Cette étude traite de la répartition de la richesse nationale en Turquie vis-à-vis des principes démocratiques. La richesse nationale peut être formulée à des fins d'utilisation dans le domaine juridique comme le total du patrimoine des ménages et des personnes morales de droit public de l’année précédente additionné au produit national net de l'année donnée. La démocratie exprime la possibilité pour chacun de participer à la politique (la participation) avec ses différences (dans ses intérêts- selon son revenu, son âge, son état de santé et des états similaires- et son idéologie) et d’avoir ainsi une influence en politique à travers ses différences (le pluralisme). Cette étude se base sur l'idée que doit être analysée avant tout la manière dont est répartie la richesse du peuple pour savoir si l'Etat revêt un caractère démocratique. En effet, l’attente de chacun d’une organisation comme l’Etat ne peut être qu’une meilleure vie et cette dernière satisfaisant tous les besoins des hommes tels que l’hébergement, la santé, l’enseignement, la liberté, la culture, les espaces verts a une contrepartie monétaire. / This study deals with the distribution of the national wealth in Turkey according to the principles of democracy. National wealth can be formulated for use in the legal field as the sum of the previous year’s household assets and the assets of legal persons governed by public law added to the net national product of the current year. Democracy is the possibility for everyone to participate in politics (participation) with his or her differences (in his or her interests based on income, age, state of health and similar conditions and his or her ideology) and thus to have an influence in politics through his or her differences (pluralism). This study is based on the idea that the way which the national wealth is distributed must be brought up before anything else, in order to find out whether a state has a democratic nature or not. Indeed, everyone expects a better life from an organization like the state, and such a life satisfying all human needs such as housing, health, education, freedom, culture, green spaces has a monetary consideration.

MSCAEC / Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness

Актуальность: стратегический аспект развития образовательных учреждений тесно связан с финансовым аспектом обеспечения функционирования сферы образования. Кроме того, важным является и воспитательный аспект образования. Объектом исследования в выпускной квалификационной работе является муниципальное автономное общеобразовательное учреждение. Предмет исследования: экономико-управленческие отношения, которые возникают в процессе управления образовательным учреждением. Цель выпускной квалификационной работы заключается в исследовании теоретических аспектов и разработке практических рекомендаций по совершенствованию управления образовательным учреждением с точки зрения финансового аспекта. Научная новизна исследования заключается в том, что: разработана и предложена система показателей, позволяющих оценить эффективность финансового планирования в бюджетном учреждении; в стратегическом масштабе. Это достигается за счет комплексного исследования показателей закупочной деятельности с учетом крайней важности финансового планирования в условиях дефицита бюджетных средств; представлен метод оценки деятельности муниципального автономного образовательного учреждения, на основе интегрального подхода в условиях дефицита бюджетных средств. / Relevance: the strategic aspect of the development of educational institutions is closely related to the financial aspect of ensuring the functioning of the education sector. In addition, the educational aspect of education is also important. The object of research in the final qualifying work is a municipal autonomous educational institution . Subject of research: economic and managerial relations that arise in the process of managing an educational institution . The purpose of the final qualification work is to study the theoretical aspects and develop practical recommendations for improving the management of an educational institution from the point of view of the financial aspect. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that: developed and proposed a system of indicators to assess the effectiveness of financial planning in a budgetary institution on a strategic scale. This is achieved through a comprehensive study of procurement performance indicators, taking into account the extreme importance of financial planning in the context of a budget deficit; presents a method for assessing the activities of a municipal autonomous educational institution, based on an integral approach in the context of a budget deficit.

Este trabajo plantea el estudio del concepto del medio ambiente y de los principios que lo informan desde el gasto público. El marco teórico es el Derecho financiero constitucional y el Derecho de los gastos públicos. Se analiza ampliamente la concepción de la protección del medio ambiente como necesidad pública y los instrumentos jurídicos para satisfacer esta necesidad.La posibilidad de configurar el medio ambiente como necesidad pública obliga al análisis de la compleja función otorgada al Estado en cuanto obligado a intervenir en la protección y conservación del medio ambiente, que presenta el problema, no tan sólo de tener que adoptar una gran diversidad de medidas de protección en función del elemento a proteger, sino también un elevado coste. Por ello el trabajo se centra en los instrumentos financieros y económicos para la protección del medio ambiente en nuestro país, haciendo hincapié en la problemática de las subvenciones e incentivos fiscales aplicados al medio ambiente. / This work deals with the concept of environment and its legal principles from the perspective of public expenditure. Constitutional Financial Law and the Law of Public Expenditure provide the theoretical framework of the study. The analysis focuses on the conception of environmental protection as a public need, and on the legal instruments to fulfil such need.Understanding the environment as a public need requires a proper analysis of the State's complex functions. In particular, State intervention in activities of environmental protection and conservation arises problems not only related with the adoption of a wide diversity of protection measures according to the intended element to be protected, but also with the high cost of protection. Therefore, the study focuses on the financial and economic instruments for environmental protection used in our country, and specifically it deals with the use of subsidies and tax incentives for environmental purposes.

This dissertation analyses the idea that parliament controls public money in parliamentary constitutional systems of government. That analysis proceeds through an historical and contemporary examination of the way legal practices distribute authority over public money between different institutions of government. The legislative and judicial practices concerning taxation, public expenditure, sovereign borrowing, and the government financing activities of central banks are selected for close attention. The contemporary analysis focuses on the design and operation of those legal practices in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth of Australia, in the context of the boom-bust-recovery economic conditions experienced between 2005 and 2016. The dissertation's ultimate claims are explanatory: that "parliamentary control" is a poor explanation of the distribution of financial authority in parliamentary systems of government and should be jettisoned in favour of an idea of "parliamentary ratification". An empirically engaged methodology is adopted throughout the dissertation and (historical and contemporary) public sector financial data enrich the legal analysis. The dissertation acknowledges the impact of, but remains agnostic between, different economic and political perspectives on fiscal discipline and public financial administration. The dissertation makes a number of original contributions. It provides a detailed examination of the historical development, legal operation and constitutional significance of annual appropriation legislation, and the legal regimes governing sovereign borrowing and monetary finance. It also analyses the way that law interacts with government behaviour in situations of economic emergencies (focusing on the Bank of England's public financing activities since 2008), and the institutional and doctrinal obstacles facing judicial involvement in disputes concerning public finance (focusing on the Australian judiciary's recent engagements with public expenditure legislation).

Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-05-14T12:37:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauro Brant Heringer.pdf: 3231910 bytes, checksum: 718d078a383b39a3a6c91c90c589aafb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-05-14T12:37:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauro Brant Heringer.pdf: 3231910 bytes, checksum: 718d078a383b39a3a6c91c90c589aafb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-14T12:37:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauro Brant Heringer.pdf: 3231910 bytes, checksum: 718d078a383b39a3a6c91c90c589aafb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Por mais que a informatização esteja avançada (interligação por meio da rede internet de computadores entre os órgãos e entidades públicas pelo Estado), máquina alguma substituirá os dramas do homem contemporâneo, principalmente aqueles que sempre estiveram alijados da cidadania. O presente estudo traz à baila as reflexões e discussões acadêmicas desenvolvidas ao longo das mais de 700 horas/aulas do curso de mestrado em Poder Judiciário, turma 2010. Longe de ser uma unanimidade o Poder Judiciário é um poder do Estado que representa antes de tudo a capacidade e a prerrogativa de julgar, de acordo com as regras constitucionais e das leis criadas pelo Poder Legislativo em determinado país. É um dos mais sólidos pilares nas democracias e um perigoso algoz nos regimes absolutos. Apesar desta importância e de no Brasil ser um poder sólido que já demonstrou sua importância para a garantia da solidificação da democracia, são poucos os estudos sobre o Judiciário, poucos e iniciais são as pesquisas sérias sobre este poder de suma importância para a sociedade, para economia e para as instituições. Como, também, não é espanto quando vemos que fato repetitivo que a maior insatisfação ou reclamação da sociedade reside na morosidade das soluções judiciais traduzida pela alta taxa de litigiosidade da justiça brasileira. O Poder Judiciário é objeto de estudos sistemáticos, contínuos e avançados em diversos países que já demonstraram a importância de se conhecer bem as suas propostas, os resultados das suas atividades, funções e os seus gastos, pois, o seu 'negócio'é a resolução dos conflitos da sociedade de forma a contribuir com a pacificação da mesma através de uma ordem jurídica justa. Os estudos realizados nos Estados Unidos, Alemanha e Espanha, como exemplo, demonstram que conhecer bem o judiciário é o primeiro passo para melhor gerenciá-lo. Assim, deve-se menção e reconhecimento no investimento realizado pela Fundação Getúlio Vargas em promover com destaque o presente Mestrado em Poder Judiciário. A FGV é uma das poucas instituições privadas que tem como um dos seus objetivos o preparo pessoal, extrapolando as fronteiras do ensino com avanços significativos nas áreas da pesquisa e da informação. No mesmo caminho da qualificação profissional de seus magistrados e servidores e na vanguarda da gestão judiciária, o Tribunal de Justiça do Distrito Federal e dos Territórios, investiu e acreditou na proposta de estudos e pesquisas do presente mestrado, merecendo, significativamente, os elogios e agradecimentos pela visão de futuro e investimento realizado no conhecimento que é sempre importante e necessário. A dissertação em comento representa primeiramente uma visão contraposta ao modelo de política pública encampada pelo Conselho Nacional de Justiça, através da Resolução 125 de 29 de novembro de 2010, cujo objeto é o tratamento adequado dos conflitos de interesse no âmbito do Poder Judiciário, representando, assim, interesse especial de pesquisa científica por se tratar de uma política nacional judiciária a ser adotada, obrigatoriamente, por todos os Tribunais de Justiça do país. Além deste aspecto supra referido, reside, também, o fato do ineditismo deste estudo e pesquisa, especificamente, porque essa política pública judiciária aborda aspectos e variáveis novas no tratamento das atividades e das funções próprias do Poder Judiciário quando propõem, como exemplo, o tratamento dos conflitos considerados pré processuais. Outro aspecto importante merecedor de atenção no estudo reflete-se na discussão do modelo de política pública que, em premissa vênia, deveria ser tratado em caráter geral republicando do Estado e não particularizado em um dos seus entes, mesmo que pareça ser, constitucionalmente, pressuposto da alçada do Poder Judiciário tratar exclusivamente do problema da altíssima litigiosidade e do baixo resultado de resposta à demanda posta para seu controle. Este estudo, tem como objetivo demonstrar que a resolução 125/2010 do CNJ é insuficiente para resolver os problemas de congestionamento e morosidade da Justiça brasileira, como preconizada, isso porque, o modelo que se propõe para combater o problema da morosidade é restrito e está 'contaminado' pela idéia do monopólio da jurisdição ou por uma espécie similar que traz para o âmbito do judiciário uma nova atividade de trabalho, a qual é relacionada com a solução do conflito pré-processual a qual deveria fazer parte de uma política pública geral não restrita a um poder republicano. A correspondência dos argumentos com a materialização utilizada para o problema será comprovada nas linhas que se seguem, pois, assuntos com grande abrangência como as soluções judiciais devem, preferencialmente, adotar mecanismos públicos de caráter geral para uma boa solução. Nesse sentido, o trabalho demonstrará que as tentativas recorrentes em superar o problema da alta demanda judicial está restrita a modelos insuficientes abrangidos por um monopólio que não deveria ser aplicado para solucionar problemas pré processuais no âmbito do Poder Judiciário. Constitui, pois, um contraponto à idéia de efetividade na redução da demanda judicial tradicional 1 como prevista pela política pública judiciária frente ao monopólio da jurisdição, ou seja, frente à reserva que detém o Judiciário na promoção e gestão de uma nova atividade – o tratamento dos conflitos de interesse pré-processual por meio dos instrumentos de autocomposição, notadamente as conciliações e mediações. Apresentam-se, igualmente, neste trabalho proposições legislativas que dão o suporte material às idéias apresentadas, caracterizando a comprovação de viabilidade entre a apresentação do problema científico, as justificativas para o enfrentamento do problema e uma solução para o mesmo, como vista a modernizar uma política pública. Importante reafirmar que o escopo do presente trabalho não reside na observação própria dos modelos e técnicas de resolução de conflitos, notadamente as conciliações e mediações, incentivadas pelo CNJ, ou nos modelos arbitragem. Ao contrário, espera-se que todas as tentativas que possam melhorar e modernizar os atuais serviços judiciais no Brasil sejam válidas, eficazes e são muito bem vindas, pois, é uma tentativa positiva para melhorar o atual cenário em que se encontra o Poder Judiciário quando é confrontado em seu acesso à justiça, rapidez, confiabilidade e segurança nos seus julgamentos. / As much as technology is growing (connecting computers through the internet among agencies and public entities by the state), any machine will replace the drama of contemporary man, especially those who've been priced out of citizenship. Man's problems can not be solved by machines in distant locations without allowing direct access to the human who controls the machine. This study brings up the reflections and academic discussions developed over the more than 700 hours / lessons of the masters course in the Judiciary, class 2010. Far from being a unanimous decision, the Judiciary is a state power that represents above all the ability and prerogative to judge, according to the rules and the constitutional laws created by the Legislature in a determinate country. It is one of the strongest pillars in democracies and dangerous regimes in the absolute nemesis. Despite this importance and the fact that in Brazil is a solid that has demonstrated its importance in ensuring the solidification of democracy, there are few studies on the Judiciary, and initials are few serious researches on this power of paramount importance to society, to economy and institutions. When we see that the most repetitive dissatisfaction or complaint society lives in the slowness of judicial solutions translated by the high rate of litigation in Brazilian courts. The Judiciary is the object of systematic studies, continuous and advanced in several countries have already demonstrated the importance of knowing well its proposals, the results of its activities, functions, and their costs, because their 'business' is the resolution the conflicts of society to contribute to the pacification of the same through a fair legal system. Studies in the United States, Germany and Spain, for example, show that the Judiciary is familiar with the first step to better manage it. Thus, we have to mention the investment made by the Fundação Getúlio Vargas to promote especially the present Master of the Judiciary. FGV is one of the few private institutions that have as one of its goals the personal preparation, beyond the boundaries of teaching with significant advances in the areas of research and information. In the same way of the professional qualification of judges and their servers and at the forefront of judicial management, the Court of Federal District and Territories, invested and believed in the proposed study and research of this master, deserving significantly, the praise and thanks for vision and investment in the knowledge that it is always important and necessary. The dissertation represents at first a vision against the model of public policy championed by the National Judicial Council, through Resolution 125 of November 29, 2010, whose object is the appropriate treatment of conflicts of interest within the Judiciary, representing this way a special scientific interest because it is a national judicial policy to be adopted, must, by all the courts of justice in the country. Apart from that mentioned above, lives also the fact that the novelty of this study and research, specifically because this public policy deals aspects and new variables in the treatment of the activities and functions of the Judiciary when they propose, as an example, the treatment of the conflicts. Another important aspect that worth the attention in the study is reflected in the discussion of public policy model, that should be treated in general republishing from the state and not particularized, even if it seems constitutionally of the Judiciary to treat exclusively with the problem of high litigation and low answer to the demand in its control. This study has a goal to demonstrate that the resolution 125/2010 CNJ is insufficient to solve the problems of congestion and delay in the Brazilian courts, as recommended, because, the model proposed to combat the problem of delays is restricted and is 'contaminated' by the idea of the monopoly of jurisdiction or a similar kind that brings justice to the scope of a new work activity, which is related to the solution of the conflict pre-trial which should be part of a general public policy does not restricted to a Republican power. Correspondence with the materialization of the arguments used for the problem will be proven in the lines that follow, therefore, with great coverage issues such as judicial remedies should preferably adopt mechanisms for general public a good solution. In this sense, the work will demonstrate that the recurrent attempts to overcome the problem of high lawsuit is restricted to insufficient models covered by a monopoly that should not be applied to solve procedural problems in the pre Judiciary. It is therefore a counterpoint to the idea of effectiveness in reducing the traditional lawsuit as provided for by the judicial against the monopoly of jurisdiction, ie, the reserve forward who holds the judiciary in promoting and managing of a new activity - the treatment of conflicts of interest pre-trial through instruments, notably the conciliation and mediation. We present also, in this study, legislative proposals that give material support to the presented ideas, characterizing the evidence of the viability between the presentation of scientific problem, the reasons for the confronting of the problem and a solution for it, how to modernize a public policy. Important to reaffirm that the scope of this present work is not based on the observation of the models and techniques of conflict resolution, notably the conciliation and mediation, encouraged by the CNJ, models or arbitration. Rather, it is expected that all attempts to improve and modernize the current legal services in Brazil are valid, effective and very welcome, because it is a positive attempt to improve the current scenario is the Judiciary when is confronted in their access to justice, speed, reliability and security of your judgments.