O presente artigo tem como objeto as dinâmicas geradas pelos modelos de recrutamento empregados nas Supremas Cortes da Argentina e do Chile. Sendo tais modelos antagônicos, visto que na Argentina o recrutamento se dá por indicação presidencial, enquanto no Chile se configura uma cooptação indireta, busca-se compreender qual é o papel que assumem na institucionalização, hierarquização e independência dos poderes judiciais em questão. Parte-se da hipótese que o recrutamento por indicação presidencial estabeleceu na Argentina uma elite judicial integrada ao desenvolvimento sociopolítico do país, apesar de ter facilitado o cerceamento à independência do Judiciário pelo Executivo. Já a cooptação chilena, ainda que tenha assegurado a independência judicial, incentivou a formação de uma elite com traços aristocráticos, autocentrada e que dificulta a renovação da interpretação judicial, deixando o Judiciário anacrônico. A hipótese do presente artigo será sustentada através da apresentação de um panorama histórico-estrutural da institucionalização dos judiciários em questão, observando o efeito dos modelos de recrutamento adotados, e das disputas para defini-los, em sua hierarquização e independência. Também se recorrerá ao método prosopográfico para aprofundar a apreensão da relação entre os padrões de recrutamento das Corte Suprema e a evolução do poder judicial. / This article has as object the dynamics generated by the models of recruitment employed by Supreme Courts in Argentina and Chile. Once these models are antagonistic, since in Argentina's recruitment happens through presidential appointment, while in Chile, it is a result from indirect cooptation, this paper is sought to understand the role they play in the institutionalization, hierarchization and independence of the referred judicial powers. The main hypothesis points out the recruitment by presidential appointment, established in Argentina, has generated an attentive and integrated judicial elite, concerned to the socio-political development of the country, despite having facilitated the retrenchment of the Judiciary independence by the Executive. On the other hand, Chilean cooptation, although it has ensured judicial independence, encouraged the formation of an elite with aristocratic traits, self-centered and reluctant in renewing judicial interpretation, leaving the Judiciary anachronistic. The hypothesis of this article will be sustained by the presentation of a historical-structural overview of the institutionalization of the both judiciaries, observing the effect of the recruitment models adopted, and the disputes to define them, in their hierarchization and independence. The prosopographic method will also be used to deepen the understanding of the relationship between the Supreme Court's recruitment patterns and the evolution of the judiciary. / El presente artículo tiene por objeto la dinámica generada por los modelos de reclutamiento empleados en las Cortes Supremas de Argentina y Chile. Una vez que estos modelos son antagónicos, ya que en Argentina el reclutamiento es por indicación presidencial, mientras que en Chile es por una cooptación indirecta, se busca comprender el rol que desempeñan en la institucionalización, la jerarquización y la independencia de los poderes judiciales en cuestión. La principal hipótesis es que el reclutamiento por indicación presidencial estableció en Argentina una élite judicial integrada al desarrollo sociopolítico del país, a pesar de haber facilitado la reducción a la independencia del Poder Judicial por parte del Poder Ejecutivo. Por otro lado, la cooptación de Chile, a pesar de que aseguro la independencia judicial, promovió la formación de una élite con rasgos aristocráticos, centrada en sí misma y que dificulta la renovación de la interpretación judicial, dejando el poder judicial anacrónico. La hipótesis de este artículo será sostenida mediante la presentación de un panorama histórico-estructural de la institucionalización del poder judicial de Argentina y Chile, observando el efecto de los modelos de reclutamiento adoptados, y las disputas para definirlos, en su jerarquización e independencia. También se utilizará el método prosopográfico para profundizar la comprensión de la relación entre los patrones de reclutamiento de la Corte Suprema y la evolución del poder judicial.

A snapshot of the current state of the business world is given, followed by the proposition that people are the root cause of the problems therein. Mutual influence between individual and organisation is depicted. The corporate psychopath is identified as being especially problematic. Therefore measures to prevent the recruitment of psychopaths into organisations will be studied. The objectives of this research report are: • To establish whether South African organisations are aware of the problems caused by psychopaths. • To establish what screening processes are in place in South African organisations to identify psychopaths. • To suggest additional measures that would prevent the recruitment of psychopaths into organisations.

Sabe-se que a anestesia geral por si só já é capaz de causar substancial depressão cardiovascular e respiratória em equinos e tal característica pode ser potencializada ainda mais pelo posicionamento do paciente em decúbito dorsal e pela a administração de elevadas pressões intratorácicas durante as manobras de recrutamento utilizadas para reverter a hipoxemia. Sendo assim, o objetivo do atual estudo foi avaliar a mecânica respiratória e hemogasometria arterial após manobra de recrutamento alveolar e aplicação de PEEP para manutenção, em equinos ASA I e II submetidos à anestesia geral inalatória para cirurgia artroscópica, bem como qual o melhor valor da PEEP para manutenção do recrutamento alveolar. Para tanto foram utilizados 30 equinos, pesando em média 454 kg, submetidos a cirurgia artroscópica em decúbito dorsal, divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos, sendo eles: Controle; PEEP 7; PEEP 12; e PEEP 17. Os animais receberam xilazina (0,6 mg/kg) como MPA, seguida de indução anestésica (quetamina 2,2 mg/kg associado ao diazepam 0,05 mg/kg e EGG 10% 50 mg/kg) e anestesia inalatória com isofluorano. Os animais foram posicionados em decúbito dorsal e submetidos a ventilação com volume controlado (14ml/kg), FR de 7 mpm, relação I:E 1:3, PEEP 7 cmH2O e FiO2 de 0,7. Após período de instrumentação foi realizada MRA por titulação da PEEP a cada 5 minutos até alcançar PEEP de 22 cmH2O, sendo que os animais do grupo Controle não receberam MRA, apenas manutenção com PEEP de 7 cmH2O. Os animais dos outros grupos passaram pela MRA seguido de manutenção com suas PEEP de tratamento (7, 12 ou 17 cmH2O). Os parâmetros de mecânica respiratória e hemogasometria arterial foram avaliados imediatamente antes da MRA; e 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, 60 e 80 minutos após a MRA. Foram também avaliadas a FC, PAS, PAM e PAD, porcentagem de anestésico inalatório inspirado e expirado, ETCO2 e consumo de fármaco vasoativo. Os animais que receberam MRA apresentaram aumento na complacência estática e nos parâmetros de oxigenação após a manobra, nos animais do grupo PEEP 12 e 17 foi observada manutenção do incremento oriundo da MRA por pelo menos 80 minutos. Já os animais do grupo PEEP 7 apresentaram queda do incremento após 20 minutos da manobra, assim como o grupo Controle apresentou queda nos parâmetros de oxigenação e ventilação ao longo do tempo, ambos indicando uma provável fechamento pulmonar devido a PEEP insuficiente para manutenção dos alvéolos abertos. Não foram observadas alterações cardiovasculares nos animais do estudo, apenas leve taquicardia transitória no grupo PEEP 17 logo após a MRA. Portanto as PEEP de 12 e 17 cmH2O utilizadas após a MRA foram capazes de manter os alvéolos abertos, promovendo assim melhor trocas gasosas e o incremento na oxigenação e ventilação dos pacientes. Já os animais que receberam MRA e manutenção com PEEP de 7 cmH2O, foram capazes de manutenção dos alvéolos abertos por apenas 20 minutos / It is known that general anaesthesia by it’s self is capable of causing substantial cardiovascular and respiratory depression in horses and this characteristic can be enhanced even more by patient positioned in dorsal recumbence and the administration of high intrathoracic pressures during recruitment manoeuvres used to reverse hypoxemia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the respiratory mechanics and arterial blood gas analysis after recruitment manoeuvre and PEEP for maintenance, in horses ASA I and II undergoing general isoflurane-anaesthesia for arthroscopic surgery and what is the best value PEEP to maintain alveolar recruitment. Therefore, we used 30 horses, weighing on average 454 kg, which underwent arthroscopic surgery in the dorsal recumbence, randomly allocated into one of the 4 groups, as follows: Control; PEEP 7; PEEP 12; and PEEP 17. Animals received xylazine (0,6 mg/kg) as pre anaesthetic medication followed by anaesthesia induction (ketamine 2,2 mg/kg associated to diazepam 0,05 mg/kg and EGG 10% 50 mg/kg) and maintenance with isoflurane-anaesthesia. The animals were positioned in dorsal recumbence and submitted the volume-controlled ventilation (14ml/kg), RR: 7 mpm, I:E ratio 1:3, 7 cmH2O of PEEP and FiO2 0,7. After instrumentation period was performed RM by PEEP titration every 5 minutes until reach 22 cmH2O of PEEP, and the animals of control group did not receive RM, only maintenance with PEEP 7 cmH2O. The animals of other groups went through the RM followed by maintenance with their treatment PEEP (7, 12 or 17 cmH2O). The respiratory parameters and blood gas samples were assessed immediately before the RM; and 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes after the manoeuvre. We also assessed the HR, SAP, MAP and DAP, percentage of inhaled anaesthetic: inhaled and exhaled, ETCO2 and vasoactive drug consumption. Animals receiving RM showed an increase in static compliance and oxygenation parameters after the manoeuvre, maintenance of the increase coming from the RM were observed in animals from PEEP 12 and 17 group, for at least 80 minutes. The animals in PEEP 7 group decreased the increase after 20 minutes of manoeuvre and the control group decreased the parameters of oxygenation and ventilation over time, both indicating a probable pulmonary closure due to insufficient PEEP to maintain the alveoli opened. Cardiovascular changes were observed in the study animals, only mild transient tachycardia in PEEP 17group soon after RM. Therefore, the PEEP 12 and 17 cmH2O used after RM were able to keep the lung opened, thereby performing better gas exchange and the increase in the oxygenation and ventilation of patients. The animals receiving RM and maintenance PEEP 7 cmH2O were able to maintain the alveoli open for only 20 minutes

Le recrutement est un processus clé du cycle de vie des invertébrés marins benthiques, dont les bivalves. Si la phase larvaire et l’étape de fixation/métamorphose sont largement étudiées, les processus post-fixation, dont font partie les migrations secondaires, restent relativement ignorés ou du moins sous-estimés.Ces migrations secondaires ou post-fixations résultent de processus hydrodynamiques modulés par des réponses éco-éthologiques.Le présent projet proposait d’étudier les mécanismes de migrations secondaires des recrues de bivalves en développant une approche éco-étho-physiologique afin de répondre à trois objectifs : i) Estimer le poids potentiel des migrations secondaires dans les habitats de sédiments grossiers ii) Identifier des facteurs environnementaux, et plus spécifiquement ceux de l’environnement trophique en relation avec l’hydrodynamisme, qui contrôlent ces processus iii) Évaluer les potentielles interactions entre migrations secondaires et physiologie des recrues. Dans un premier temps, nous avons développé une étude in-situ des migrations secondaires des recrues de bivalves dans un habitat de sédiments grossiers dans l’archipel de Chausey (Normandie, France) via l’utilisation de pièges à recrues. En parallèle, un suivi de nombreux paramètres environnementaux (conditions hydrologiques, hydrodynamiques et trophiques) a été mis en place. Puis, nous avons étudié en conditions expérimentales, le potentiel de dispersion post-fixation de différentes espèces de bivalves exploitées et l’influence de la physiologie (en termes de réserves énergétiques) sur les migrations secondaires. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé des outils innovants, tels un tube de vitesse de chute et un canal hydrodynamique tout en développant la zootechnie de l’élevage larvaire et poste-larvaire de la praire, Venus verrusosa. Nos résultats mettent en évidence l’importance des migrations secondaires des recrues de bivalves dans les habitats de sédiments grossiers avec près de 24 taxons différents de bivalves identifiés en migration. Certaines de ces migrations post-fixations correspondraient à des changements ontogéniques d’habitats, et les habitats de sédiments grossiers constitueraient une zone de nurserie pour plusieurs espèces. De plus, ce projet démontre, pour la première fois, le rôle de la physiologie et de l’environnement trophique dans le contrôle des migrations secondaires et cela à différents niveaux. Nous avons observé une synchronisation entre un événement massif de migrations secondaires actives et un changement de la composition de la communauté phytoplanctonique, plus particulièrement un bloom de nanoeucaryotes. Cette réponse des recrues de bivalves à un signal trophique pélagique («trophic migration trigger», TMT), pourrait être due au coût énergétique supplémentaire associé aux comportements actifs de migration. En effet, nous avons ensuite constaté en conditions expérimentales que la capacité des recrues à contrôler leur dispersion par leur comportement est directement corrélée avec leur profil physiologique. Les recrues avec le plus de réserves énergétiques ont une meilleure capacité d’accroître leur potentiel de dispersion par leur comportement. Aussi les recrues migreraient quand leur principale source de nourriture est disponible dans le milieu afin de mieux supporter le coût des comportements de migrations secondaires actives comme la dérive byssopélagique. De plus, le potentiel de migration post-fixation apparait comme fortement lié à la synchronicité entre la période d’arrivée de la larve sur le sédiment et le cycle de marée (morte-eau ou vive-eau), mais également aux taux de croissance post-larvaires qui dépendent eux-mêmes de l’environnement trophique. Les patrons de migrations secondaires des recrues bivalves résultent donc d'un étroit couplage physico-biologique impliquant l'hydrodynamique, mais aussi des réponses éco-éthologiques modulées par des processus physiologiques en lien avec l’environnement trophique. / Recruitment is a key process in the life-cycle of benthic marine invertebrates, and most of bivalve species. It includes the larval phase, the settlement and secondary dispersal mechanisms which lead to a gradual sedentary lifestyle until the recruits begin a strict benthic life. Although the larval phase and the settlement/metamorphosis stage are well studied, post-settlement migrations remain relatively unknown or at least underestimated. These migrations are the result of hydrodynamic processes modulated by eco-ethological responses in the benthic boundary layer that can radically change primary fixation patterns and have a major impact on the life cycle of a bivalve.This project proposed to study secondary migrations mechanisms of bivalve recruits by developing an eco-etho-physiological approach in order to answer three objectives: I) estimate the potential weight of the secondary migrations in coarse sediments habitats, ii) identify environmental factors, and more specifically those of the trophic environment in relation to hydrodynamics conditions, which control these processes, iii) evaluate the potential interactions between secondary migrations and recruits physiology.Firstly, we developed an in-situ study of secondary migrations of bivalve recruits in a coarse sediment habitat in the Chausey Archipelago (Normandy, France) by using recruit traps and monitoring environmental parameters (hydrological, hydrodynamic and trophic conditions). Then, we studied in experimental conditions post-settlement dispersal potential of different exploited bivalve species as well as the influence of physiology (in terms of energy reserves) on secondary migrations with a fall velocity tube, a benthic flume and by developing the larval and post-larval rearing of the warty venus, Venus verrucosa. Our results highlight the importance of secondary migrations of bivalve recruits in coarse sediment habitats with nearly 24 different taxa of bivalves identified in migration. Some of these post-settlement migrations would correspond to ontogenic change of habitat, and so coarse sediment habitats would constitute a nursery zone for several species. For the first time, this project demonstrates, at different levels, the role of physiology and trophic environment in the control of secondary migrations. We observed synchronization between a massive active secondary migration event with a change in the composition of the phytoplankton community and more particularly a bloom of nanoeukaryotes. This response of bivalve recruits to a ‘’trophic migration trigger’’ (TMT) could be due to the additional energy cost of active migration behaviors. Indeed, we highlighted, in experimental conditions, that the ability of recruits to control their dispersal by their behavior is directly correlated with their physiological profile. Recruits with the most energy reserves are the most able to increase their dispersal potential by their behavior. Also recruits would migrate when their main food source is available in the environment in order to support the cost of active secondary migration behaviors such as bysso-pelagic drift. In addition, post-fixation migration potential appears to be strongly related to the synchronicity between the settlement period and the tidal cycle (spring tide or neap tide), but also to post-settlement growth rates which depend on trophic conditions. Patterns of secondary migrations result from a close physico-biological coupling involving hydrodynamics factors but also eco-ethological responses modulated by physiological processes related to the trophic environment.

A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma doença crônica e potencialmente fatal causada, no Brasil, pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum. A resistência à LV é relacionada ao desenvolvimento de uma resposta imune celular eficiente. Para isso, células dendríticas (DCs) reconhecem produtos antigênicos do parasito, através dos Toll-like Receptors (TLRs), e, após ativação, produzem fatores, que irão orquestrar o recrutamento celular e desenvolvimento da resposta imune protetora. Dentre os vários TLRs, tem sido demonstrado que o TLR9 está relacionado com a resistência à infecção em modelo de leishmaniose cutânea. No presente estudo, nosso objetivo foi determinar o papel do TLR9 durante a infecção por L. infantum. Nossos resultados demonstram que a expressão de TLR9 é modulada positivamente durante a infecção in vivo e in vitro pela L. infantum. O TLR9 é essencial para o controle da infecção contra L. infantum, uma vez que camundongos TLR9-/- são mais susceptíveis à infecção, apresentando maior número de parasitos no baço e fígado na 4ª e 6ª semana pós-infecção. A fenotipagem de leucócitos presente no baço demonstrou que camundongos TLR9-/- possuem menor número de neutrófilos. De maneira semelhante, a análise imuno-histoquímica mostrou uma reduzida marcação de células 7/4+ (específica para neutrófilos) no fígado de animais TLR9-/-. A falha na migração de neutrófilos observada em animais TLR9-/- não está associada a uma incapacidade de ativação dos polimorfonucleares, mas sim a deficiências na produção de fatores quimiotáticos, como CXCL1 (KC) e CXCL2 (MIP-2) nos órgãos-alvo. Investigando o mecanismo de ação, as células dendríticas oriundas de animais TLR9-/- falham em seu processo de ativação frente à infecção in vitro e in vivo com L. infantum, apresentando um fenótipo semi-maduro, com redução de expressão de MHC-II e moléculas coestimuladoras. Interessante que essas células apresentaram deficiência na produção de mediadores quimiotáticos de neutrófilos como KC e MIP-2, e consequentemente, induzindo o menor recrutamento de neutrófilos in vitro. Em conjunto, nossos resultados demonstram que o TLR9 é essencial para o controle da infecção por L. infantum, através de um mecanismo dependente do recrutamento de neutrófilos para o sítio inflamatório mediado pela ativação apropriada de fatores quimiotáticos de neutrófilos pelas DCs. / Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a chronic and potentially fatal disease caused by protozoan Leishmania infantum, in Brazil. The resistance against VL is related to the development of cellular immune response. During infection, the dendritic cells (DCs) recognize antigenic products through Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and then orchestrate the cellular recruitment and immune response development. Among several TLRs, it has been showed that TLR9 is related to resistance to cutaneous leishmaniasis. In the present study, our aim was to determinate the role of TLR9 during L. infantum infection. Our results demonstrated that TLR9 is up regulated during in vitro and in vivo L. infantum infection. TLR9 is critical for protective immunity against L. infantum, since TLR9-/- mice infected were more susceptible to infection, displaying high amounts of parasites in spleen and liver, at 4th and 6th weeks post-infection. Phenotyping the leukocytes into the spleen, TLR9-/- mice presented reduced neutrophils when compared to WT. Likewise, imunohistochemistry analyses showed the reduced of 7/4+ cells (specific to neutrophils) staining into the TLR-9-/- liver. The failure of neutrophil migration is not associated to their stage of activation impaired, but due the reduced levels of CXCL1 (KC) and CXCL2 (MIP-2) (neutrophil chemoatracttant) produced into into the spleen cells culture from infected TLR9-/-. Furthermore, DCs from TLR9-/- presented a semi-mature stage during in vitro and in vivo L. infantum infection, showing reduced expression of MHC-II and co-stimulatory molecule. Interestingly, the ability of DC to produce the neutrophil chemotact mediators (KC and MIP-2) was completely reduced by that derived from TLR9-/- mice, affecting neutrophil migration into Boyden chamber. Altogether, we demonstrated that TLR9 presents a critical role in the protective response against L.infantu through the mechanism dependent of crosstalk between neutrophil recruitment and DC activation.

The diploma work focused on the topic of Analysis of the recruitment and selection process in the company of RealSan Group, SE is divided into two parts. In the first, theoretical part, I defined the key expressions and described the process of recruitment and selection from the moment of identifying the necessity of a new employee up to the final selection and accepting or not accepting of an applicant. In the second, practical part, I introduced the company of RealSan, its structure and development in the field of recruitment and selection of employees from 2001 up to now. I analysed the process of fluctuations in the years 2001 -- 2010 and I searched for the reasons why the emloyees had left the company. In this practical part I used the company documents and analysed them, I interviewed the employees of the company, I played an active role in the process of recruitment and used my own experience as an evaluator in an assessment centre. In the final part of my work I suggest and recommend how to make the recruitment and selection process better.

The thesis shows the view of the process of recruitment and selection of the employees applied in companies. The process is decomposed into the specific activities that are analysed in more detail. Recruitment methods are evaluated from the perspective of both employers and applicants for posts. On the basis of the questionnaires lists the specific procedures used in practice by employers, applicants' approaches and experiences of the recruitment procedure.

The objective of this thesis is to propose new functionality of job search website which would better reflect the customers' needs than current job search websites. It focuses on the job applicant segment to improve and simplify the whole process of searching for a relevant job offer and also to take in account the real users' requirements on the system. At first an introduction to the field of Human Resource Information Systems will take place together with its relationship to the job search website systems. Next step is to analyze and compare five Czech job search websites to find out and describe their functionality in detail. Results of the comparison will be presented in the form of SWOT analysis and will serve as a main source of questions in the users' survey in the following step. The purpose of the survey is to verify the results of the analysis and also to confirm potential users' interest in the newly proposed functions for the job search website. The results of the analysis, together with the survey results, make up for a basic source of information to be used in the process of designing new functionality to improve the current job search website systems and thus completing the main objective.

The theme of the diploma thesis is the specific marketing of luxury brands with focus on Diesel, parfum brand. The aim of the diploma thesis is to review principles on which the luxury brands' marketing proceeds, and what are its specifics. Theoretical findings are applied to Diesel brand, the current Diesel marketing communication is analysed as well. The main aim of the diploma thesis is to propose next steps for marketing activities of Diesel brand.

This diploma thesis deals with running of the financial market and goals of financial consulting, but mostly is about crucial differences in selection, recruitment and breaking new workers in as employees compared to cooperation of entrepreneurs. These differences are shown on a specific example of financial consulting company OVB Allfinanz a.s. The biggest contrasts are: more possibilities for hiring new workers, variability of the selection process, impossibility of introducing directive leadership, the need to offer a goal of the work for the people and also the team vision.