that are implementing under partnership principle. This objective is reached presenting concept of public-private sector partnership, the main principles and point. Also in this work are presented a review of projects implementing under partnership schemes, a more detailed PPP legislation analysis and evaluation. There is also given a questionnaire survey to assess cooperation opportunities in municipality of Lithuania. Results of survey presented that raised hypothesis was approved. There are not enough good conditions for public and private sector cooperation in Lithuania. Observed trend that in a joint project with private partner are applied other more often used forms, like lease or public procurement... [to full text]