Este estudo problematiza a produção espacial de um bairro mediante os caminhos que nele chegam, como a ferrovia e a rodovia. Procura discutir como os caminhos que favoreceram o processo de industrialização e urbanização, sendo resultado das relações de produção de uma sociedade. Assim, o estabelecimento de uma sociedade num dado local advém também da importância dos caminhos criados e elaborados socialmente para esse fim, dando uma continuidade e interferindo nas relações de produção em seu sentido mais amplo: da vida, de mercadorias, de espaços. Esse movimento possibilita a reprodução das esferas produtivas, fazendo parte da sociedade urbana e industrial. Num tempo próprio do bairro, no caso o Bairro Barcelona na cidade de Sorocaba-SP, este tem seu cotidiano transformado ao mesmo tempo em que essa escala do lugar faz parte de um movimento de reprodução do capital que articula outras escalas. Entender esse processo exige que se discuta a expansão da cidade, bem como de sua centralidade e como, ao mesmo tempo, se fragmentam e articulam os espaços, transformando a realidade local. / This study shows the problem in the space production of a neighborhood by means of the roads that arrive in it, as the railroad and the highway. It tries to discuss as the roads that favored the industrialization process and urbanization, being resulted of the relationships of production of a society. Thus, the establishment of a society in a dice local came also of the roads servants\' importance and elaborated socially for that end, giving a continuity and interfering in the production relationships in its wider sense: of the life, of goods, of spaces. That movement facilitates the reproduction of the productive spheres, being part of the urban and industrial society. In an own time of the neighborhood, in the case the Barcelona Village in the city of Sorocaba-SP, this has its daily one transformed at the same time in that that scale from the position is part of a movement of reproduction of the capital that articulates other scales. To understand that process demands to discusses the expansion of the city, as well as of its centrality and as, at the same time, how the spaces are fragmented and articulated, transforming the local reality.

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In order to better understand the effects of condominium conversions, this study explores the nature and extent of the conversion trend, and its social impacts on the Vieux Carré neighborhood. The increasing number of conversions in the Vieux Carré, also known as the French Quarter, has been the focus of recent controversy and has been perceived by many residents as a threat to the viability of the historic district as a neighborhood. Long-term Vieux Carré residents and neighborhood organizations have expressed fears that the converted rental units are being used as short-term rentals to tourists or second homes, which may be contributing to the decline of the neighborhood's residential base. As a framework for understanding the social impacts of condominium conversions in the Vieux Carré neighborhood, this study includes a review of the literature on neighborhood change, neighborhood health, and neighborhood attachment. Since the issue of condominiums is intertwined with the ongoing research on tourism in this historic district, a review of the literature on condominium conversion, tourism impacts and the Vieux Carré also is included. In addition, this study contains the results of a mail survey of occupants of converted condominium units in the Vieux Carré. While survey respondents report formal and informal participation in the neighborhood, only half of the occupants (53%) of the converted units consider the Vieux Carré as their primary residence or are registered to vote in New Orleans. Although many condominium residents do exhibit a sense of neighborhood attachment, half are not present in the neighborhood on a full-time basis; therefore, they have limited opportunities to participate politically on behalf of the neighborhood. The findings of the survey suggest the social impacts of the condominium conversion in the Vieux Carré are likely to contribute to the decline of the neighborhood.

Recently, active suspension has been applied to many commercial automobiles. To develop the control algorithm for active suspension, a quarter-car test bed was built by using a direct-drive tubular linear brushless permanent-magnet motor (LBPMM) as a force-generating component. Two accelerometers and a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) are used in this quarter-car test bed. Three pulse-width-modulation (PWM) amplifiers supply the currents in three phases. Simulated road disturbance is generated by a rotating cam. Modified lead-lag control, linear-quadratic (LQ) servo control with a Kalman filter, and the fuzzy control methodologies were implemented for active-suspension control. In the case of fuzzy control, asymmetric membership functions were introduced. This controller could attenuate road disturbance by up to 78%. Additionally, a sliding-mode controller (SMC) is developed with a different approach from the other three control methodologies. While SMC is developed for the position control, the other three controllers are developed for the velocity control. SMC showed inferior performance due to the drawback of the implemented chattering-proof method. Both simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of these four control methodologies.

Recently, active suspension has been applied to many commercial automobiles. To develop the control algorithm for active suspension, a quarter-car test bed was built by using a direct-drive tubular linear brushless permanent-magnet motor (LBPMM) as a force-generating component. Two accelerometers and a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) are used in this quarter-car test bed. Three pulse-width-modulation (PWM) amplifiers supply the currents in three phases. Simulated road disturbance is generated by a rotating cam. Modified lead-lag control, linear-quadratic (LQ) servo control with a Kalman filter, and the fuzzy control methodologies were implemented for active-suspension control. In the case of fuzzy control, asymmetric membership functions were introduced. This controller could attenuate road disturbance by up to 78%. Additionally, a sliding-mode controller (SMC) is developed with a different approach from the other three control methodologies. While SMC is developed for the position control, the other three controllers are developed for the velocity control. SMC showed inferior performance due to the drawback of the implemented chattering-proof method. Both simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of these four control methodologies.

South Africa is a megadiverse country, and its biodiversity is endangered by population pressure and the development needs of a developing country. In order to address the rapid decline in biological diversity, biodiversity planning has become a key focus area that aims at identifying priority areas for species and ecosystem conservation within and outside of formally protected areas. Plant conservation hotspots are identified by the quantification of indicator taxa such as plant taxa richness, rarity and endemism. But the urgent and enormous task of biodiversity assessment for conservation planning requires that we make most of what we know. Therefore, this study seeks to make a contribution by finding new ways of biodiversity pattern estimation from the extrapolation of incomplete sets of plant species distribution data at the Quarter Degree Grid level. Incomplete sampling across the grids of a study area results in false records of species absence and thus a biased biodiversity estimation. As a possible solution, plant distribution data for the western Central Bushveld Bioregion has been standardized using two profiles, namely the ‘Centroid Grid’ and ‘Integrated Grid’ profile. The former involves the strengthening of under-sampled grids by extrapolating species occurrences from three adjacent grids with the most similar vegetation units, whereas the latter integrates phyto-diversity data for the four grids intersecting at each grid reference point. Standardized data has proved to provide a means to counter the bias in plant diversity data linked to Quarter Degree Grids by a) strengthening of under-sampled grids and b) visibly smoothing out the gaps between under- and well-sampled grids, which resulted in improved biodiversity estimation for more representative spatial biodiversity modelling. Interpolation created geo-referenced polygons for more explicit use in the identification of areas of conservation concern at bioregional scale. However, well-sampled grids still dominate the outcomes of the analysis by creating spatial sampling bias. Therefore, this approach to calibrate Quarter Degree Grid resolution of spatial data is an additional attempt to achieve more representative mapping of biodiversity patterns, which is a prerequisite for strategic conservation planning for ‘living landscapes’. / Thesis (MSc (Environmental Sciences))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

South Africa is a megadiverse country, and its biodiversity is endangered by population pressure and the development needs of a developing country. In order to address the rapid decline in biological diversity, biodiversity planning has become a key focus area that aims at identifying priority areas for species and ecosystem conservation within and outside of formally protected areas. Plant conservation hotspots are identified by the quantification of indicator taxa such as plant taxa richness, rarity and endemism. But the urgent and enormous task of biodiversity assessment for conservation planning requires that we make most of what we know. Therefore, this study seeks to make a contribution by finding new ways of biodiversity pattern estimation from the extrapolation of incomplete sets of plant species distribution data at the Quarter Degree Grid level. Incomplete sampling across the grids of a study area results in false records of species absence and thus a biased biodiversity estimation. As a possible solution, plant distribution data for the western Central Bushveld Bioregion has been standardized using two profiles, namely the ‘Centroid Grid’ and ‘Integrated Grid’ profile. The former involves the strengthening of under-sampled grids by extrapolating species occurrences from three adjacent grids with the most similar vegetation units, whereas the latter integrates phyto-diversity data for the four grids intersecting at each grid reference point. Standardized data has proved to provide a means to counter the bias in plant diversity data linked to Quarter Degree Grids by a) strengthening of under-sampled grids and b) visibly smoothing out the gaps between under- and well-sampled grids, which resulted in improved biodiversity estimation for more representative spatial biodiversity modelling. Interpolation created geo-referenced polygons for more explicit use in the identification of areas of conservation concern at bioregional scale. However, well-sampled grids still dominate the outcomes of the analysis by creating spatial sampling bias. Therefore, this approach to calibrate Quarter Degree Grid resolution of spatial data is an additional attempt to achieve more representative mapping of biodiversity patterns, which is a prerequisite for strategic conservation planning for ‘living landscapes’. / Thesis (MSc (Environmental Sciences))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

In this paper we will show how recent advances in the combinatorics of lattice paths can be applied to solve interesting and nontrivial problems in the theory of queues. The problems we discuss range from classical ones like M^a/M^b/1 systems to open tandem systems with and without global blocking and to queueing models that are related to random walks in a quarter plane like the Flatto-Hahn model or systems with preemptive priorities. (author´s abstract) / Series: Research Report Series / Department of Statistics and Mathematics

Darbo tikslas: įvertinti karvių tešmens matų pokytį prieš melžimą ir po melžimo. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Atlikti pasirinktos karvių bandos tešmens vertinimą balais. 2. Išmatuoti karvių tešmens balus centimetrais. 3. Atlikti karvių tešmens atstumo tarp priekinių ir užpakalinių bei dešinės ir kairės pusės spenių palyginimą prieš ir po melžimo. 4. Išanalizuoti karvių tešmens spenių ilgio ir storio palyginimą prieš ir po melžimo. 5. Atlikti karvių tešmens matų ir produktyvumo bei somatinių ląstelių skaičiaus koreliacinę analizę. Išvados: 1. Karvių tešmens rodiklių įvertinimas balais parodė, kad užpakalinės dalies aukštis, tešmens gylis, spenių ilgis, priekinių ir užpakalinių spenių išsidėstymas buvo arti optimalių balų. Suskirsčius duomenis pagal karvių laktacijas nustatyta, kad daugiausiai rodiklių (užpakalinės dalies aukštis, tešmens gylis, spenių ilgis, užpakalinių spenių išsidėstymas)arti optimalių buvo trečios ir vėlesnių laktacijų karvių. 2. Išanalizavus tyrimų duomenis nustatyta, kad didesnis atstumas tarp priekinių ir atstumas tarp užpakalinių spenių nustatytas prieš melžimą nei po melžimo. Nuo 3,46 cm (atstumas tarp užpakalinių spenių) (p<0,01) iki 3,54 cm (atstumas tarp priekinių spenių) (p<0,01). 3. Pagal tyrimų duomenis nustatyta, kad priekiniai speniai buvo ilgesni nei užpakaliniai prieš ir po karvių melžimo. Nustatyta, kad priekinių spenių ilgis skyrėsi nuo 5,72 cm prieš melžimą iki 6,16 cm po melžimo. Užpakalinių spenių ilgis buvo nuo 5,26 cm prieš melžimą iki 4,84 cm... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the paper is the following: To evaluate the change in the measurement of cow udder before and after milking. Objectives of the paper: 1. To perform udders numerical score of selected herd of cows. 2. To measure cows udder scores in centimeters. 3. To compare the distance between front and rear, right and left side cows udder teats before and after milking. 4. To analyze the comparison of cows udder teat length and thickness before and after milking. 5. To perform correlation analysis of cows udder measurements and productivity and number of somatic cells. The scientific research was carried out between 2011-2013 at the Department of Animal Breeding of the Veterinary Academy of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences and dairy farm. The study evaluated 50 cows. The morphological indices of cow udders were evaluated before and after evening milking during the 2nd – 6th lactation month. During the research the following were determined: the shape of the udder, udder exterior indicators (in scores), and measurements of the udder (in centimeters). Descriptive statistics: the average of investigated traits (M), standard errors (SE), and the coefficient of phenotipical correlation (r) between the indications were calculated using the EXEL and “R” (The R Project for Statistical Computing, 2012) statistical packages. The results are reliable when p≤0.05. When comparing cows udder indicators with optimal indicators (Gedgaudas, 2008), it was found that the height of the... [to full text]

In this thesis, a highly selective broadband hybrid bandpass filter operating between 0.4-2.0 GHz with a stopband up to 7 GHz is designed and analyzed. The realization is carried out by hybrid method, which combines both lumped and distributed element filters. In this approach, two separate filters, which are lumped highpass with 0.4 GHz corner frequency and distributed stripline lowpass with 2 GHz corner frequency, are combined to get the bandpass filter that has a passband in between 0.4 to 2.0 GHz. The usage of the lumped elements for the highpass filter resulted in a great size reduction compared to distributed element approach. The design software FILPRO&trade / is used to synthesize the trial filters. More than forty filters are synthesized, and among them, the ones that have better properties are chosen for further processes. Optimization, modeling and electromagnetic simulations of the selected lumped and distributed filters are carried out on the software GENESYS&trade / . Distributed filters are also simulated using the software SONNET&trade / . After the simulations, all of the simulated filters are realized and measured, and the level of consistency with the simulations is observed. According to the results of the measurements, the filter combination that has the best combination of low insertion loss, small dimensions, high stopband attenuation and low spur levels is selected for the final bandpass filter structure and a few variants are examined to get the final structure.