In this thesis, we will discuss the construction of algorithms for solving Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSPs), and describe two new ways of approaching them. Both approaches are based on the idea that it is sometimes faster to solve a large number of restricted problems than a single, large, problem. One of the strong points of these methods is that the intuition behind them is fairly simple, which is a definite advantage over many techniques currently in use. The first method, the covering method, can be described as follows: We want to solve a CSP with n variables, each having a domain with d elements. We have access to an algorithm which solves problems where the domain has size e < d, and we want to cover the original problem using a number of restricted instances, in such a way that the solution set is preserved. There are two ways of doing this, depending on the amount of work we are willing to invest; either we construct an explicit covering and end up with a deterministic algorithm for the problem, or we use a probabilistic reasoning and end up with a probabilistic algorithm. The second method, called the partitioning method, relaxes the demand on the underlying algorithm. Instead of having a single algorithm for solving problems with domain less than d, we allow an arbitrary number of them, each solving the problem for a different domain size. Thus by splitting, or partitioning, the domain of the large problem, we again solve a large number of smaller problems before arriving at a solution. Armed with these new techniques, we study a number of different problems; the decision problems (d, l)-CSP and k-Colourability, together with their counting counterparts, as well as the optimisation problems Max Ind CSP, Max Value CSP, Max CSP, and Max Hamming CSP. Among the results, we find a very fast, polynomial space algorithm for determining k-colourability of graphs.

This thesis’ aim is to explore improvements to, and applications of, a fundamental quantum algorithm invented by Grover. Grover’s algorithm is a basic tool that can be applied to a large number of problems in computer science, creating quantum algorithms that are polynomially faster than fastest known and fastest possible classical algorithms that solve the same problems. Our goal in this thesis is to make these techniques readily accessible to those without a strong background in quantum physics: we achieve this by providing a set of tools, each of which makes use of Grover’s algorithm or similar techniques, that can be used as subroutines in many quantum algorithms. The tools we provide are carefully constructed: they are easy to use, and they are asymptotically faster than the best tools previously available. The tools that we supersede include algorithms by Boyer, Brassard, Hoyer and Tapp, Buhrman, Cleve, de Witt and Zalka and Durr and Hoyer. After creating our tools, we create several new quantum algorithms, each of which is faster than the fastest known classical algorithm that accomplishes the same aim, and some of which are faster than the fastest possible classical algorithm. These algorithms come from graph theory, computational geometry and dynamic programming. We discuss a breadth-first search that is faster than (edges) (the classical limit) in a dense graph, maximum-points-on-a-line in (N3/2 lgN) (faster than the fastest classical algorithm known), as well as several other algorithms that are similarly illustrative of solutions in some class of problem. Through these new algorithms we illustrate the use of our tools, working to encourage their use and the study of quantum algorithms in general.

This thesis aim is to explore improvements to, and applications of, a fundamental quantum algorithm invented by Grover. Grovers algorithm is a basic tool that can be applied to a large number of problems in computer science, creating quantum algorithms that are polynomially faster than fastest known and fastest possible classical algorithms that solve the same problems. Our goal in this thesis is to make these techniques readily accessible to those without a strong background in quantum physics: we achieve this by providing a set of tools, each of which makes use of Grovers algorithm or similar techniques, that can be used as subroutines in many quantum algorithms. The tools we provide are carefully constructed: they are easy to use, and they are asymptotically faster than the best tools previously available. The tools that we supersede include algorithms by Boyer, Brassard, Hoyer and Tapp, Buhrman, Cleve, de Witt and Zalka and Durr and Hoyer. After creating our tools, we create several new quantum algorithms, each of which is faster than the fastest known classical algorithm that accomplishes the same aim, and some of which are faster than the fastest possible classical algorithm. These algorithms come from graph theory, computational geometry and dynamic programming. We discuss a breadth-first search that is faster than (edges) (the classical limit) in a dense graph, maximum-points-on-a-line in (N3/2 lgN) (faster than the fastest classical algorithm known), as well as several other algorithms that are similarly illustrative of solutions in some class of problem. Through these new algorithms we illustrate the use of our tools, working to encourage their use and the study of quantum algorithms in general.

A simplified model of a double quantum dot is presented and analyzed, with applications to spin-qubit quantum computation. The ability to trap single electrons in semiconductor nanostructures has led to the proposal of quantum computers with spin-based qubits coupled by the exchange interaction. Current theory predicts an exchange interaction with a -1 power-law dependence on the detuning ϵ, the energy offset between the two dots. However, experiment has shown a -3/2 power-law dependence on ϵ. Using WKB analysis, this thesis explores one possible source of the modified dependence, namely an ϵ-dependent tunnel coupling between the two wells. WKB quantization is used to find expressions for the tunnel coupling of a one-dimensional double-well, and these results are compared to the exact, numerical solutions, as determined by the finite difference method and the transfer matrix method. Small ϵ-dependent corrections to the tunnel coupling are observed. In typical cases, WKB correctly predicts a constant tunnel coupling at leading-order. WKB also predicts small ϵ-dependent corrections for typical cases and strongly ϵ-dependent tunnel couplings for certain exceptional cases. However, numerical simulations suggest that WKB is not accurate enough to analyze the small corrections, and is not valid in the exceptional cases. Deviations from the conventional form of the low-energy Hamiltonian for a double-well are also observed and discussed.

A simplified model of a double quantum dot is presented and analyzed, with applications to spin-qubit quantum computation. The ability to trap single electrons in semiconductor nanostructures has led to the proposal of quantum computers with spin-based qubits coupled by the exchange interaction. Current theory predicts an exchange interaction with a -1 power-law dependence on the detuning ϵ, the energy offset between the two dots. However, experiment has shown a -3/2 power-law dependence on ϵ. Using WKB analysis, this thesis explores one possible source of the modified dependence, namely an ϵ-dependent tunnel coupling between the two wells. WKB quantization is used to find expressions for the tunnel coupling of a one-dimensional double-well, and these results are compared to the exact, numerical solutions, as determined by the finite difference method and the transfer matrix method. Small ϵ-dependent corrections to the tunnel coupling are observed. In typical cases, WKB correctly predicts a constant tunnel coupling at leading-order. WKB also predicts small ϵ-dependent corrections for typical cases and strongly ϵ-dependent tunnel couplings for certain exceptional cases. However, numerical simulations suggest that WKB is not accurate enough to analyze the small corrections, and is not valid in the exceptional cases. Deviations from the conventional form of the low-energy Hamiltonian for a double-well are also observed and discussed.

Reversible circuits are similar to conventional logic circuits except that they are built from reversible gates. In reversible gates, there is a unique, one-to-one mapping between the inputs and outputs, not the case with conventional logic. Also, reversible gates require constant ancilla inputs for reconfiguration of gate functions and garbage outputs that help in keeping reversibility. Reversible circuits hold promise in futuristic computing technologies like quantum computing, quantum dot cellular automata, DNA computing, optical computing, etc. Thus, it is important to minimize parameters such as ancilla and garbage bits, quantum cost and delay in the design of reversible circuits. The first contribution of this dissertation is the design of a new reversible gate namely the TR gate (Thapliyal-Ranganathan) which has the unique structure that makes it ideal for the realization of arithmetic circuits such as adders, subtractors and comparators, efficient in terms of the parameters such as ancilla and garbage bits, quantum cost and delay. The second contribution is the development of design methodologies and a synthesis framework to synthesize reversible data path functional units, such as binary and BCD adders, subtractors, adder-subtractors and binary comparators. The objective behind the proposed design methodologies is to synthesize arithmetic and logic functional units optimizing key metrics such as ancilla inputs, garbage outputs, quantum cost and delay. A library of reversible gates such as the Fredkin gate, the Toffoli gate, the TR gate, etc. was developed by coding in Verilog for use during synthesis. The third contribution of this dissertation is the set of methodologies for the design of reversible sequential circuits such as reversible latches, flip-flops and shift registers. The reversible designs of asynchronous set/reset D latch and the D flip-flop are attempted for the first time. It is shown that the designs are optimal in terms of number of garbage outputs while exploring the best possible values for quantum cost and delay. The other important contributions of this dissertation are the applications of reversible logic as well as a special class of reversible logic called conservative reversible logic towards concurrent (online) and offline testing of single as well as multiple faults in traditional and reversible nanoscale VLSI circuits, based on emerging nanotechnologies such as QCA, quantum computing, etc. Nanoelectronic devices tend to have high permanent and transient faults and thus are susceptible to high error rates. Specific contributions include (i) concurrently testable sequential circuits for molecular QCA based on reversible logic, (ii) concurrently testable QCA-based FPGA, (iii) design of self checking conservative logic gates for QCA, (iv) concurrent multiple error detection in emerging nanotechnologies using reversible logic, (v) two-vectors, all 0s and all 1s, testable reversible sequential circuits.

A system with two magnetic molecules embedded in a junction between non-magnetic leads was studied. In this system electrons tunnel from the localized energy level in region one to the localized energy level in region two generating a flow of electric charge through the quantum dot system. The current density and thus the conductance changes depending on the molecular spin moment. In this work we studied molecules with either spin "up" or spin "down" and with symmetric coupling strengths. The results indicate that the coupling strength between energy level and molecule together with the tunneling rate through the insulating layer play a major role when switching from parallel to anti-parallel molecular spin, for a specific combination of the coupling strength and tunneling rate we could observe a decrease in the current by 99.7% in the non-gated system and 99.4% in the gated system.

<p>The challenge of building scalable quantum computer lies in striking appropriate balance between designing a reliable system architecture from large number of faulty computational resources and improving the physical quality of system components. The detailed investigation of performance variation with physics of the components and the system architecture requires adequate performance simulation tool. In this thesis we demonstrate a software tool capable of (1) mapping and scheduling the quantum circuit on a realistic quantum hardware architecture with physical resource constraints, (2) evaluating the performance metrics such as the execution time and the success probability of the algorithm execution, and (3) analyzing the constituents of these metrics and visualizing resource utilization to identify system components which crucially define the overall performance.</p><p>Using this versatile tool, we explore vast design space for modular quantum computer architecture based on trapped ions. We find that while success probability is uniformly determined by the fidelity of physical quantum operation, the execution time is a function of system resources invested at various layers of design hierarchy. At physical level, the number of lasers performing quantum gates, impact the latency of the fault-tolerant circuit blocks execution. When these blocks are used to construct meaningful arithmetic circuit such as quantum adders, the number of ancilla qubits for complicated non-clifford gates and entanglement resources to establish long-distance communication channels, become major performance limiting factors. Next, in order to factorize large integers, these adders are assembled into modular exponentiation circuit comprising bulk of Shor's algorithm. At this stage, the overall scaling of resource-constraint performance with the size of problem, describes the effectiveness of chosen design. By matching the resource investment with the pace of advancement in hardware technology, we find optimal designs for different types of quantum adders. Conclusively, we show that 2,048-bit Shor's algorithm can be reliably executed within the resource budget of 1.5 million qubits.</p> / Dissertation

L'approximation adiabatique en mécanique quantique stipule que si un système quantique évolue assez lentement, alors il demeurera dans le même état propre. Récemment, une faille dans l'application de l'approximation adiabatique a été découverte. Les limites du théorème seront expliquées lors de sa dérivation. Ce mémoire à pour but d'optimiser la probabilité de se maintenir dans le même état propre connaissant le système initial, final et le temps d'évolution total. Cette contrainte sur le temps empêche le système d'être assez lent pour être adiabatique. Pour solutionner ce problème, une méthode variationnelle est utilisée. Cette méthode suppose connaître l'évolution optimale et y ajoute une petite variation. Par après, nous insérons cette variation dans l'équation de la probabilité d'être adiabatique et développons en série. Puisque la série est développée autour d'un optimum, le terme d'ordre un doit nécessairement être nul. Ceci devrait nous donner un critère sur l'évolution la plus adiabatique possible et permettre de la déterminer. Les systèmes quantiques dépendants du temps sont très complexes. Ainsi, nous commencerons par les systèmes ayant des énergies propres indépendantes du temps. Puis, les systèmes sans contrainte et avec des fonctions d'onde initiale et finale libres seront étudiés. / The adiabatic approximation in quantum mechanics states that if the Hamiltonian of a physical system evolves slowly enough, then it will remain in the instantaneous eigenstate related to the initial eigenstate. Recently, two researchers found an inconsistency in the application of the approximation. A discussion about the limit of this idea will be presented. Our goal is to optimize the probability to be in the instantaneous eigenstate related to the initial eigenstate knowing the initial and final system, with the total time of the experiment fixed to $T$. This last condition prevents us from being slow enough to use the adiabatic approximation. To solve this problem, we turn to the calculus of variation. We suppose the ideal evolution is known and we add a small variation to it. We take the result, put it in the probability to be adiabatic and expand in powers of the variation. The first order term must be zero. This enables us to derive a criterion which will give us conditions on the ideal Hamiltonian. Those conditions should define the ideal Hamiltonian. Time dependent quantum systems are very complicated. To simplify the problem, we will start by considering systems with time independent energies. Afterward, the general case will be treated.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Quantum computing is an emerging technology that, currently, has the challenge of developing programming languages, according to the rules of quantum mechanics, to support the creation, analysis, modeling and simulation of high-level quantum algorithms. Particularly, the focus is on the investigation of new semantic models to develop programming languages for quantum computing. In this context, one alternative is to use the semantic model of monads and arrows that abstracts both pure and mixed quantum states and also can express measures. This model however, was originally implemented as a library for the functional language Haskell, which not every programmer is family. This way, this study aims to provide a universal tool for high-level quantum programming, providing a library for Java. This library was implemented using the new features of closures present in the version 8 of the JDK (Java Development Kit), already available in developers preview. In addition, we present a specific syntax for the library to facilitate the development of quantum algorithms with a clearly structured notation. This syntax is described in a notation similar to the do-notation of Haskell and operates in conjunction with a parser implemented by ANTLR tool. / A computação quântica é uma tecnologia emergente e, atualmente, encontra-se no desafio de desenvolver linguagens de programação segundo as regras da mecânica quântica para a criação, análise, modelagem e simulação de algoritmos quânticos de alto nível. Particularmente, o foco é na investigação de novos modelos semânticos para elaborar linguagens de programação para a computação quântica. Nesse contexto, uma das alternativas é utilizar um modelo semântico de mônadas e setas capaz de abstrair tanto estados quânticos puros quanto mistos e ainda expressar operações de medidas. Esse modelo foi implementado como uma biblioteca para a linguagem funcional Haskell, contudo nem todo programador está familiarizado. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho objetiva oferecer uma ferramenta universal de alto nível para a programação quântica, apresentando uma biblioteca para o Java. Essa biblioteca foi implementada utilizando os novos recursos de closures presentes na versão 8 do JDK (Java Development Kit), já disponibilizados na prévia de desenvolvedores. Além disso, esse trabalho apresenta uma sintaxe específica para a biblioteca para facilitar a elaboração de algoritmos quânticos de forma clara e estruturada, descrita de uma maneira similar a notação-do do Haskell. A sintaxe criada opera em conjunto com um tradutor desenvolvido com a ferramenta ANTLR.