Bakgrund: Förlossningsupplevelser påverkar föräldrar psykologiskt, fysiskt, socialt och kulturellt. Föräldrarnas upplevelser av förlossningen har både omedelbara och långvariga effekter på deras hälsa och relation till varandra och sitt barn. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa faktorer som kan bidra till negativa förlossningsupplevelser hos föräldrar. Metod: Datamaterialet bestod av ett frågeformulär som besvarats av 211 kvinnor som fött barn vid ett sjukhus i Norrland mellan åren 2006-2010 och som uppgivit en negativ förlossningsupplevelse på VAS-skala. Studien bygger på föräldrarnas svar på en öppen fråga "egna kommentarer" och "pappas kommentarer". Materialet har analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: När kvinnornas svar hade analyserats framkom sex huvudkategorier. Huvudkategorierna var: "Bristande kommunikation och information", "Missnöje med personalens förhållningssätt", "Svårt att hantera smärtan", "Missnöje med förlossningen och förlossningssätt", "Oro och Rädsla" samt "Bristande närvaro och stöd". Diskussion: Faktorer som kunde bidra till negativa förlossningsupplevelser var om förlossningsförväntningarna inte motsvarade hur förlossningen faktiskt blev. Föräldrar som var rädda eller oroliga inför förlossningen fick i högre grad en negativ förlossningsupplevelse. Bristen på känslan av kontroll, där föräldrarna inte kände sig delaktiga eller hade kunnat påverka besluten under förlossningen ger oftare negativa förlossningsupplevelser. Förlossningens längd, förlossningssätt, interventioner och smärtupplevelser var viktiga komponenter hur förlossningsupplevelsen blev. Barnmorskans stöd, information och förhållningssätt till föräldrarna påverkade också förlossningsupplevelsen. / Background:Childbirth experiences affect parents psychologically, physically, socially and long-term effects on their health and their relationship to each other and their children. Purpose: Purpose of the study was to illuminate the factors that may contribute to adverse experiences of parents.Method: The data consisted of a questionnaire answered by 211 women who had a baby at a hospital in northern Sweden between the years 2006-2010 and who have provided a negative birth experience on the VAS scale. The study is based on parents responses to an open question "own comments" and "dad’s comments". Material was analyzed using qualitative content analysis.Results: When the women's responses were analyzed, revealed six major categories. Main categories were: "Lack of communication and information," " Dissatisfaction with staff attitude, " "Hard to manage pain," " Dissatisfaction with labor and mode of delivery," " Worry and fear" and "Lack of presence and support". Discussion:Factors that could contribute to negative birth experience was about childbirth expectations did not correspond to the birth actually became. Parents who were afraid or nervous about giving birth had a greater negative birth experience. Lack of sense of control, where the parents did not feel involved or had been able to influence decisions during labor gives more negative birth experiences. Redemption duration, mode of delivery, interventions and painful experiences were important components of the childbirth experience was. Midwife support, information and attitude to parents affected the birth experience.

Distriktssköterskor kommer ofta i kontakt med patienter som lider och är i behov av tröst. Tröst är ett samspel som kräver att både distriktssköterskan och patienten medverkar. Studiens syfte var att studera distriktssköterskors erfarenheter av att förmedla tröst. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie genomfördes. Distriktssköterskor (n=11) verksamma vid vårdcentraler alternativt inom kommunal hemsjukvård intervjuades om sina erfarenheter av att förmedla tröst. Materialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Distriktssköterskors erfarenhet av att förmedla tröst framträdde i tre icke hierarkiska kategorier. Tröstens källa beskriver orsaken till att distriktssköterskan förmedlar tröst och har två underkategorier: Tröst ges utifrån ett lidande och En grundpelare för god omvårdnad. Tröstens förmedlingsvägar beskriver hur distriktssköterskorna ger tröst till patienten och har två underkategorier: Tröstande relation och Tröstande kommunikation. Tröstens inverkan beskriver hur patienten och distriktssköterskan påverkas av trösten och har två underkategorier: Tröst kan ge ökat välbefinnande och Trösta är en meningsfull syssla som både ger och tar kraft. Slutsats: Förmedla tröst är en betydelsefull del i distriktssköterskans yrkesroll och har stor betydelse för patientens välbefinnande. Även distriktssköterskan påverkas av att förmedla tröst. / District nurses often meet suffering patients who need consolation. Consolation is an interaction that requires participation from both the nurse and the patient. The aim of the study was to study district nurses´ experiences of conveying consolation. Method: A qualitative interview study was carried out. District nurses (n=11) working at health care centers or in community health care were interviewed about their experiences of conveying consolation. A content analysis was used to analyze data. Results: District nurses´ experiences of conveying consolation appeared in three nonhierarchical categories. The source of consolation describes why district nurses give consolation and has two subcategories: Consolation is given because of suffering and A keystone for good nursing. The ways of conveying consolation describes how the district nurses give consolation to the patient and has two subcategories: A consolatory relation and Consolatory communication. The effect of consolation describes how the consolation affects the patient and the district nurses and has two subcategories: Consolation can give increased well-being and Consolation is an important task which both gives and takes energy. Conclusion: Conveying consolation is a meaningful part of the district nurses´ professional role and has important implications for patients´ comfort. Conveying consolation also affects the district nurses.

Background:  Diabetes mellitus is a common disease and people with diabetes have doubled the last 20 years. Individual’s experiences in living with diabetes is useful to increase the understanding of persons with diabetes ability to manage, accept and possibilities to reconcile with a life with diabetes. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe person’s experiences of living with insulin dependent diabetes. Method: The study is a qualitative descriptive study with an inductive approach. Nineteen persons with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus was recruited from diabetic clinics at two hospitals in the middle of Sweden. The analysis was made with a qualitative content analysis. Findings: Time around the diagnosis living with diabetes was losing control of self and life. By flexible strategies they could regain control of self and life. By living in the present they found a way to live with illness as a part of life.  Conclusions: Persons with insulin dependent diabetes needed to develop flexible strategies for daily life. With the help of strategies and a positive attitude they could continuously re-evaluate their planning for outer form of reconciliation. The threat of future complications constitutes an obstacle to inner form of reconciliation.

As a highly commercialized sport, tennis is growing rapidly in the Chinese market. With robust economic growth and various supports from the government, China is becoming more and more valuable in the eyes of professional tennis tournament organizers. Nevertheless, those tournaments do not receive the same amount of popularity as they do in other countries like US and Japan. The purpose of this paper is finding effective ways to improve the popularity of professional tennis tournaments in China from the aspect of customer engagement. Comments from people who are closely involved in the events will be the most relevant empirical material for this study, because they are the group engaged in, or most likely to be engaged in the event. The comments collected will be coded and compared with theories in the field of customer engagement. A conceptual model and practical suggestions will be provided as the result of study.

This study is a Minor Field Study and is funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). At the end of 2016 there were 1.4 million people living with HIV in Tanzania; That same year approximately 55.000 people were newly infected with the disease. The most frequent route of infection is through mother to child transmission (MTCT). The risk of transmission can be reduced with the help of medication and other strategies, called prevention of mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. Tanzania is working actively with these prevention programs, however the rates of MTCT still remains high in the country. Due to their profession, nurses play a significant role in these prevention programs. They have an important role in educating the patients and encouraging a healthier lifestyle. Therefore, it is important to investigate nurses' experiences of working with PMTCT of HIV to gain knowledge and valuable information of their experiences. The aim of the study is to investigate local nurses' experiences of working with PMTCT of HIV in the Rufiji area in Tanzania. The data of the study have been collected through individual interviews with six nurses using a semi-structured guide with open questions. The nurses' experiences of working with PMTCT of HIV covers three key areas. First, they work actively with motivating the mothers in several significant areas, such as motivating the mothers to take a voluntary HIV-test and bringing their partners to undertake the HIV-test. Second, the nurses described the importance of counseling the mothers and their partners. One part in counseling is to get the mother's mind ready to receive the result of the HIV-test. Third, the nurses experienced stigma as something they all had to be aware of and meet in their everyday work life. Stigma from the community and relatives is one reason for poor adherence from the mothers to the PMTCT program.

This study examines Swedish morning TV’s framing of the phenomenon of exercising. Morgonstudion in SVT, and Nyhetsmorgon in TV4, is the morning shows that has been investigated. The aim of the study is to enlighten and enhance the understanding of how the phenomenon of exercising are framed in Swedish morning television, as well as to contribute to the theorization of media’s representation of exercise.  A qualitative content analysis has been used to capture the language, to see how they present exercising and if they legitimate it. Theoretical framework applied are framing theory, representation, legitimize, healthism and public service vs commercial television. The research fields are health communication, exercise in media and morning television journalism.   The result shows that Swedish morning television, through different methods and lexical choices, legitimize the phenomenon of exercise. SVT is more focused on exercise that suits everyone and that viewers can change their lifestyle by making small changes in their everyday life. For example, they have an idea of how to get the pulse up by exercises in the garden while TV4 is aiming at reaching out to those that is already exercising and specifies types of exercising during the show. They give advice on how to find out what training tools you need to complete a triathlon for example. Lexical choices reinforce that exercise is something positive and both the guests and hostess sees exercise as a norm. The elements of exercise differ between the programs, as well as the studio environment and the content. On the other hand, there are similarities such as the language that is used and they are both visited by experts.

Background: The demands and norms of modern society cause increasing stress levels amongst the population where parents of young children have proven to be a particularly vulnerable group. Research indicates that parents with high stress levels often have a negative impact on the whole family, including their children as well, who then might present signs of a lower physical health and difficulties concentrating. Aim: The purpose of the study was to describe Child Health Care (CHC) nurses’ work to reduce stress among parents. Method: Eight semi-structured interviews based on a convenience sampling were conducted and analyzed according to qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis identified three categories: ”Using Oneself as an Asset”, ”Strengthen the Parents” and ”Working in a Whole Family Approach”. Conclusion: The CHC nurses worked with a salutogenic perspective using multiple approaches when helping parents reduce stress. It was prominent that the conversation was of importance when meeting the parents and having good counseling skills seemed to be one of the most important areas to master. One area where more focus on stress reduction could be beneficial is as part of the education offered in parent groups and this would be a way of better emphasizing the occurrence of stress and the importance of useful stress management strategies.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskan har ett ansvar att bevara värdigheten hos patienter inom palliativ vård, vilket blir aktuellt vid sjukdomen ALS. Dock anser de att de saknar kunskap om palliativ vård vilket bidrar till svårigheter att vårda patienterna. Tidigare forskning visar anhörigas perspektiv på hur det är att leva med en partner som drabbats av sjukdomen, som visar sig i oro, rädsla och panikartade upplevelser. I arbetet används värdighet som ett vårdvetenskapligt begrepp som teoretiskt perspektiv. Syfte: Att beskriva hur kvinnor med ALS upplever värdighet. Metod: Kvalitativ innehållsanalys baserad på självbiografier. Resultat: Två kategorier som beskriver upplevelser av värdighet, viljan att leva samt begränsningar i livet. Resultatet visade att kvinnor upplever värdighet i samband med sin sjukdom tack vare sina vänner och familj som stöttar dem och sjukvård som hjälper till med hjälpmedel för att upprätthålla ett värdigt liv. Resultatet visade även motsatsen när kvinnorna upplevde sig nedvärderade, bortglömda och oviktiga i samband med sin sjukdom, vilket ansågs ovärdigt. Slutsats: Rak kommunikation, tydlig information och att se personen bakom sjukdomen var viktigast för att upprätthålla känslan av att vara värdig. Kvinnorna visade på styrka trots sin sjukdomsprogression, men också orkeslöshet. De kände tacksamhet över hjälpmedel och att människor accepterade dem som de är. / Background: The nurse have a responsibility to preserve dignity in patients in palliative care, which is current for the disease ALS. However they consider that they need more knowledge which contributes to difficulties to care the patients. Relatives' perspective of living with a partner who has affected by the disease, which turns out in anxiety, fear and experiences of panic. The nurse's perspective on dignity and experiences of caring patients in palliative care. This essay uses dignity as a care scientific concept as a theoretical perspective. Aim: To describe how women with ALS experience dignity. Method: Qualitative content analysis based on autobiographies. Result: Two categories describing experiences of dignity, the will to live and limitations in life. The women experience dignity associated to the illness because of the friends and family who supporting them and the healthcare who support with facilities to keep up a worthy life. The result also shows the opposite when the women experience devalued, forgotten and unimportant associated with the illness, which is considered unworthy. Conclusion: Straight communication, clear information and to treat the human she is was the most important to keep up the feeling of dignity. The women showed a strenght in their disease progression, but even when they lost the energy. They felt thankful for facilities and for people who accepted them as humans.

This qualitative study intends to identify how the military profession is represented on the Swedish Armed Forces’ Instagram account from March 1 to September 1 2017. The method used is Multimodal CDA, which enables the investigation of both linguistic and visual elements. Ten Instagram posts are analyzed in order to examine how representations are formed linguistically and visually, as well as how language and images interact to form the picture of the Swedish soldier. The study focuses on concepts such as power and ideology, but strategic narrative also plays an important part in the analysis. The results show that the Swedish Armed Forces mainly tells a story in which values such as collectivity, functionality, challenges and personal growth are highlighted. Meanwhile, stories of combat, conflict and war are absent.

Att få ett cancerbesked är en omvälvande upplevelse. Kunskap kan underlätta att bemästra situationen. Sjukvården digitaliseras i allt större utsträckning. Det är av värde att sjuksköterskor är med i den utvecklingen för att få kunskap om och säkerställa att de eHälso-tjänster som utvecklas kommer patienter och närstående till nytta. Syfte: med studien är att beskriva patienters erfarenheter av att använda en applikation med  anpassad information, via en surfplatta, inför och under strålbehandling mot prostatacancer. Metod: Studien har genomförts med kvalitativ design med en induktiv ansats. Åtta informanter har intervjuats. Data har anlayserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys.  Resultat: En del män som drabbas av prostatacancer uppger behov av mer information om sjukdom och behandling än de erhåller av sjukvården. Att få tillgång till anpassad och kvalitetssäkrad information via en app beskrevs som stödjande och tryggt, relaterat till att innehållet upplevdes pålitligt. Tillgång till app:en var värdefullt även för närstående. Kunskap om sjukdomen och vad den för med sig minskar oro för framtiden. Slutsats: Anpassad information via en applikation kan vara stödjande inför och under strålbehandling för män som drabbats av prostatacancer, men alla är inte redo för digital information och kommunikation.