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Assessment of professionalism is a concept which has been highlighted during the last ten years. High demands from the public and from authorities combined with an increased educational interest for the concept of professionalism has led to a greater focus on ways of implementing and assessing professionalism in dental, medical and other professional educations. Many authors point out that professionalism is an essential competence, but there is a lack of and a need for a definition of professionalism within dentistry and dental education. It is recognised that professionalism is a broad concept, which calls for different methods of assessments. The aim of this paper is to identify and describe different methods of assessing professionalism within dental education and to categorise them into a blueprint. The studies are discussed out of the perspective of validity and reliability and the methods of assessment are compared to different levels of Miller’s pyramid. Literature is sparse and a mere 16 articles were found to fit the purpose of this paper. Most studies used a traditional way of assessing professionalism, even though research has shown that this way is neither sufficient nor suitable. More research is needed and the methods for assessment need to be further explored. Validity and reliability need to be put in focus, since no method of assessment has proven to be both valid and reliable.

“Smart” surveillance systems require a visual tracking system that is able to detect and follow a moving target in the field of view of a camera. Visual tracking systems have been traditionally developed either as application specific hardware or as software written for parallel architectures because of the large number of computations that have to be performed at very high speeds. This thesis describes the implementations of two visual tracking systems on a custom computing machine based on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The implementations apply a coarse-to-fine search on Gaussian pyramids constructed from the images generated by a camera. One system tracks a target of size 16x16 in an image sequence with output images of size 256x256. This system is capable of operating at 30 pyramids per second. The second system tracks a target of size 16x16 in an image sequence with output images of size 512x512. This system is capable of operating at 15 pyramids per second. Both systems are designed with pipelined architectures and numerical computations are handled using a SIMD approach. / Master of Science

Yes / This paper uses insights from the natural resource-based view (NRBV) to examine the conditions under which proactive environmental strategy (PES) drive firm performance. Using data collected from 266 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in Ghana, the results suggest that the impact of PES on firm performance is more pronounced in firms that do not purse bottom of the pyramid (BOP) orientation but not significant for firms pursuing the BOP orientation. Besides, the findings show that the influence of PES on firm performance is amplified for firms adopting imitation orientation but not significant for non-imitation oriented firms. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Dans notre communication quotidienne avec les autres, nous avons autant de considération pour l’interlocuteur lui-même que pour l’information transmise. En permanence coexistent en effet deux modes de transmission : le verbal et le non-verbal. Sur ce dernier thème intervient principalement l’expression faciale avec laquelle l’interlocuteur peut révéler d’autres émotions et intentions. Habituellement, un processus de reconnaissance d’émotions faciales repose sur 3 étapes : le suivi du visage, l’extraction de caractéristiques puis la classification de l’expression faciale. Pour obtenir un processus robuste apte à fournir des résultats fiables et exploitables, il est primordial d’extraire des caractéristiques avec de forts pouvoirs discriminants (selon les zones du visage concernées). Les avancées récentes de l’état de l’art ont conduit aujourd’hui à diverses approches souvent bridées par des temps de traitement trop couteux compte-tenu de l’extraction de descripteurs sur le visage complet ou sur des heuristiques mathématiques et/ou géométriques.En fait, aucune réponse bio-inspirée n’exploite la perception humaine dans cette tâche qu’elle opère pourtant régulièrement. Au cours de ces travaux de thèse, la base de notre approche fut ainsi de singer le modèle visuel pour focaliser le calcul de nos descripteurs sur les seules régions du visage essentielles pour la reconnaissance d’émotions. Cette approche nous a permis de concevoir un processus plus naturel basé sur ces seules régions émergentes au regard de la perception humaine. Ce manuscrit présente les différentes méthodologies bio-inspirées mises en place pour aboutir à des résultats qui améliorent généralement l’état de l’art sur les bases de référence. Ensuite, compte-tenu du fait qu’elles se focalisent sur les seules parties émergentes du visage, elles améliorent les temps de calcul et la complexité des algorithmes mis en jeu conduisant à une utilisation possible pour des applications temps réel. / Communication in any form i.e. verbal or non-verbal is vital to complete various daily routine tasks and plays a significant role inlife. Facial expression is the most effective form of non-verbal communication and it provides a clue about emotional state, mindset and intention. Generally automatic facial expression recognition framework consists of three step: face tracking, feature extraction and expression classification. In order to built robust facial expression recognition framework that is capable of producing reliable results, it is necessary to extract features (from the appropriate facial regions) that have strong discriminative abilities. Recently different methods for automatic facial expression recognition have been proposed, but invariably they all are computationally expensive and spend computational time on whole face image or divides the facial image based on some mathematical or geometrical heuristic for features extraction. None of them take inspiration from the human visual system in completing the same task. In this research thesis we took inspiration from the human visual system in order to find from where (facial region) to extract features. We argue that the task of expression analysis and recognition could be done in more conducive manner, if only some regions are selected for further processing (i.e.salient regions) as it happens in human visual system. In this research thesis we have proposed different frameworks for automatic recognition of expressions, all getting inspiration from the human vision. Every subsequently proposed addresses the shortcomings of the previously proposed framework. Our proposed frameworks in general, achieve results that exceeds state-of-the-artmethods for expression recognition. Secondly, they are computationally efficient and simple as they process only perceptually salient region(s) of face for feature extraction. By processing only perceptually salient region(s) of the face, reduction in feature vector dimensionality and reduction in computational time for feature extraction is achieved. Thus making them suitable for real-time applications.

Det har blivit alltmer vanligt att företag upprättar en hållbarhetsrapport och något som förväntas av intressenterna. Det krävs att företag tar ett ansvar för att samhället ska kunna drivas mot en hållbar framtid. Företag kan inte bara tänka på sitt ekonomiska ansvar utan även på sitt miljömässiga och sociala ansvar. Tidigare forskning visar att lyxindustrin medinriktning på mode gör ett stort avtryck på miljön, det är främst deras textilproduktion som har en stor negativ påverkan på miljön. Lyxindustrin är även en särskild intressant marknad att undersöka eftersom konsumtionen av lyxvaror vanligtvis inte grundas i ett behov av att köpa kläder utan snarare i ett behov av att uppnå en viss social image. Att lyxindustrin har en stor påverkan på vilka trender som skapas resulterar i att industrin har ett särskilt etiskt och socialt ansvar gentemot samhället. Syftet med studien är att bidra till forskningen om vad lyxkoncerner inom mode kommunicerar avseende sitt ekonomiska, miljömässiga och sociala ansvarstagande i enlighet med GRI i sina hållbarhetsrapporter. Vi har genomfört en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av fyra koncerner som alla verkar inom lyxindustrin. Datamaterialet har inhämtats från koncernernas hållbarhetsrapporter förrapporteringsåret 2019. Studien har en tvärsnittsdesign och utgår från en abduktiv ansats. Vi har sökt efter teman som kan kopplas till studiens analysmodell som är baserad på GRI:s riktlinjer för hållbarhetsrapportering. Studiens resultat och slutsatser visar att koncernerna förmedlar sitt ansvarstagande inom allaområden i sina rapporter. Dock lägger koncernerna störst vikt på det ekonomiska ansvaret följt av det sociala och till sist det miljömässiga ansvaret. Det finns ett fåtal kategorier som inte kommuniceras alls, men vi har också funnit att koncernerna kommunicerar andraområden inom CSR som inte täcks av vår teoretiska modell. Studien har således bidragit till en utveckling av den analysmodell som använts i form av två kategorier som berörkoncernernas material och produktion. / It has become a common feature that companies establish a sustainability report and something that is expected from their stakeholders. It is required that companies take social responsibility in order for society to be driven towards a more sustainable future. Companies can not only think about their financial responsibility but also about their environmental and social responsibility. Previous research shows that the luxury industry, especially the fashion industry, makes a big imprint on the environment; it is mainly their textile production that has a negative impact on the environment. The luxury industry is also a particularly interesting market to explore because the consumption of luxury products is usually not based on a need to buy clothes but rather on a need to achieve a certain social image. The fact that the luxury industry has a major impact on the trends created, results in the industry having a special ethical and social responsibility towards society. The purpose of the study is to contribute to the research on what luxury fashion companies communicate regarding their financial, environmental and social responsibility in accordance with GRI in their sustainability reports. We have conducted a qualitative content analysis of four corporations, all of which operate in the luxury industry. The data material has been obtained from the corporations’ sustainability reports for the reporting year 2019. The study applies a cross-sectional design and is based on an abductive approach. We have searched for themes that can be linked to the study's analysis model which is based on GRI's guidelines for sustainability reporting. The study’s findings and conclusions indicate that the corporations convey their responsibilities in all areas throughout their reports. However, the corporations place the greatest emphasis on the financial responsibility, followed by the social and lastly the environmental responsibility. A few categories are not communicated at all, but we have also found other areas within CSR where the corporations communicate but that are not covered by our theoretical model. The study has thus contributed to an evolution of the analysis model used, two categories have been added that concern the corporations’ materials andproduction. This study is written in Swedish.

The thesis focuses on the group of deities with solar aspects in the period of the Old Kingdom (ca. 2592-2118+25 BC). For this research, five gods were selected: Atum, Shu, Kheprer, Nefertum and Weneg. They were either linked to the sun cycle and light (Atum and Kheprer, evening and morning sun respectively, Shu), or to some particular plants (Nefertum to water lily and Weneg to the so-called wng-plant). Some of the deities under survey also represented a part of the so- called Heliopolitan cosmogony and cosmology. A number of Old Kingdom sources (Pyramid Texts, tomb decoration and burial equipment with special focus on the funerary domains and offering formulae, royal names and epithets, personal names, royal annals and administrative sources, namely seals and sealings, papyri from Wadi el-Jarf, Gebelein and Abusir, and titles) are analysed, taking into consideration the attestations for the individual gods and the information concerning the links of the deities to the sun and their solar aspects. Likewise, the roles and functions of these divinities, and their relation to other divine beings are studied. Further research questions are in which social spheres these gods appeared and where they were venerated, if exclusively in Heliopolis and its vicinity, or if there were diverse sanctuaries...

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this research report is focused on stating a case for the strategic value to be gained from an alignment of company strategies with the needs of the bottom of the pyramid (BOP), as well as an analysis of the relationship and conditions of support between the donor and receipient of corporate social investment. The report will focus on the relationship of the business sector with the triple bottom line, more specifically the social development component - the relationship of the recipients with the business reaching out to them; and the contribution it makes to sustainability. Corporate social investment (CSI) is most often measured in non-economic terms. In continuation of establishing the link between CSI and sustainability, the report will: • Provide evidence of the strategic advantage a high emphasis on sustainability initiatives bring about for the business sector. • Address the direct relationship between the economic performance of a company and their corporate social investment achievements. • Highlight the close relation between social and environmental perfonnance of business and the link to continued business competitiveness and long-term sustainability. • Support a better understanding for the need for business and non-profits to form partnerships to add value to the long-term sustainability of communities through CSI. • Highlight the role NGOs and other socially concerned groups can play in engaging with the business sector (CSR Investors) as well as the people at the "Bottom of the Pyramid". • Develop a model for use by any partner on either end of CSI initiatives which will serve as a guideline for mainstreaming CSI. NGOs within the non-profit sector have a very specific role to play in the sustainability context. This statement also translates as to stating that the NGO should be the main partner in linking the business sector with the social development within the community. The role of NGOs, the non-profit sector in the community, is key to corporate companies opening the door to BOP markets. This view is supported by Prahalad and Hart (2005:32) stating that NGOs and other concerned social groupings are by far the lead experimenters in BOP markets. GRI indicators and guidelines playa dominant role in linking social development as component of the triple bottom line to sustainability. This is also confinmed by sustainability reports of a selection of businesses evaluated and compared. The model developed gives attention to the process of embedding CSR in the business profile, with factors influencing this process and activities acting as drivers. The change needed requires a certain quality of leadership, not only from the management of the business, but also from the govemance structure in place. Answering in these requirements will ensure the identification of strategiC issues and effective strategies to address them. The role of indigenous governance systems is highlighted to support the objective of reaching the BOP. The model provides guidance on the calculation of a return on CSR, the indicators of growth and success and the expected outcomes. The task of fitting a non profit organisation to a potential partner in the business sector continues to be a challenge, a strategiC move critical for the long-tenm sustainability of society. It cannot be dealt with in the enclosed boundaries of a research report and is a living activity that needs to be practiced. Innovation, skill, will-power and ethical leadership and govemance will continue to be instrumental for success. It is therefore critical that the buy-in comes from all levels of business, to allow for true sustainability of services and products. Eventually the true measure for success will be the extent to which the BOP benefits from the "exercise" economically and socially, the extent to which the businesses can add to their profit margin with incorporation of serving the BOP. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie navorsingsverslag is om 'n besigheidsaak te staaf. Die fokus is op die verkryging van 'n strategiese waarde uit die ooreenstemming van besigheidstrategiee met die behoeftes van gemeenskappe aan die onderkant van die ekonomiese piramide (BOP). Die fokus is verder op die analise van die verhoudings en voorwaardes vir ondersteuning tussen die gewer en die ontvanger van korporatiewe sosiale beleggings (CSI). Die verslag sal fokus op die verhouding tussen die besigheidsektor en die "triple bottom line", meer spesifiek die sosiale onlwikkelingskomponent - die verhouding tussen die ontvangers en die besighede wat uitreik na hulle; en die bydrae wat dit maak tot volhoubaarheid. Korporatiewe sosiale belegging (CSI) word gewoonlik gemeet in nie-ekonomiese terme. Ter voortsetting van die vestiging van die skakeling tussen CSI en volhoubaarheid, hanteer die verslag ook die volgende: • Dit gee bewyse van die strategiese voordeel wat verkry sal word uit 'n sterk klem op volhoubaarheidinisiatiewe wat voortgebring word vir die besigheidsektor. • Dit spreek die direkte verhouding aan tussen die ekonomiese prestasie van 'n besigheid en hul prestasies op die terrein van CSI. • Dit plaas nadruk op die noue verhouding tussen die sosiale en omgewingsprestasies van die besigheid en die konneksie daarvan met die mededingendheid van die besigheid en langtermynvolhoubaarheid. • Dit ondersteun 'n beter begrip vir die behoeftes van besighede en niewinsgewende organisasies (NGO's) aan vennootskappe ten einde waarde toe te voeg tot langtermynvolhoubaarheid van gemeenskappe deur korporatiewe sosiale beleggings. • Dit beklemtoon die rol wat NGO's en ander sosiale bewustheidsgroepe kan speel wanneer hulle betrokke raak by die besigheidsektor (CSR beleggers), sowel as die mense aan die onderkant van die ekonomiese piramide. • Dit ontwikkel 'n model vir gebruik deur enige vennoot aan enige kant van CSI inisiatiewe wat sal dien as riglyn vir die insluit van CSI in die besigheidshoofstroom. • NGO's binne die kader van die nie-winsmakende sektor het 'n baie spesifieke rol te speel binne die konteks van volhoubaarheid. Hierdie standpuntinname kan ook beteken dat die NGO die hoofvennoot behoort te wees in die skakeling van die besigheidsektor met die sosiale ontwikkeling van die gemeenskap. Die rol van die NGO, die nie-winsgewende sektor in die gemeenskap, is die sleutel tot die ontsluiting van die ekonomiese markte vir gemeenskappe aan die onderkant van die ekonomiese piramide. Hierdie standpunt word ondersteun deur Prahalad en Hart (2005:32) wat dit stel dat nie-winsgewende organisasies en ander sosiale groeperinge die onteenseglike leiers is in eksperimentering binne die BOP markte. GRI (Global Reporting Initiative, ook genoem die GRI Volhoubaarheid Verslagdoening Riglyne) aanwysers en riglyne speel 'n dominante rol in die koppeling van sosiale ontwikkeling as onderdeel van die "triple bottom line" met volhoubaarheid. Dit word bevestig deur die volhoubaarheidsverslae van 'n aantal besighede wat geevalueer en vergelyk is. Die ontwikkelde model gee aandag aan die proses van vaslegging van CSR binne die besigheidsprofiel, saam met die faktore wat hierdie proses beinvloed en die aktiwiteite wat dien as drywers. Die verandering wat benodig word vereis 'n sekere kwaliteit van leierskap, nie alleen in die bestuur van die besigheid nie, maar ook vanuit die regerende strukture wat reeds bestaan. Die identifisering van strategiese sake en effektiewe strategiee verseker dat voldoen word aan bogenoemde vereistes. Die rol van inheemse regerende strukture word beklemtoon in die bereiking van BOP-markte as doelwit. Die model verskaf leiding in die berekening van 'n opbrengs op korporatiewe sosiale verantwoordelikheid (CSR), die aanwysers van groei en sukses en die verwagte resultate. Die taak om 'n nie-winsgewende organisasie in geskikte passing met 'n potensiele vennoot in die besigheidsektor te gee, bly steeds 'n uitdaging, 'n strategiese skuif wat belangrik is vir die langtermynvolhoubaarheid van die gemeenskap. Dit kan nie voldoende hanteer word binne die grense van 'n navorsingsverslag nie en bly 'n lewende aktiwiteit wat voortdurend beoefen moet word. Innovering, vaardigheid, motivering en etiese leierskap en regering sal voortgaan om instrumenteel te wees vir sukses. Dit is daarom uiters belangrik dat die betrokkenheid en inkoop moet kom van al die vlakke van besigheid ten einde die ware volhoubaarheid van dienste en produkte te verseker. Uiteindelik sal die werklike meting van sukses bepaal word volgens die omvang waartoe BOP-markte baat vind by die "oefening", ekonomies sowel as sosiaal - dit is die omvang van waardetoevoeging tot die winste van die besigheid met inbegrip van dienste aan gemeenskappe aan die onderpunt van die ekonomiese piramide.

This thesis deals with the "pyramid" nutrition that is currently mostly used in teaching in primary schools. The aim of the study is to evaluate the possibilities of didactic use model "pyramid" nutrition teaching health education in primary schools and where appropriate, propose an updated form of "pyramid" diet, which all schools could benefit from harmonized or create a tutorial project that focused on nutrition pyramid. The theoretical part is written in the form of a literature review. It deals with the analysis of books and information about dietary recommendations in the form of a "pyramid" nutrition and analyzing textbooks, Framework curriculum and educational programs for elementary school students due to the use of a "pyramid" nutrition. The empiric part uses quantitative and qualitative methods. It focuses on the analysis of school educational programs at selected schools and another part is dedicated to exploring how elementary school teachers use the "pyramid" nutrition in teaching and what students have knowledge of the food pyramid. A further empiric section devoted to a summary of the results of the work, conclusions and recommendations. The outcome of this work is based on research results suggest the concept of an educational program what makes it easier for students to...

Once the boundary in global investment does no longer exist, a substantial number of multinational corporations (MNCs) seek for the lower-cost countries such as developing countries or emerging countries to be their production bases. It is undeniable to say that these recipient countries will benefit abundantly in several aspects namely: capital and technical knowledge, employment boost and economic development stimulation. However, the disadvantages that occur may not be worth the trade-off in a long run whether it is economic inflation, impact to the environment and disappearance of small-scale business. Hence, sustainable business approaches concerning every involved stakeholder is vital, some firms might view that adjusting entire activities in the value chain does increase the costs, but some realizes that aligning their practices with along Sustainable Development Goals is the only way to gain profit, and save people and the planet simultaneously.Nevertheless, there are billions of poor people at the Base of the Pyramid (BoP) who are consumers and entrepreneurs especially in the developing countries. Part of the theorizers believes that producing products and service that respond to the grassroots turns out to be new opportunities for MNCs to develop new types of businesses; bring prosperity to the firms; enhance the poor by offering them knowledge and alternative solutions, shaping their aspirations and improving the accessibility of the products. On the other hand, the other part of the theorizers argued that this method does not only harm the poor since these people are vulnerable consumers, it also has less emphasis on legal, regulatory and social mechanisms. In a nutshell, nothing can guarantee that this approach will enventually take us closer to sustainability.In our study, we have seen that there are some MNCs looking at the BoP market with different perspectives. For instance, the arrival of MNCs in term of modern trade business in Thailand caused a severe effect to traditional retail stores or ‘Mom & Pop1 stores’ in the country. Unilever is one of the MNCs that have a major engagement with local small businesses through their new business model which does not only alleviate Mom & Pop store owners to retrieve their businesses, but it also creates a win-win situation between Unilever and these owners concurrently, allowing them to be self-reliance and operate their businesses sustainability in the days to come.The purpose of this master’s thesis is to understand and assess sustainable development theory, particularly in corporate social responsibility thinking in the BoP perspective based on sufficiency economy. Qualitative research and case study of Unilever Thailand were chosen as appropriate research methods to conduct this thesis.