Text in English / This study explores the syntax of the substantive phrase, more especially substantive phrase composed of more than one qualificative, in Sesotho. Adopting interviews, questionnaires and documents, the study seeks to investigate the syntactic sequence of qualificatives, their relation to the modified head word and influence of such ordering pattern in the phrase. Structurally, qualificatives comprise two components, namely the qualificative concord and stem. The qualificative serves to give varied information about the implicit or explicit substantive resulting in seven types of qualificatives in Sesotho, be they the Adjective, Demonstrative, Enumerative, Interrogative, Possessive, Quantifier and Relative. From the Minimalist perspective, the qualificative is recursive. The study established a maximum of five qualificatives in a single phrase. The number is generally achieved by recurrence of the Adjective, the Possessive and the Relative up to a maximum of four of the same qualificative in a single phrase. It is observed that the recurrence of the Demonstrative, Interrogative, Enumerative and Quantifier is proscribed in Sesotho. Regarding the ordering of qualificatives, it is also observed that the Demonstrative, Interrogative, Quantifier and Possessive mostly occupy the position closer to the substantive while the Adjective, Enumerative, Possessive and Quantifier mostly occur in the medial position. The Possessive and Relative occur in the outer-border position of the phrase. Such a sequence is influenced by several factors including focus, emphasis, the nature of the relationship between the head word and the dependent element, the syntactic complexity of the qualificative and the knowledge shared by both the speaker and the hearer about the qualified substantive. It can, therefore, be concluded that there are no strict rules of occurrence of the qualificatives in Sesotho. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

La supervision clinique occupe une place importante dans la formation des futurs psychologues. Elle est souvent considérée comme une expérience très déterminante dans leur développement personnel et professionnel. Parmi les éléments qui composent la supervision clinique, la relation de supervision est souvent identifiée comme étant un pilier dans le développement des étudiants supervisés. En effet, une relation de supervision positive peut notamment être associée à la construction d’une confiance et d’une identité professionnelle chez le supervisé. Par contre, une relation de supervision davantage marquée par des éléments négatifs peut rendre celui-ci plus vulnérable et fragiliser le développement de ses compétences en tant que futur psychologue. Toutefois, malgré l’importance que la relation de supervision présente, un nombre limité d’études se sont intéressées spécifiquement à cette relation dans son ensemble. De plus, rares sont les chercheurs qui ont étudié à la fois la relation de supervision et le développement des étudiants supervisés. La présente étude visait donc à explorer en profondeur la relation de supervision et son influence sur le développement personnel et professionnel des supervisés selon leur point de vue, en adoptant une perspective globale qui tient compte de l’ensemble des éléments qui composent l’expérience de supervision. Pour ce faire, un devis qualitatif a été privilégié en raison de la nature exploratoire de cette recherche et parce qu’il s’avère pertinent pour approfondir les connaissances sur une réalité humaine et complexe. Des entrevues semi-structurées ont été réalisées auprès de six internes supervisés à la fin de leur quatrième année doctorale en psychologie clinique. Les données ont été analysées avec la méthode d’analyse qualitative inductive proposée par Blais et Martineau (2006). Une grille de catégorisation, composée de sept catégories principales ainsi que de catégories de plus petit niveau, a été construite à partir des données analysées. L’analyse des données a été poursuivie jusqu’à l’élaboration d’un cadre de référence sous forme de schéma permettant d’illustrer les liens entre les catégories. Il ressort des données qu’une relation de supervision plus marquée par des éléments positifs semble avoir un impact positif sur le développement personnel et professionnel des supervisés. Selon la perception des supervisés, ces éléments positifs réfèrent notamment aux caractéristiques positives du superviseur et du supervisé, à l’approfondissement de leur relation ainsi qu’à une présence inspirante du superviseur. En contrepartie, lorsque la relation de supervision s’avère plus marquée par des éléments négatifs, le développement des supervisés et la confiance avec laquelle ils entrent dans la profession semblent plus mitigés. Les caractéristiques négatives du superviseur et du supervisé font notamment partie de ces éléments négatifs perçus par les supervisés, de même qu’un inassouvissement des besoins d’apprentissage du supervisé ainsi qu’un manque d’arrimage émotionnel au sein de la relation. De plus, afin de proposer des hypothèses au sujet de la diversité des cheminements possibles ainsi que la multitude « d’ingrédients » qui peuvent influencer l’expérience des supervisés en regard de leur relation de supervision, les catégories principales ayant émergé des données ont été mises en lien dans le cadre de référence exposé sous forme de schéma. À la lumière des résultats obtenus ainsi que des forces et des limites de l’étude, des recommandations concernant les pistes d’investigation futures pour la recherche sont formulées. Les résultats et la discussion de la présente étude pourront fournir aux supervisés, aux superviseurs de même qu’aux programmes de formation doctorale en psychologie clinique un levier pour amorcer ou poursuivre une réflexion quant à l’importance de la relation de supervision pour le développement personnel et professionnel des futurs psychologues.

Esta dissertação realiza um exame da devoção à Maria na cultura brasileira, levando em consideração os cânticos, a partir dos quais focalizam-se aspectos dos epítetos que prevalecem nesses textos. Trata-se de um estudo baseado nos critérios de análises interpretativas, que buscam oferecer subsídios para o entendimento dos hinos marianos na atualidade, visto que a bibliografia que trata do assunto é muito moderada. A análise é feita classificando os tipos dos epítetos identificados. A partir da investigação, é possível perceber que o conceito de uma Maria libertadora é bastante exposto no desenvolvimento dos hinos, já que verificamos uma grande parcela de poemas com o sentido libertador. Maria é indicada como uma verdadeira protetora dos povos; os autores dos cantos pesquisados desenvolveram seus trabalhos colocando em evidência uma santa que está mais próxima dos problemas enfrentados pela sociedade atual. As dificuldades que os humildes enfrentam atualmente são evidentemente lembradas e, na maioria das vezes, focalizadas nos textos mariais com o auxílio dos epítetos apresentados. / This dissertation presents an examination of the devotion to Mary in the Brazilian culture, by analyzing aspects of epithets that prevail on songs of praise. This study is based on the criteria of interpretative analysis aimed at contributing to the understanding of Marian hymns of the present, as not many researches on her epithets can be found in scientific literature. The analysis is done through the classification of the types of epithets identified. From this investigation, it is possible to realize that the concept of a liberating Mary is greatly exposed in the hymns created along the time, as a great amount of poems of a liberating sense were verified. Mary is quoted as a real protector of the people in the songs analyzed, and the authors of these songs of praise refer to a saint who is closer to current problems faced by society. The epithets make clear that difficulties that the humble people face at the present are obviously remembered and mostly focused in the Marian texts with the aid of the epithets presented.

[pt] Este trabalho investiga os estereótipos sobre o brasileiro construídos pelos alunos estrangeiros do curso de Português como segunda língua (PL2E) da PUC-Rio. Objetivou-se identificar as expressões qualificativas, representadas em especial pelos adjetivos, verbos ou advérbios, e também substantivos, em relação à cultura brasileira, analisar essas avaliações dos alunos antes e depois de estarem imersos no Brasil e mostrar como elas podem interferir na comunicação intercultural. A análise revelou que: (i) grande parte dos alunos estrangeiros já tinham construído uma imagem prévia e estereotipada do brasileiro e do Brasil; (ii) os estereótipos construídos têm relação com as informações colhidas pelos alunos nos meios de massa como televisão, jornais, internet e também através de amigos brasileiros ou não e parentes; (iii) as imagens construídas pelos estrangeiros são positivas em relação ao brasileiro, e negativas quanto ao Brasil; (iv) a atitude positiva diante da imagem dos brasileiros e a exposição à cultura brasileira facilitam a interação nas situações interculturais desse aluno com brasileiros. / [en] This paper investigates the stereotypes about the Brazilian people built by the foreign students in the Portuguese as a Second Language Course at PUC-Rio. The objective was to identify the qualificative expressions in relation to the Brazilian culture - specially represented by the adjectives, verbs and adverbs -, analyse these evaluations from the students before and after having been immersed in Brazil, and show how they can interfere in the intercultural communication. The analysis revealed that: (i) a big part of the foreign students had built a stereotyped image of the Brazilians and Brazil; (ii) the stereotypes have to do with the information collected by the students in the media, i.e. TV, newspaper, internet and also through Brazilian friends, Brazilians in general and relatives; (iii) the images built by the foreigners are positive in relation to the Brazilian and negative when it comes to Brazil; (iv) the positive attitude in relation to the image of the Brazilians and the exposure to the Brazilian culture make the foreigners interaction in the intercultural situations with Brazilian students easy.

Esta dissertação realiza um exame da devoção à Maria na cultura brasileira, levando em consideração os cânticos, a partir dos quais focalizam-se aspectos dos epítetos que prevalecem nesses textos. Trata-se de um estudo baseado nos critérios de análises interpretativas, que buscam oferecer subsídios para o entendimento dos hinos marianos na atualidade, visto que a bibliografia que trata do assunto é muito moderada. A análise é feita classificando os tipos dos epítetos identificados. A partir da investigação, é possível perceber que o conceito de uma Maria libertadora é bastante exposto no desenvolvimento dos hinos, já que verificamos uma grande parcela de poemas com o sentido libertador. Maria é indicada como uma verdadeira protetora dos povos; os autores dos cantos pesquisados desenvolveram seus trabalhos colocando em evidência uma santa que está mais próxima dos problemas enfrentados pela sociedade atual. As dificuldades que os humildes enfrentam atualmente são evidentemente lembradas e, na maioria das vezes, focalizadas nos textos mariais com o auxílio dos epítetos apresentados. / This dissertation presents an examination of the devotion to Mary in the Brazilian culture, by analyzing aspects of epithets that prevail on songs of praise. This study is based on the criteria of interpretative analysis aimed at contributing to the understanding of Marian hymns of the present, as not many researches on her epithets can be found in scientific literature. The analysis is done through the classification of the types of epithets identified. From this investigation, it is possible to realize that the concept of a liberating Mary is greatly exposed in the hymns created along the time, as a great amount of poems of a liberating sense were verified. Mary is quoted as a real protector of the people in the songs analyzed, and the authors of these songs of praise refer to a saint who is closer to current problems faced by society. The epithets make clear that difficulties that the humble people face at the present are obviously remembered and mostly focused in the Marian texts with the aid of the epithets presented.

Southern Sotho verbal relative clauses are, on discourse-pragmatic grounds, categorised as direct and indirect. The pragmatic factors that govern the occurrence of these two types of relatives within a particular discourse context are investigated. An analysis of relative clauses occurring in live conversations as well as in the dramas Bulane (Khaketla, 1983) and Tjootjo e tla hloma sese/a (Maake, 1992) reveals that direct relative clauses usually modify the reference of predicate nouns (i.e. nouns used as the complements of copulative predicates), while indirect relative clauses modify the reference of object nouns. Theories which suggest that both predicate as well as object nouns generally convey new information, but that the reference status of predicate nouns is non-specific indefinite, while that of object nouns is specific indefinite, are discussed. A hypothesis suggesting that there is an interrelationship between the reference status of a head noun and the type of relative by means of which it is qualified, is proposed. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

Southern Sotho verbal relative clauses are, on discourse-pragmatic grounds, categorised as direct and indirect. The pragmatic factors that govern the occurrence of these two types of relatives within a particular discourse context are investigated. An analysis of relative clauses occurring in live conversations as well as in the dramas Bulane (Khaketla, 1983) and Tjootjo e tla hloma sese/a (Maake, 1992) reveals that direct relative clauses usually modify the reference of predicate nouns (i.e. nouns used as the complements of copulative predicates), while indirect relative clauses modify the reference of object nouns. Theories which suggest that both predicate as well as object nouns generally convey new information, but that the reference status of predicate nouns is non-specific indefinite, while that of object nouns is specific indefinite, are discussed. A hypothesis suggesting that there is an interrelationship between the reference status of a head noun and the type of relative by means of which it is qualified, is proposed. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)