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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
281

Adaptive Phase Measurements

Berry, Dominic William Unknown Date (has links)
In this thesis I consider the general problem of how to make the best possible phase measurements using feedback. Both the optimum input state and optimum feedback are considered for both single-mode dyne measurements and two-mode interferometric measurements. I derive the optimum input states under general dyne measurements when the mean photon number is fixed, both for general states and squeezed states. I propose a new feedback scheme that introduces far less phase uncertainty than mark II feedback, and is very close to the theoretical limit. I also derive results for the phase variance when there is a time delay in the feedback loop, showing that there is a lower limit to the introduced phase variance, and this is approached quite accurately under some conditions. I derive the optimum input states for interferometry, showing that the phase uncertainty scales as 1/N for all the common measures of uncertainty. This is contrasted with the |j0> state, which does not scale as 1/N for all measures of phase uncertainty. I introduce an adaptive feedback scheme that is very close to optimum, and can give scaling very close to 1/N for the uncertainty. Lastly I consider the case of continuous measurements, for both the dyne and interferometric cases.
282

Horloge à réseau optique au Strontium : une 2ème génération d'horloges à atomes froids

Le Targat, Rodolphe 13 July 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Les fontaines atomiques, basées sur une transition micro-onde du Césium ou du Rubidium, constituent l'état de l'art des horloges atomiques, avec une exactitude relative avoisinant 10^{-16}. Il apparaît cependant clairement aujourd'hui qu'il sera difficile de dépasser significativement ce niveau de performance avec un dispositif de ce type.<br /><br />L'utilisation d'une transition optique, toutes choses étant égales par ailleurs, ouvre la perspective d'une amélioration de 4 ou 5 ordres de grandeur de la stabilité et de l'incertitude relative sur la plupart des effets systématiques. Les effets liés au mouvement des atomes peuvent être, quant à eux, contrôlés d'une façon totalement différente, en les piégeant dans un réseau optique pour éviter la phase de vol ballistique caractéristique des fontaines. Le point clef de cette approche réside dans le fait que les paramètres de ce piège peuvent être ajustés de façon à s'affranchir du déplacement lumineux si l'on sélectionne une transition d'horloge faiblement permise J=0 -> J=0.<br /><br />A cet égard, l'atome de strontium est l'un des candidats les plus prometteurs, la transition ^1S_0 -> ^3P_0 présente une largeur naturelle de 1 mHz, et plusieurs autres transitions facilement accessibles peuvent être utilisées en vue d'un refroidissement laser efficace des atomes jusqu'à une température de 10 µK. Ce manuscrit de thèse d'une part démontre la faisabilité expérimentale d'une horloge à réseau optique basée sur l'atome de strontium, et d'autre part expose une évaluation préliminaire de l'exactitude relative avec l'isotope fermionique ^{87}Sr, à un niveau de quelques 10^{-15}.
283

Plasmonique classique et quantique sous pointe optique par microscopie en champ proche / Classical and quantum plasmonics by optical near field microscopy

Berthel, Martin 04 March 2016 (has links)
À la surface d’un métal, la lumière visible peut se coupler avec les électrons libres pour engendrer une quasi-particule particulièrement intéressante, le plasmon-polariton de surface. Cet objet a pour propriété d’être évanescent dans les directions perpendiculaires à la surface, ce qui en fait un support idéal pour transporter l’information lumineuse à deux dimensions, et sur des échelles sub-longueur d’onde. S’il est excité par une source quantique, il conserve cet aspect quantique du signal, même si des millions d’électrons sont impliqués dans sa propagation.Dans ce manuscrit, je présente les résultats expérimentaux et théoriques obtenus en plasmonique de surface durant mon doctorat. En associant l’utilisation de centres colorés azote-lacune (NV) dans les nanodiamants, qui sont des émetteurs de photons uniques, et d’un microscope optique en champ proche (SNOM), j’ai pu étudier de nombreuses propriétés du centre NV et des plasmons de surface dans les domaines classique et quantique.Notamment, j’ai réalisé une étude complète de la photo-dynamique interne du centre NV, dans différents régimes d’excitation. De plus, j’ai étudié le mode d’imagerie des plasmons de surface qu’est la microscopie à fuite radiative, en mettant en lumière certaines aberrations optiques pouvant survenir dans des conditions de désaccord d’indices optiques. J’ai ensuite effectué des mesures de corrélations spatio-temporelles de plasmons de surface excités par des centres NV, grâce à un système expérimental spécifique que j’ai mis en œuvre.Enfin, je décris dans ce manuscrit les toutes premières études de l’interaction des plasmons avec différentes cavités elliptiques et paraboliques gravées dans le métal, qui ont mené notamment à des mesures de densité locales d’états (LDOS) plasmonique. / On a metal surface, visible light can couple with surface free electrons to form a very interesting quasi-particle, the surface plasmon-polariton. The main property of this object is to be evanescent in the directions perpendicular to the surface. This feature makes the plasmon ideally suited to transport electromagnetic information in two dimensions and on a sub-wavelength scale. If it is excited by a quantum source, it retains this quantum aspect of the signal, even if millions of electrons are involved in its propagation.In this manuscript, I present the experimental and theoretical results obtained during my PhD in surface plasmonics. By combining the use of nitrogen vacancy (NV) color centers in nanodiamonds, which are single photon emitters, and of a scanning near field optical microscope (SNOM), I was able to study numerous properties of the NV center and surface plasmons, both in the classical and quantum regimes.In particular, I have performed a complete study of the internal photo-dynamics of the NV center in different excitation regimes. Moreover, I have studied the leakage radiation microscopy, a dedicated imaging mode in plasmonics , by highlighting some optical aberrations that can arise in conditions of optical index mismatch. Furthermore, I have ran spatio-temporal correlation measurements on surface plasmons excited by NV centers with a specific experimental system I implemented.Finally, I describe in the manuscript the very first studies of the interaction between plasmons and different elliptical and parabolic cavities milled in the metal. This has led to the measurements of the plasmonic local density of states.
284

Measurement and control of electronic coherences / Mesure et contrôle de cohérences électroniques

Cabart, Clément 18 September 2018 (has links)
Ces dernières années, de considérables efforts expérimentaux ont été dévoués au développement d’outils de nanoélectronique quantique, dans le but d’atteindre un niveau de contrôle sur le transport électronique quantique à l’échelle de l’électron unique. Ces avancées ont poussé à un changement de paradigme dans le domaine du transport électronique cohérent et donné naissance à l’optique quantique électronique, domaine dans lequel cette thèse s’inscrit. Cette thèse est consacrée à deux problématiques. Tout d’abord, elle s’intéresse au problème des interactions Coulombiennes entre électrons, qui donnent lieu à un phénomène de décohérence qu’il est nécessaire de caractériser et de prédire au mieux afin de le contrôler. En utilisant une approche analytique et numérique, il a été possible de prédire l’effet de ces interactions sur un système expérimentalement accessible, prédiction qui a ensuite été confirmée par l’expérience. Dans la foulée de ce résultat, cette thèse présente des possibilités de contrôle de ces interactions, et propose un moyen de les mettre en œuvre qui devrait pouvoir être testé dans une expérience. Je me suis également confronté à la problématique de la caractérisation d’états quantiques complexes. En particulier, suite à la démonstration expérimentale d’un protocole de tomographie pour des états mono-électroniques, je me suis tourné vers l’extension de ce protocole à des états plus complexes, pouvant exhiber des propriétés de cohérence à deux électrons, voire plus. Ces états étant également sensibles aux interactions de Coulomb, une extension au cas multi-électronique des outils utilisés pour traiter ces interactions est proposée dans cette thèse. / Over the last few years, extensive experimental efforts have been devoted to thedevelopment of quantum nanoelectronics tools aiming at controlling electronic trans-port down to the single electron level. These advances led to a paradigm shift inthe domain of coherent electronic transport, giving birth to electron quantum optics,which is the domain of this work.This manuscript is devoted to two problems. The first of these is the one ofCoulomb interactions between electrons, which lead to a decoherence phenomenonthat must be characterized and predicted in order to be controlled. Using an analyt-ical and numerical approach, it became possible to predict the effect of interactionson an experimentally relevant system, a prediction that was then confirmed in the ex-periment. After this result, this manuscript displays some ideas aiming at controllinginteractions and proposes some ways to test them experimentally.In this work, I also took on the problem of characterizing complex quantum states.In particular, following the experimental demonstration of a tomography protocol forfirst order coherences, I tried to extend this protocol to more complex states thatcould exhibit two-electron coherences, or more. These states being also sensitive to Coulomb interactions, an extension of the tools used to treat interactions to thismulti-electronic state is also presented in this work.
285

Hybrid quantum information processing with continuous and discrete variables of light fields

Donati, Gaia January 2015 (has links)
Quantum correlations play a fundamental role in quantum information science. The variety of their manifestations has become increasingly apparent following the development of novel light sources, protocols and photodetectors. One broad classification identifies two instances of non-classical correlations: particle and mode entanglement. These categories mirror two coexisting descriptions of quantum systems in terms of discrete and continuous variables of the electromagnetic field. The past decades have generated a number of promising results based on schemes which encompass elements from both frameworks, rather than viewing the two descriptions as mutually exclusive. In this context, it is possible to conceive and realise experiments where either the quantum resource or the detection system is 'hybrid'. Optical weak-field homodyne detectors bring together phase sensitivity and photon counting; as such, they represent a detection scheme which works across continuous and discrete variables of the radiation field. In this thesis we present a two-mode weak-field homodyne detection layout with added photon-number resolution and apply it to the study of a split single-photon state and a squeezed vacuum state. As a first test of the capabilities of this system, we investigate the reconstruction of relevant features of a given quantum resource - such as its photon statistics - with our detection scheme. Further, we experimentally demonstrate the observation of an instance of non-classical optical coherence which combines the continuous- and discrete-variable descriptions explicitly. The ability to probe phenomena at the interface of wave and particle regimes opens the way to novel, improved schemes for quantum information processing. From a more fundamental perspective, such hybrid approaches may shed light on the very roots of quantum enhancement.
286

Avanços teóricos e experimentais em Termodinâmica Quântica

Batalhão, Tiago Barbin January 2016 (has links)
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Roberto Menezes Serra / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, 2016. / Termodinâmica Quântica é uma área emergente da Física que está associada a aplicação dos princípios termodinâmicos a sistemas que são geralmente pequenos, estão longe do equilíbrio térmico e nos quais efeitos quânticos são relevantes. Este novo campo de pesquisa deve contribuir substancialmente para o entendimento dos limites das novas tecnologias quânticas que envolvem processamento de informação, comunicação, metrologia, entre outras aplicações. No limite de pequenos sistemas longe do equilíbrio, flutuações de energia adquirem grande importância e quantidades termodinâmicas como trabalho, calor e produção de entropia tornam-se variáveis estocásticas regidas por teoremas de flutuação, sendo que o acesso às distribuições de probabilidade dessas flutuações é essencial para caracterizar completamente a termodinâmica de um processo fora do equilíbrio. Em um outro desenvolvimento, a possibilidade de aquisição e uso de informação sobre estados microscópicos foi incorporada na descrição teórica dos teoremas de flutuação, dando origem a contundentes conexões entre Termodinâmica e Teoria de Informação. Essas conexões possibilitam, entre outras coisas, obter uma expressão quantitativa em termos de variáveis microscópicas para o conceito filosófico da seta do tempo em um sistema quântico e entender, de um ponto de vista bastante fundamental, de onde emerge a assimetria entre passado e futuro, possibilitando também que se projete um sistema de feedback (retroalimentação) que pode operar como um demônio de Maxwell genuíno. Embora haja uma intensa atividade teórica na área, experimentos em Termodinâmica Quântica tem demorado a aparecer devido à dificuldade de acesso a flutuações de energia durante a evolução de sistemas quânticos fora do equilíbrio. Aplicações da técnica de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) que desenvolvemos nesta tese são capazes de contornar essa dificuldade. A partir dessas técnicas, reportamos a realização dos primeiros experimentos em Termodinâmica Quântica, incluindo a comprovação experimental dos teoremas de flutuação no regime quântico, a observação da emergência da seta do tempo (caracterizada pela produção de entropia) em um sistema quântico fechado não autônomo, a construção de uma máquina térmica quântica empregando spins nucleares e a implementação de um demônio de Maxwell em regime quântico. O estudo da Termodinâmica Quântica ainda está em sua infância e, por ser tão novo, ainda há divergências (em parte da comunidade) sobre alguns conceitos. Esperamos que essa tese contribua experimentalmente e teoricamente para avançar a noção de que as definições de grandezas termodinâmicas devem ser consistentes com os teoremas de flutuação, que continuam válidos no regime quântico e de poucas partículas. Em nossa opinião esses teoremas junto com as relações entre informação e energia formam o arcabouço teórico fundamental para o avanço da área. / Quantum Thermodynamics is an emerging topic in Physics, associated with applying the principles of Thermodynamics to systems that are usually small, far from thermal equilibrium and for which quantum effects are relevant. This new research field should give substantial contributions to understanding the limits and limitations of new quantum technologies involving information processing, communication, metrology, among others. In the limit of small systems far from equilibrium, energy fluctuations become very important and thermodynamical quantities such as work, heat and entropy production are treated as stochastic variables obeying fluctuation theorems. The possibility to access the probability distribution of fluctuations is essential to fully characterise the thermodynamics of an out-of-equilibrium process. In a related approach, the possibility to acquire and use information has been included in the theoretical framework of fluctuation theorems, paving the way for powerful connections between Thermodynamics and Information Theory. Such connections enable us, among other things, to derive a quantitative expression in terms of microscopic variables for the philosophical concept known as the arrow of time in a quantum system, and to understand in a fundamental level the origin of the asymmetry between past and future. These ideas can be used to design a feedback mechanism able to act as a genuine Maxwell demon. Even though there is intense theoretical activity, experiments in Quantum Thermodynamics have been taking a long time to appear, due to the difficulty in measuring energy fluctuations during an out-of-equilibrium quantum system evolution. However, techniques from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) developed for this thesis are able to circumvent that problem. Using them, we report the first experiments in Quantum Thermodynamics, including the verification of the fluctuation theorems, the observation of the emergence of the arrow of time (quantified by entropy production) in a closed non-autonomous quantum system, the implementation of a quantum thermal machine using nuclear spins and the realization of a Maxwell demon in the quantum domain. The field of Quantum Thermodynamics is still in its infancy, and there are divergences (in part of the community) about some of its concepts. We hope that this thesis can contribute experimentally and theoretically to advance the notion that the definitions of thermodynamical quantities must be consistent with the fluctuation theorems, which remain valid in the the quantum, low-particle-number regime. It is our opinion that these theorems, together with relations between information and energy, form the fundamental theoretical framework that will help advance the field.
287

Engenharia de interações e de reservatórios

Prado, Fabiano Oliveira 17 May 2008 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:15:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1995.pdf: 1566210 bytes, checksum: 7c5a0c3ef27c706d0ac9145573694cdf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-17 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / In this work we first present a protocol to build effective interactions between two cavity modes, considering a two-level atom under the action of classical fields. Bilinear Hamiltonians associated with parametric up- and down-conversion processes are derived, apart from nonlinear interactions associated with the degenerate parametric down-conversion process, resulting in the squeezing operation of a cavity mode. We also demonstrate how to construct nonlinear Hamiltonians related with a Kerr-type process for one or two cavity modes. In particular, we show how to implement, in the bimodal cavity, the Hamiltonian describing a two-specieis Bose-Einstein condensate in the two-mode approximation. Next, considering a two-level ion trapped in a cavity, under the action of classical amplification field, we show how to build an artificial reservoir for the electronic states of the ion. This reservoir is suited to protect nonstationary superpositions of the electronic levels, enabling us to measure the geometric phase acquired by these states under nonadiabatic evolutions of the system. Finally, we show how to construct squeezed reservoirs, either for a cavity mode or two-level atoms, by previously engineering an effective interaction between the atom(s) and the cavity mode which comprehends the simultaneous implementation of the Jaynes-Cummings and anti-Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonians. / Nesta tese, apresentamos primeiramente um protocolo para a construção de interações efetivas entre dois modos de uma cavidade, através de um átomo de dois níveis sob a ação de campos clássicos. hamiltonianos bilineares associados à processos de conversões paramétricas ascendente e descendente de frequências foram obtidos, bem como hamiltonianos não-lineares associados à compressão paramétrica de um modo da cavidade. Mostramos também como construir hamiltonianos associados a processos não-lineares do tipo Kerr para um ou dois modos da cavidade. Em especial, mostramos como implementar, na cavidade bi-modal, o hamiltoniano que descreve um condensado de Bose-Einstein de duas espécies atômicas na aproximação de dois modos. Em seguida, considerando um íon de dois níveis aprisionado no interior de uma cavidade e submetido à ação de campos clássicos, mostramos como construir um reservatório artificial para os estados eletrônicos do íon. Este reservatório permite a proteção de superposições não estacionárias dos níveis eletrônicos, possibilitando a medida de fases geométricas por elas adquiridas mediante evoluções não adiabáticas do sistema. Por fim, mostramos como construir reservatórios comprimidos tanto para um modo da cavidade como para átomos de dois níveis, mediante a construção prévia de uma interação efetiva entre átomo(s) e modo que compreende a realização simultânea dos hamiltonianos de Jaynes-Cummings e anti-Jaynes-Cummings. Para tanto, recorremos a átomo(s) de três níveis sob a ação de campos clássicos.
288

Análise Crítica da Dinâmica de uma Cavidade Pendular Quântica / Critical Analyse of Dynamical of Quantum Pendular Cavity

Andrea Barroso Melo 30 November 2004 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Desenvolvemos uma análise quântica de uma cavidade pendular, utilizando a representação P positiva, mostrando que o estado quântico do movimento de um espelho,um objeto macroscópico, tem efeitos notáveis na dinâmica deste sistema. Este foi proposto anteriormente como um candidato para medidas quanticamente limitadas de pequenos deslocamentos do espelho devido à pressão de radiação, para a produção de estados com emaranhamento entre espelho e o campo e também para estados de superposição do espelho. Contudo, quando tratamos o espelho oscilante como um oscilador quântico encontramos que este sistema sempre oscila, não possui estados estacionários e exibe incertezas na posição e no momento que são tipicamente maiores que os valores médios. Isto significa que a análise linearizada das flutuações realizadas predominantemente para prever estes estados quânticos são de uso limitado. Achamos que a acuracidade alcançável na realização das medidas é muito pior do que o limite quântico padrão, devido ao ruído térmico, que para parâmteros experimentais típicos é enorme mesmo em 2mK. / We perform a quantum mechanical analysis of a pendular cavity, using the positive-P representation, showing that the quantum state of the moving mirror, a microscopic object, has noticeable eects on the dynamics. This system was previously been proposed as a candidate for the quantum-limited measurement of small displacements os the mirror due to radiation pressure, for the production of states with entanglement between the mirror and the field, and even for superposition states of the mirror. However, when we treat the oscillating mirror quantum mechanically, we find that it always oscillates, has no stationary steady-state, and exhibits uncertainties in position and momentum wich are typically large than the mean values. This means that previous linearised fluctuation analyses wich have been used to predict these highly quantum states are of limited use. We find that achievable accuracy in measurement is far worse than the standard quantum limit due to thermal noise, which, for typical experimental parameters, is overwhelming even at 2mK.
289

Geração de estados não clássicos do campo eletromagnético através do processo de mistura de quatro ondas em meios atômicos. / Generation of non-classical states of the electromagnetic field via four wave mixing process on atomic media.

Carlos Andres Gonzalez Arciniegas 07 May 2013 (has links)
Estudamos teoricamente a geração de estados emaranhados do campo eletromagnético através do processo de mistura de quatro ondas em uma nuvem de átomos frios em configuração duplo- trabalhando perto da ressonância. Mostra-se que neste caso é possível gerar emaranhamento com uma potência de bombeio muito menor do que na situação em que temos átomos quentes [17]. Baseando-se nos parâmetros da armadilha de átomos de rubídio de nosso laboratório, calcula-se uma violação de 46.5 % do limite imposto pela desigualdade DGCZ [59] para uma frequência de Rabi dos bombeios de =0.8 MHz (neste caso, equivalente a uma potência de 0.3 µW) e uma dessintonia de =20 MHz para uma transição enquanto a outra permanece ressonante. Também foi analisado o emaranhamento entre as bandas laterais dos feixes de prova e conjugado, estudando a estrutura do emaranhamento entre estes quatro modos através do critério positividade sobre transposição parcial em variáveis continuas. Nesta análise, se observaram correlações quânticas entre pares de campos (a banda superior do feixe de prova e a banda inferior do feixe conjugado, e a banda inferior do feixe de prova e a banda superior do feixe conjugado). Estas evidências, junto com as equações de evolução dos feixes, sugerem que a mistura de quatro ondas, dentro das considerações supostas neste trabalho, gera estados nos quais o emaranhamento é exclusivo entre as bandas laterais superior de um feixe com a inferior do outro. [17] Vincent Boyer et al. Science, 321-544 (2008). [59] Lu-Ming Duan et al. Phys. Rev. Lett 84-2722 (2000) / We have theoretically studied the generation of entangled states of the electromagnetic field through the four wave mixing (FWM) process in a cold atomic cloud in a double-, close to resonance configuration. It is shown that in this case it possible to generate entanglement with a pump power much weaker than in the situation which we have hot atoms [17]. Based in the parameters obtained in the magneto-optical trap (MOT) with rubidium at our laboratory, we calculated a violation of 46.5 % of the limit imposed by the DGCZ inequality [59] at a Rabi frequency of the pump fields of =0.8 MHz (in this case, this is equivalent to a pump power of 0.3 µW) and a detuning of =20 MHz in one of the transition, while the other one remains resonant. We also analysed the entanglement between the side bands of the probe and conjugate beams. Using the positive partial transpose criterion in continuous variables, we studied the structure of entanglement within these side bands. In this analysis we observed quantum correlations between pairs of fields (the upper side band of the probe beam with the lower side band of the conjugate beam, and the lower side band of the probe beam with the upper side band of the conjugate beam). These evidences, together with the evolution equations of the beams, suggest that the 4WM process, within the considerations made in this work, generates states where the entanglement is exclusive between the upper side band of one beam and the lower side band of the other. [17] Vincent Boyer et al. Science, 321-544 (2008). [59] Lu-Ming Duan et al. Phys. Rev. Lett 84-2722 (2000).
290

Hamiltoniano Intensity Dependent na teoria do laser / Intensity dependent Hamiltonian in the laser theory

Flávio de Oliveira Neto 22 February 2016 (has links)
Tem-se como intuito desse projeto a construção e o desenvolvimento de um Hamiltoniano intensity dependent, cuja interação entre radiação-matéria dependa do número de fótons que residem dentro da cavidade do laser. O Hamiltoniano de Jaynes Cummings é tradicionalmente conhecido por descrever a interação radiação-matéria, e através de uma modificação efetuada no mesmo, criando um Hamiltoniano não-linear em termos dos operadores de criação e aniquilação, pretende-se obter uma nova distribuição do número de fótons dentro de tal cavidade, bem como uma nova estatística em relação ao modelo usual de laser. Para tal,faz-se uso de um modelo de átomo de dois níveis para a descrição da matéria dentro da cavidade, bem como conhecimentos de informação e óptica quântica para o desenvolvimento e análise dos resultados obtidos, como o fator Q de Mandel, juntamente com aplicações de Hamiltonianos não lineares, necessários para o entendimento do projeto. Finalmente, discute-se as consequências da nova distribuição; suas semelhanças e suas diferenças em relação à tradicional, focando nos papéis dos parâmetros do laser. / The purpose of this work is the construction and development of an intensity dependent Hamiltonian, whose interaction between radiation and matter depends on the photon number inside the laser cavity. The Jaynes Cummings\'s Hamiltonian is traditionally known because of its description of the radiation-matter interaction, and through a modification on this hamiltonian, building a non-linear hamiltonian in terms of the creation and anihilation operators, we intend to obtain a new distribuition of the photon number inside the laser cavity, as well as a new statistics regarding the usual laser model. In order to do it, we use two levels atom model to describe the matter inside the cavity, as well as knowledge of quantum optical and quantum information to develop and analyze the obtained results, like the Mandel Q parameter, along with the non-linear hamiltonian applications, necessary to understand this project. Finally, we discuss the consequences of its new distribution, its similarities and diferences about the traditionals, focusing on the roles of the laser parameters.

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