Research often frames the relationship between sports and the city in terms of economics as researchers debate the costs and benefits of using public subsidies to build stadiums, retain professional teams and host mega-events. However, people assign symbolic or intangible values to their home sports teams that cannot be measured through economic frameworks. My research examined the ways in which urban residents create value around their home professional sports team that other researchers dismissed as hard to measure. Using the New Orleans Saints as a case study, this research incorporated interviews, questionnaires, content analysis and participant observation to provide greater access to the meanings people associate with the experience of being a Saints fan. After Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans in 2005, Saints fans used their team to build a narrative of renewal and deliver messages about city recovery. These meaningful local narratives reinforced a feeling of connectedness to the city and created collective identities among diverse urban residents. The Who Dat Nation created a sense of fandom that existed outside the confines of the publicly funded stadium on game day as people encountered indicators of Saints fandom through everyday lived experiences. Through shared experiences surrounding Saints football, fans fostered public sociability and meaningful relationships across social differences. In addition, the findings outline ways in which locals embraced NFL hype and the commodification of professional football while also engineering local cultural adaptations to the economic dimensions of sport. Through the story of the Saints in New Orleans, we can see sport spaces as a combination of symbolism and practice where sporting and urban affiliations are interrelated in complex ways through the construction of identity, culture, and commercialism. This dissertation presents spaces of sports fandom as places of empowerment to challenge, renegotiate, and rethink difference where sport spaces embody constructions of race, urban place, gender and identity. This study shows how spaces of sport fandom can be spaces to negotiate a sense of community identity and foster repetitive civil interactions. This provokes discussion on the extent to which sport fan activities influence changes in social interaction across race and gender differences.

The accessibility of leisure areas in growing cities is a question of equality. Women often feel unsafe and thereby limited in their usage of public spaces. The Nydala leisure area is a large urban green area placed in Umeå municipality where a new city district is being planned. This study explores how young women experience the Nydala leisure area, both in terms of usage and feelings of unsafety, using interviews and thematic analysis. Furthermore, the study explores how women’s movement is restricted by their feelings of unsafety. Two municipal planners in charge of the Nydala area were interviewed for information on planning and development. The study found the usage to be diverse albeit young women often feel restricted by the social power relations of gender transforming public spaces into a safety risk. Restrictions in movement were often due to fear of violence from hearing of assault cases, too few ‘eyes on the street’, a lack of management in public spaces and insufficient street lightning. The new city district along with the planners’ ideas could result in a higher social control and improvement in safety, however it might fall short on taking women’s experience of safety and usage into consideration. When planning leisure areas sustainably, young women’s feelings of safety and rights of movement should be considered and assessed along with functions, greenery, and the needs of nocturnal animals. Equal and democratic planning can be helped through safety walks with young women.

1 Abstract The topic of the presented thesis are issues related to public spaces. Public spaces are defined in the Municipalities Act and the Capital City of Prague Act and comprise all squares, streets, marketplaces, sidewalks, public green areas, parks and other areas accessible to anyone without restrictions, i.e. serving public use and irrespective of the ownership of the space. This is the only definition in the Czech legal system and several other norms refer to it. The main purpose of public spaces is their public use. Therefore, the relevant legal rules regulate also the limits of various activities in public spaces. The current legal regulation is rather brief and the topic has not been covered extensively in the legal doctrine as of yet. The aim of the thesis is to summarize the legal rules relevant to public spaces and the regulation of activities on them, as well as to identify issues and ambiguities stemming from the insufficient legal regulation. The first part of the work introduces the definition of public space and its history and illustrates the emergence and abolishment of public spaces. The legal definition characterizes public spaces using the listing of specific types of places and referring to a common characteristic, i.e. accessibility to public. It emphasizes that public spaces are...

La presente investigación busca marcar las pautas para el correcto diseño de un Centro Comunitario que contribuya a suplir el déficit de infraestructura de un sector del distrito de San Juan de Lurigancho. Se parte de las problemáticas sociales de la zona y de la investigación de la tipología para introducir funciones específicas según los requerimientos propios de la población de la zona. Así mismo, proyectos referenciales, tanto nacionales como extranjeros ayudan a darle forma a la propuesta. Se define y analiza el terreno elegido y sus alrededores, el tipo y cantidad de usuario, la frecuencia de uso y el radio de acción del proyecto, todo ello tomando especial consideración en el diseño integral del proyecto con su ciudad. De ahí que se enfatice en la integración de espacios exteriores e interiores para que así, el espacio público, el entorno y el peatón guíen el planteamiento formal y espacial de la propuesta. / The present investigation seeks to set the guidelines for the correct design of a Community Center that contributes to supply the infrastructure deficit of a sector of the district of San Juan de Lurigancho. It has started from the social problems of the area and the investigation of the typology to introduce specific functions according to the requirements of the population of the area. Likewise, reference projects, both national and foreign, help to shape the proposal. The chosen terrain and its surroundings are defined and analyzed, the type and quantity of the user, the frequency of use and the radius of action of the project, all taking special consideration in the integral design of the project with their city. Hence, emphasis is placed on the integration of exterior and interior spaces so that, public space, the environment and the pedestrian guide the formal and spatial approach of the proposal. / Tesis

O trabalho tem como objetivo analisar noções e teses fundamentais com as quais Benhabib constrói uma concepção de espaço público universalista capaz de superar a primazia do domínio legal, o excesso de racionalismo e a cegueira de gênero das teorias morais e políticas modernas, que segundo a autora ainda estão presentes na ética do discurso de seu interlocutor direto, Jurgen Habermas. Em nossa chave de leitura, este espaço público efetivamente democrático, capaz de responder às contribuições feministas, tem como pilar central as relações ético-políticas estabelecidas em regime conversacional, sob a égide do conceito de outro concreto, num continuum com o conceito de outro generalizado. Para cumprir este objetivo, procuramos mostrar que a participação dialógica no espaço público funciona como um procedimento de validação das regras de ação, ao mesmo tempo em que são vetores na transformação moral e política dos agentes. Em seguida, expomos como o conceito de outro concreto serve de plataforma para a superação das teorias éticas centradas no direito e na justiça, possibilitando a constituição de uma ética que considere as diferenças e a inclua questões de boa vida e felicidade em seu corpo teórico. Por fim, levando em consideração as críticas feministas sobre o déficit de gênero, bem como sobre a falta de concretude das teorias morais, sinalizamos a necessidade da construção de um novo modelo de espaço público que supere tais defasagens e, neste sentido, seja efetivamente democrático. / This work aims to analyze fundamental notions and theses with which Benhabib constructs a conception of universalistic public space capable of overcoming the primacy of the legal domain, the excess of rationalism and the blindness of gender in modern moral and political theories which are still present in the Discourse Ethics of hers direct interlocutor, Jürgen Habermas. In our interpretation, this effectively democratic public space, capable of responding to feminist contributions, is based on ethical-political relations established under a conversational regime, through the concept of \"concrete other\", in a continuum with the concept of \"generalized\" other. In order to fulfill this objective, we try to show that dialogic participation in public space functions as a validation procedure for the rules of action, while at the same time they are vectors in the moral and political transformation of the agents. Following, we explain how the concept of the \"concrete other\" serves as a platform for overcoming ethical theories centered on law and justice, enabling the constitution of an ethic that considers differences and includes questions of good life and happiness in its theoretical framework. Finally, taking into account the feminist critiques of gender deficit, as well as the lack of concreteness of moral theories, we signal the need to construct a new model of public space that overcomes such lags and, in this sense, be effectively democratic.

L’évidence concrète et permanente de la présence technologique est un phénomène collectif qui transforme les usages artistiques. Il se met en place un nouveau paradigme entre la personne et le transfert d’informations qui lui est associé. Les œuvres numériques hybrides, dorénavant contextuelles, s'inscrivent dès lors dans une histoire contemporaine de la création. Cependant, ces technologies ne sont pas neutres, et leur capacité connective en fait des outils complexes. Lorsqu’elles sont réappropriées par les artistes, ils en questionnent la nature même, leurs usages, leur économie, et même leur structure. Par ailleurs, les artistes utilisent les technologies mobiles pour faire émerger images et sons dans notre espace intime ; la participation physique devient un élément de communication, et les données générées par les mouvements atteignent l’individu. De telles œuvres mettent en jeu notre rapport à l’espace personnel et collectif, à la fois physique et informationnel. Cette étude se concentre sur les enjeux collectifs de multiples interventions artistiques et performatives. Nous y réclamerons l’espace de communication comme un nouvel espace public, pour constater que désormais il est en construction autour de nos corps mêmes, et qu’il est essentiel d’en négocier les modalités. La performance Interac Wearing est à l’origine de cette recherche, elle prend la forme d’un système de costumes communicant le rythme de la marche de ses utilisateurs ; et permettra de comprendre les enjeux de ces nouvelles relations artistiques. / The permanent and material evidence of technological presence is part of a collective phenomenon that transforms also artistic practices. A new paradigm is established between the individual and the information associated to the person; contextual and hybrid digital works are part of contemporary milieu, they also are actual tools for artistic endeavour. However, these technologies are not neutral and connective capacity makes for the emergence of complex tools. When they are re-appropriated, the very nature of technologies is questioned, artists probe different uses, they argument upon their economies, and even their structure. Moreover, artists use mobile technologies to produce images and sounds as close as our most intimate spaces. As participation is associated to physical exchanges, data generated from movements is associated to the art-work ; networked it reaches each individual participant. Therefore, these works address our relationship to personal and collective spaces both physical and informational. This study also focuses on collective issues raised by many artistic and performative interventions. We will reclaim communication space as a public space, and finally acknowledge that this space is now under construction around our own body, hence, it is essential to negotiate the new terms for this communication. Interact Wearing triggered this research, this system of communicating suits follow the rhythm of its walking users. This performance will guide us in understanding the issues raised by those new artistic relations.

Se propone una Aldea Infantil SOS en Lima Norte, distrito de Comas. Este distrito es el 4to distrito con mayor población de Lima y el segundo de Lima Norte con alrededor de 524 mil 894 habitantes según INEI. Este distrito tiene un margen de pobreza de 16%, ocupando el sexto lugar de Lima Norte y además en ocupar el tercer lugar en tener 3.9 áreas verdes/ hab., los dos primeros lo encabezan los distritos de Santa Rosa (18 mil 751 hab.) y Los Olivos (distrito menos pobre de Lima Norte: 9,75%). Hoy Lima Norte posee las características que facilitará el desarrollo del proyecto en sí, ya que cuenta con grandes extensiones de terrenos que pueden suplir la necesidad para abarcar el tamaño de que la edificación requiere y sigue siendo un sector de Lima vulnerable en cuanto a situación de niños que son víctimas de rechazo, violencia y abandono. Para esto, se hizo primero un criterio de selección para poder elegir el distrito adecuado para la aldea en Lima Norte según Aldeas Infantiles SOS, de los cuales se rescataron 4 ítems básicos: Índice de pobreza, densidad poblacional, cantidad de áreas verdes y el índice de denuncias por maltrato familiar y abandono de hogar. Finalmente se terminó escogiendo Comas por tener las características que se requieren para el establecimiento de la aldea. Se tiene pensado la construcción de las aldeas infantiles no como los albergues tradicionales, sino mediante hogares agrupados que buscan asimilarse a la forma de vida de una familia. / An SOS Children's Village is proposed in Lima Norte, district of Comas. This is the 4th district with the largest population of Lima and the second one with around 524 thousand 894 inhabitants according to INEI. This district has a 16% of poverty margin occupying the sixth place in Lima Norte and the third place to have 3.9 green areas per inhabitants. The first one is Santa Rosa with 18,751 inhab.) and the second one is Los Olivos (less poor district of Lima Norte: 9.75%). Today Lima Norte has the characteristics that will facilitate the development of the project itself, since it has large areas of land that can cover the size of the building required and remains a vulnerable sector of Lima in terms of Children who are victims of rejection, violence and abandonment. For this, four evaluation criteria were able to choose the appropriate district of Lima Norte according to SOS Children´s Villages, from which were: Poverty index, population density, number of green areas and the index of complaints about domestic violence and abandonment of home. Finally, it was finished choosing Comas for having the characteristics that are required for the establishment of the village. The construction of SOS Children´s Villages is planned not as traditional shelters, but through grouped homes that seek to assimilate the way of life of a real family. / Tesis

El proyecto de la presente tesis se trata de un Centro Cultural en Lima Norte, un espacio de encuentro cívico, en donde la formación y difusión cultural se mezclen con las dinámicas del propias lugar y sus habitantes, por ello, la presente investigación pretende proponer, a través del análisis y diagnóstico, un espacio donde se desarrollen actividades culturales, comerciales y sociales, manteniendo la identidad del lugar y funcionen en base a las necesidades de la zona entendiendo el entorno y enfatizando la importancia del espacio intermedio entre el público y privado, como articulador urbano y educativo, esta propuesta arquitectónica además busca ser una pieza que ayude al proceso de urbanización y consolidación de la “Nueva Centralidad de Lima Norte” como propone el PLAM 2035, con el objetivo de incentivar, activar y potenciar el desarrollo de zonas de la ciudad de modo que tomen el rol de catalizadores urbanos articulados de manera estratégica a escala metropolitana. / The project of the present thesis is about a Cultural Center in Lima Norte, a civic meeting space, where the formation and cultural diffusion are mixed with the dynamics of the place and its inhabitants, for that reason, the present investigation intends to propose, through analysis and diagnosis, a space where cultural, commercial and social activities are developed, maintaining the identity of the place and functioning based on the needs of the area, understanding the environment and emphasizing the importance of the intermediate space between the public and private, As an urban and educational articulator, this architectural proposal also seeks to be a piece that helps the process of urbanization and consolidation of the "New Centrality of North Lima" as proposed by PLAM 2035, with the aim of encouraging, activating and enhancing the development of areas of the city so that they take on the role of urban catalysts articulated strategically at the metropolitan level. / Tesis

ABSTRACT This thesis examines the representation of trauma and memory in six post-Apartheid plays. The topic is explored through a treatment of the tropes of racial segregation, different forms of dispossession as well as violence. The thesis draws its inspiration from the critical and self-reflexive engagements with which South African playwrights depict the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. The dramatists are concerned with the contested nature of the TRC as an experiential and historical archive. Others explore the idea of disputed and seemingly elusive notions of truth (from the embodied to the forensic). Through the unpacking of the TRC, as reflected in three of the plays, the thesis argues that apart from the idea of an absolute or forensic truth, the TRC is also characterised by the repression of truth. Furthermore, there is a consideration of debates around amnesty, justice, and reparations. Underpinning the politics and representations of trauma and memory, the thesis also interrogates the concomitant explorations and implications of identity and citizenship in the dramas. In the experience of violence, subjugation and exile, the characters in the dramas wrestle with the physical and psychological implications of their lived experiences. This creates anxieties around notions of self and community whether at home or in exile and such representations foreground the centrality of memory in identity construction. All these complex personal and social challenges are further exacerbated by the presence of endemic violence against women and children as well as that of rampart crime. The thesis, therefore, explores the negotiation of memory and identity in relation to how trauma could be mitigated or healing could be attained. The thesis substantially blurs the orthodox lines of differentiation between race and class, but emphasises the centrality of the individual or self in recent post-Apartheid engagements.

There are ideas that cities today compete in a global market in terms of investments, tourism and residents. This competition is based on the notion that cities' opportunity for development is dependent on human capital and financial flows. Which is seen as a limited resource; thus, the competition prevails. Providing well-planned and attractive meeting places in the city's public spaces is not only an important part of the cities' quest for growth but is also important for the social community. The public space acts as a space for individuals and groups where meetings can take place, dialogues can be conducted and ideas can be exchanged. The aim of this study was to investigate how families with children as a community group use and experience Umeå citycenter as a public space, and in what way they think the room could be made more attractive. To fulfil this studies purpose, a literature review has been carried out, in order to create an understanding of the concept of public space, meeting place and accessibility. Then a qualitative interview methodology has been utilized, where 14 families with children have been interviewed. The analysis of the study's theoretical framework and empirical evidence shows that Umeå's citycenter is characterized by a number of qualities. Among many of the families with children interviewed, the supply and resources are the primary cause of visiting the center. While a couple of the interviewed families with children mean that the place and the public environment are the strongest reasons for visiting the center. Based on the respondents' thoughts and opinions about the public space, it appears that accessibility and the range of activities have a huge influence on how the room is used and how the environment is perceived. In summary, the respondents gave a picture of the public space being of great importance for both individuals, different social groups and for the whole of society.