The purpose of this essay is to investigate the emigration from Sunnerbo district, whichis located in western Kronoberg county, during the 1880s. The goal is to find out whothe emigrants were and how and where they planned to emigrate. This is accomplishedby looking at the emigrants' gender, age, title or professional title as well as familyrelationship and country of destination. Information has been found in digital archives,relocation books have been read in the Digital Archive and population reports have beenread in the National Archives' digital research hall. From this material it can be deducedthat 7432 people emigrated in the 1880s, corresponded to 17.6% of Sunnerbo's averagepopulation and that 49% of the emigrants were women. The majority were in the agerange 20-29 years with a profession linked to agriculture. One third emigrated with theirfamilies and 85.8% emigrated to North America. The results of the empirical study arediscussed with previous research and theories related to migration. An analysis of themigration within Sunnerbo district will also be carried out to discuss differences betweenthe 23 parishes within the district. / Denna uppsats syfte är att undersöka emigrationen från Sunnerbo härad, som ligger ivästra Kronobergs län, under 1880-talet. Målet är att ta reda på vilka emigranterna varsamt hur och vart de planerade att emigrera. Detta görs genom att kartläggaemigranternas kön, ålder, titel eller yrkestitel samt familjeförhållande ochdestinationsland. Informationen har funnits i digitala arkiv. Utflyttningsböcker harhämtats ur Arkiv digital och folkmängdsredogörelser är lästa i Riksarkivets digitalaforskarsal. Från detta material kan det utläsas att 7432 människor emigrerade under1880-talet, motsvarade 17,6% av Sunnerbos genomsnittliga befolkning och att 49% avemigranterna var kvinnor. Majoriteten var i åldersintervallet 20-29 år med ett yrkekopplat till jordbruk. En tredjedel emigrerade ihop med sin familj och 85,8% emigreradetill Nordamerika. Resultaten av den empiriska undersökningen diskuteras med tidigareforskning och teorier kopplade till migration. En analys av migrationen inom Sunnerbohärad kommer även att genomföras för att diskutera skillnader mellan de 23 socknarnainom häradet.

Uppsatsen har som syfte att undersöka studenter vid Uppsala universitets syn på sin hembygd, deras nuvarande bostadsort och deras inställningar till att flytta tillbaka till hembygden. Detta görs med hjälp av kvalitativa respondentundersökningar i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med studenter vid Uppsala universitet. Totalt har sex studenter deltagit i intervjustudien. Resultatet visar att studenterna har liknande uppfattningar av sin hembygd trots att de kommer från vitt skilda platser i Sverige. Hembygden ses som liten vilket har både positiva och negativa attribut. De har även en enhetlig uppfattning av den nuvarande bostadsorten Uppsala vilken ses som en plats som passar väl in i deras nuvarande livssituation. Respondenterna har skapat nya sociala nätverk i Uppsala och säger sig trivas bra i staden. Detta påverkar deras inställningar till att flytta tillbaka till hembygden då det i nuläget anses vara en större förlust att återvända eftersom det kan medföra att det nya sociala nätverket som skapats i Uppsala skulle försvinna. Deras livssituation i dagsläget anses inte heller vara kompatibelt med livet i hembygden. I samtliga intervjuer framgår det att respondenterna för närvarande inte har några planer på att återvända till hembygden.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1999 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / During high performance fighter aircraft manoeuvres, a fighter pilot may be exposed to a physiological phenomenon known as the “Push-Pull Effect” (reference (ref) [1]). This effect will alter the pilot’s homeostasis whereas blood flow to the brain will be increased during low negative normal acceleration (-Gz) and suddenly decreased during positive normal acceleration (+Gz). It has been hypothesized that this effect can lessen the Gtolerance of the human body thereby making the subject more susceptible to G induced Loss of Consciousness (G-LOC) (refs [2], [3] and [4]). G-LOC is not a desirable state for a pilot in a high performance aircraft such as a CF-18. To better understand and study the Push-Pull Effect on a fighter pilot, the Aerospace Engineering Test Establishment (AETE) and the Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine (DCIEM) produced an In-Flight Research (IFR) Program sponsored by the Canadian Forces (CF). The aim of this program was to measure the physiological response of relaxed test subjects, unprotected by a G-suit, when exposed to the Push-Pull manoeuvre in flight. This IFR would validate the centrifuge data and confirm that the Push-Pull Effect can occur in flight. This paper will present the instrumentation, design, telemetry system and installation methodology utilized to perform experimental physiological research on a high performance, ejection seat equipped fighter aircraft (CF-18). Also, preliminary results on the Push-Pull Effect, obtained through this IFR Program will be presented.

<p>‘Internationalisation of higher education’ is considered a significant issue in many countries.One effective way to achieve internationalisation is by having an exchange study program. Thisis something which has been promoted by universities all around the globe. It has been foundthat the experience of studying abroad is beneficial to the students. There has been a trend ofincreasing number of students going to study abroad. In Sweden, Jönköping InternationalBusiness School (JIBS) is one of the most internationalised business schools that promoteexchange studies extensively. To promote study abroad it is important to know what motivatesand influences the students to go on exchange. There has been previous research oninternationalisation and push-pull factors of student mobility which acted as a guideline for thisthesis. Thus it was appealing to study the reasons behind the phenomenon of students goingabroad for exchange studies.The purpose of this paper is to explore the push-pull factors influencing student’s destinationchoice for exchange study abroad. JIBS is the institution where the case study was conducted.The empirical data have been gathered by using a qualitative approach combining face-to-faceinterviews and focus groups with international exchange students and Swedish students. Toanalyse the findings, theories relating to marketing communications in service and productattribution were used.The results derived from the empirical findings show the push-pull factors which motivatestudents to go on exchange. The initial push factor is the promotion and encouragement tostudents for studying abroad by the university. Exchange studies helps to enhance students’personal development with intercultural communication, practicing language skills andtravelling. These skills and experiences add value to their CV.On the other hand the pull factors which the students take into consideration for deciding ontheir host countries and institutions are geographic location, weather, culture, and the economicand social position of the country. Living cost and the education system which includeslanguage used, courses offered, perceived image, communication and cooperation andrecommendations are factors influencing the choices of a student’s decision on the destinationfor studying abroad. The authors in this thesis summarised their findings in a model of pushpullfactors which is specialised only for exchange students. The process of considering thesefactors leads to the outcome of choosing the destination for studying abroad. The authorsbelieve the results of this study can be applied on other universities for further research andmay be appropriate for its own case to focus on areas where it needs to improve.ii</p>

Intranät skapar frihet inom en organisation då tid och rum inte påverkar distributionen av information. Men intranätet ställer krav på medarbetaren som själv måste förse sig med information som är relevant för sitt arbete. För att medarbetare ska kunna använda intranätet som ett stöd i det dagliga arbetet krävs rätt förutsättningar. Tillgång, kunskap och ålder är exempel på faktorer som kan påverka användning och attityd. Det bör ligga i organisationens intresse att fånga upp medarbetarnas perspektiv för att kunna förbättra intranätet i takt med intranätets utvecklingsfaser som just nu är i fas fyra, intranät 2.0. Denna studie undersöker därför medarbetares användning och attityd till intranätet på ett stålföretag och om det finns förutsättningar för intranät 2.0.  För att undersöka medarbetarnas användning av och attityder till intranätet och förutsättningar för intranät 2.0 valde vi att genomföra en kvantitativ enkätundersökning på stålföretaget Uddeholm. Det saknas forskning om intranät ur ett medarbetarperspektiv och forskning på industriföretag. Vår undersökning bidrar till förståelse i hur medarbetarna använder intranätet och vilken attityd de har till intranätet. Vi har även undersökt skillnader mellan yrkesgrupperna kollektivanställda och tjänstemän. Det framkom att intranätet används i stor utsträckning av båda yrkesgrupperna. Funktionerna som de använder främst är att läsa nyheter, beställa matlåda och söka medarbetare. När det gäller attityd kunde vi inte heller där identifiera några större skillnader utan båda yrkesgrupperna anser att intranätet är funktionellt, innehållet är tillräckligt och de ser intranätet som en bra tillgång i deras arbete.  Vår studie undersöker också om det finns förutsättningar ur ett medarbetarperspektiv att implementera intranät 2.0. Studien presenterar en modell som vi arbetat fram med stöd från teorier inom organisationskommunikation och medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap. Vår modell kan ge en grundförståelse för om förutsättningarna för intranät 2.0 är bra eller dåliga ur ett medarbetarperspektiv. Modellen består av tre faktorer med motsatsförhållanden. Genom att placera in medarbetarnas preferenser och inställning till dessa faktorer; distribution, kontroll och attityd kan man avgöra om förutsättningarna för intranät 2.0 är bra eller dåliga. Studien visar att förutsättningarna varierar beroende på faktor.

The main inquiry for this research is to identify the reasons that contribute to customer switching intention decisions. In addressing this enquiry, two theories - the theory of migration and theory of planned behaviour - were identified as the theoretical framework underpinning the study. Two main objectives of the study were (i) to identify the push-pull and mooring factors and (ii) to measure the relationship between the push-pull and mooring factors towards switching intention. The investigation focused on the impact of with push-pull-mooring factors on switching intention. Early research into switching behaviour studies focused largely on variables that contribute to the switching intention decision, mainly due to the critical incidents encountered by customers that push them from their origin or pull them to another destination or mooring factors that might inhibit or mitigate their switching decision. In view of this, a combination of push-pull and mooring variables were used to measure the switching intention behaviour. A multiple method approach was used to study the issues in two different stages. In the first stage qualitative data collection was used to support and confirm the identification of factors from the literature. For the main quantitative methods, using a hypothetical deductive testing approach, this study (N=2018) used survey data collected via a self-administered, voluntary online survey, to develop switching intention behaviour model. The results indicated that situational factors, positive attachments, perceived switching benefits, positive attitudes towards switching and positive beliefs of others towards switching emerged as consistent push factor while availability of alternatives emerged as the pull factors. Interestingly poor pricing, poor service incidents, positive ability to switch and switching barriers were not supported in this study indicating that there is no relationship between poor pricing, poor service incidents, positive ability to switch and switching barriers towards switching intention.

‘Internationalisation of higher education’ is considered a significant issue in many countries.One effective way to achieve internationalisation is by having an exchange study program. Thisis something which has been promoted by universities all around the globe. It has been foundthat the experience of studying abroad is beneficial to the students. There has been a trend ofincreasing number of students going to study abroad. In Sweden, Jönköping InternationalBusiness School (JIBS) is one of the most internationalised business schools that promoteexchange studies extensively. To promote study abroad it is important to know what motivatesand influences the students to go on exchange. There has been previous research oninternationalisation and push-pull factors of student mobility which acted as a guideline for thisthesis. Thus it was appealing to study the reasons behind the phenomenon of students goingabroad for exchange studies.The purpose of this paper is to explore the push-pull factors influencing student’s destinationchoice for exchange study abroad. JIBS is the institution where the case study was conducted.The empirical data have been gathered by using a qualitative approach combining face-to-faceinterviews and focus groups with international exchange students and Swedish students. Toanalyse the findings, theories relating to marketing communications in service and productattribution were used.The results derived from the empirical findings show the push-pull factors which motivatestudents to go on exchange. The initial push factor is the promotion and encouragement tostudents for studying abroad by the university. Exchange studies helps to enhance students’personal development with intercultural communication, practicing language skills andtravelling. These skills and experiences add value to their CV.On the other hand the pull factors which the students take into consideration for deciding ontheir host countries and institutions are geographic location, weather, culture, and the economicand social position of the country. Living cost and the education system which includeslanguage used, courses offered, perceived image, communication and cooperation andrecommendations are factors influencing the choices of a student’s decision on the destinationfor studying abroad. The authors in this thesis summarised their findings in a model of pushpullfactors which is specialised only for exchange students. The process of considering thesefactors leads to the outcome of choosing the destination for studying abroad. The authorsbelieve the results of this study can be applied on other universities for further research andmay be appropriate for its own case to focus on areas where it needs to improve.ii

Proactive ergonomics is generally considered to be a more efficient and cost effective way of designing working environments than reactive ergonomics. It often requires preemptively selecting working postures and forces to reduce potential injury risk. One major issue with proactive ergonomic design is correctly identifying the true manual forces that will be required of a worker to complete defined tasks. Typically, these forces are represented as in direct opposition to the forces required by a particular task. However, this is likely an oversimplification as forces often act in different directions than the task-required direction to increase required force level, enhance balance and reduce joint moments, depending on specific experimental conditions. This study aims to quantify these off-axis forces as they change with different required on-axis force intensities. This thesis evaluated the effects of force intensity on the presence of off-axis forces across four conditions, which included free and constrained postures, and with and without off-axis force. Eighteen female subjects performed static, unilateral, manual pushing and pulling exertions while seated and were limited to force contributions from the right upper extremity. Hand forces and location of bony landmarks were collected from each subject and force intensity consisted of both maximal and submaximal levels (5% to 50% of the maximum producible on-axis force in increments of 5%). All principle direction forces were scaled to the on-axis force level and anatomically relevant joint moments scaled to the maximum capacity joint moment. The main objective of this study was to analyze off-axis force production as force intensity was increased under various constraint conditions. The highest maximum on-axis force was in the fully free condition (off-axis force allowed and posture unconstrained) and as conditions became more constrained for both pushing and pulling exertions, maximum on-axis force production decreased (p=<0.0001). For submaximal exertions in the free posture, participants used off-axis forces to target the shoulder flexion-extension moment by pushing increasingly upwards (p=0.0122) and to the left by 5.6% on-axis (p=0.0025), and by pulling 12.6% on-axis downward (p=<0.0001) and 4.7% on-axis rightward (p=0.0024) compared to when off-axis force was not allowed. When comparing the free to the constrained posture while allowing off-axis force, participants pushed downwards instead of upwards by a difference of 12.9% on-axis (p=0.0002) and pulled less downward (becoming slightly upward) by an increasing difference (p=0.0002) and from decreasing to increasing rightward (p=0.0006). These changes in off-axis force showed a unifying strategy of using less shoulder flexion-extension strength by targeting wrist and elbow moments for pushing and pulling exertions. When in the constrained posture allowing and not allowing off-axis force resulted in more internal elbow flexion (p=0.0003) moment during pushing, and less internal shoulder flexion (p=0.0092), more internal shoulder adduction (p=0.0252), more to less internal elbow supination (p=0.0415), and increasingly less internal wrist flexion (p=0.0296) moments during pulling, which verified previously observed strategies. Finally, for both maximal and submaximal exertions, pulling was more sensitive to changes in off-axis forces compared to pushing which was more sensitive to postural flexibility. In conclusion, the underlying principles as to how and why off-axis forces change provides valuable knowledge to ergonomists so that they can more accurately predict force production in workplace design, ultimately reducing the potential for injury.

In the past, the discussions on the development of service innovation are based on the analyses of manufacturing technology innovation and introduce the concept of manufacturing innovation and the model of product innovation to explore the service innovation of service industry sectors. Also, the past discussions center on the externalities of the service providers, the peripheral factors and new services introduced or provided by the enterprises and fail to focus on the impact of the service innovation on the interaction between customer service representatives and customers. This study will explore the interaction between the service providers (customer service representatives) and service demand (customers) from a microscopic angle and also analyze what roles of service providers and service demand play in the process of service innovation development. The purpose of the study is to understand the interaction roles played by the service representatives and customers, and to analyze the development and the model of service innovation when the representatives provide service to customers. The study will also explore the process of service innovation cycle development and what the driving force is in the formation of service innovation cycle development. The research obtains the qualitative data by the analysis of case study and supplements it with Critical Incident Technique (CIT). With the half structured questionnaire, the interview was conducted with the internal staff of the service providers and customers on the spot. The study tries to find out the reason behind the Critical Incident which prompts the service providers to innovate its service and its content. By analyzing the case study and Critical Incident of the innovation, the study proposes the model of the service innovation cycle and illustrates that the formation of service innovation is enhanced by repetitive evolution of innovation. Through the process of repetition and updated innovation cycle, the service providers can seek the goal of Continuous Service Innovation and outstanding performance. The study also employs Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to analyze the critical driving force of the service innovation during the service process and the meaning each represents.

Proactive ergonomics is generally considered to be a more efficient and cost effective way of designing working environments than reactive ergonomics. It often requires preemptively selecting working postures and forces to reduce potential injury risk. One major issue with proactive ergonomic design is correctly identifying the true manual forces that will be required of a worker to complete defined tasks. Typically, these forces are represented as in direct opposition to the forces required by a particular task. However, this is likely an oversimplification as forces often act in different directions than the task-required direction to increase required force level, enhance balance and reduce joint moments, depending on specific experimental conditions. This study aims to quantify these off-axis forces as they change with different required on-axis force intensities. This thesis evaluated the effects of force intensity on the presence of off-axis forces across four conditions, which included free and constrained postures, and with and without off-axis force. Eighteen female subjects performed static, unilateral, manual pushing and pulling exertions while seated and were limited to force contributions from the right upper extremity. Hand forces and location of bony landmarks were collected from each subject and force intensity consisted of both maximal and submaximal levels (5% to 50% of the maximum producible on-axis force in increments of 5%). All principle direction forces were scaled to the on-axis force level and anatomically relevant joint moments scaled to the maximum capacity joint moment. The main objective of this study was to analyze off-axis force production as force intensity was increased under various constraint conditions. The highest maximum on-axis force was in the fully free condition (off-axis force allowed and posture unconstrained) and as conditions became more constrained for both pushing and pulling exertions, maximum on-axis force production decreased (p=<0.0001). For submaximal exertions in the free posture, participants used off-axis forces to target the shoulder flexion-extension moment by pushing increasingly upwards (p=0.0122) and to the left by 5.6% on-axis (p=0.0025), and by pulling 12.6% on-axis downward (p=<0.0001) and 4.7% on-axis rightward (p=0.0024) compared to when off-axis force was not allowed. When comparing the free to the constrained posture while allowing off-axis force, participants pushed downwards instead of upwards by a difference of 12.9% on-axis (p=0.0002) and pulled less downward (becoming slightly upward) by an increasing difference (p=0.0002) and from decreasing to increasing rightward (p=0.0006). These changes in off-axis force showed a unifying strategy of using less shoulder flexion-extension strength by targeting wrist and elbow moments for pushing and pulling exertions. When in the constrained posture allowing and not allowing off-axis force resulted in more internal elbow flexion (p=0.0003) moment during pushing, and less internal shoulder flexion (p=0.0092), more internal shoulder adduction (p=0.0252), more to less internal elbow supination (p=0.0415), and increasingly less internal wrist flexion (p=0.0296) moments during pulling, which verified previously observed strategies. Finally, for both maximal and submaximal exertions, pulling was more sensitive to changes in off-axis forces compared to pushing which was more sensitive to postural flexibility. In conclusion, the underlying principles as to how and why off-axis forces change provides valuable knowledge to ergonomists so that they can more accurately predict force production in workplace design, ultimately reducing the potential for injury.