<p>Följande studie har till syfte att undersöka hur lärarrekryteringsarbetet på kommunala och</p><p>fristående gymnasieskolor i en mellanstor kommun i södra Sverige går till. Skillnader och</p><p>likheter vid rekrytering av lärare mellan de olika skolorna har undersökts. De psykologiska</p><p>aspekterna (intelligens/begåvning, personlighet och kompetens) knutna till urval har</p><p>behandlats i denna uppsats för att undersöka om dessa aspekter väger in i beslutet om</p><p>anställning. Sex rektorer från sex olika gymnasieskolor (tre kommunala och tre fristående</p><p>skolor) i en mellanstor kommun i södra Sverige har intervjuats. Resultatet av intervjuerna har</p><p>sammanfattats, diskuterats och analyserats utifrån tidigare forskning och teorier. De aspekter som</p><p>diskuterats i studien är rekryteringsarbetet på de olika skolorna, felrekryteringar,</p><p>anställningsförlopp, lärarkompetens och egenskaper, användandet av personlighets- och</p><p>intelligenstest samt lärarbehörighet. De slutsatser författarna kommit fram till är att det råder</p><p>likhet mellan de olika skolorna när det handlar om hur rekryteringsarbetet ser ut. Dock finns</p><p>vissa skillnader i vilka som är med vid anställningsintervjun på skolorna och vilka sökande</p><p>som har företräde till en ledig lärartjänst. Alla skolor strävar efter att ha behöriga lärare i de</p><p>undervisande ämnena. Inga av skolorna använder sig av begåvningstest eller</p><p>personlighetstestning vid rekryteringsarbete, istället används intervjuer frekvent.</p> / <p>The purpose of this study is to examine the recruitment procedure of teachers on municipal and</p><p>independent comprehensive upper secondary schools in a medium-sized municipality in</p><p>southern Sweden. The problems that compose the foundation of the study are how recruitment</p><p>of upper secondary schools teachers is being carried out. Differences and resemblances in the</p><p>recruitment process between the different type of schools was studied. The psychological</p><p>aspects (intelligence/aptitude, personality and competence) tied to selections has been treated</p><p>in this essay in order to examine if these aspects are important for the decision about</p><p>employment. Six headmasters from six different comprehensive upper secondary schools</p><p>(three municipal and three independent schools) in a medium-sized municipality in southern</p><p>Sweden was interviewed. The result of the interviews has been summarized, discussed and</p><p>analyzed from earlier research and theories. The aspects that have been discussed are</p><p>recruitment procedures on the different schools, wrong recruitments, employment course,</p><p>teacher competences and other competences, the use of personality - and intelligence tests and</p><p>teacher qualifications. The analysis and discussion of this study point out that there is</p><p>resemblance between the different schools concerning the recruitment procedure. Differences</p><p>between the schools are: who is present during the employment interview at the schools and</p><p>which applicants have precedence to a vacant teaching position. All schools strive to have</p><p>authorized teachers in the teaching subjects. None of the schools used intelligence/aptitude- or</p><p>personality tests during the recruitment procedure. Instead they used interviews frequently.</p>

<p>Varje år tar 5000 studenter i Sverige examen i företagsekonomi och så många som 650 studenter läser idag civilekonomprogrammet vid Högskolan i Gävle (HiG). Vi är själva ekonomstudenter vid HiG och snart redo att ta steget ut i arbetslivet, vilket innebär blandade känslor av både förväntan och oro. Orsaken till denna osäkerhet är till stor del det faktum att vi inte vet vad som förväntas av oss den dag vi tar examen. Vad har vi egentligen lärt oss under vår utbildning och vad förväntar sig arbetsgivarna att vi kan? För att besvara denna fråga har vi intervjuat före detta studenter från HiG, varav en man och en kvinna från den privata sektorn samt en man och en kvinna från den offentliga sektorn. Vi intervjuade även en näringslivsutvecklare på Gävle kommun och olika arbetsgivare.</p><p>Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka hur väl ekonomutbildningen vid HiG svarar mot arbetsgivarnas kompetenskrav.</p><p>Genom intervjuerna uppkom förslag på förbättringar av ekonomutbildning, såsom att praktik och beteendevetenskap bör vara en del av utbildningen. Utifrån intervjuerna med arbetsgivarna fann vi, till vår förvåning, att de allra flesta rekryterare lägger störst fokus på de personliga egenskaperna. De före detta studenterna förstärkte detta budskap då de förde fram liknande åsikter, samtidigt som utbildningen utgör en viktig teoretisk grund så är det personligheten som avgör huruvida en person blir anställd. Detta medför att det borde vara mer eller mindre självklart att HiG utökade antalet personlighetsutvecklande moment i ekonomutbildningen.</p><p>Med utgångspunkt i empirin sökte vi efter lämpliga teorier för att kunna styrka eller dementera de argument och åsikter som framkom under intervjuerna, där bland teorier som berör rekrytering och praktik. Vi fann att de flesta teorierna stämde bra överrens med resultatet från vår empiridel, som exempel kan nämnas att även teorin visade att de personliga egenskaperna har en viktig del vid rekrytering.</p><p>Vid genomförande av förbättringar såsom praktik, fler personlighetsutvecklande moment i kurserna och beteendevetenskap, så anser vi att ekonomstudenter vid HiG skulle vara bättre föreberedda för arbetslivet, men att det även skulle ge en viktig konkurrensfördel gentemot andra ekonomstudenter i Sverige.</p> / <p>Every year 5000 students in Sweden take their bachelor degree in business administration and as many as 650 students attend to the economic education at the University of Gävle. We ourselves study economics at the University of Gävle and are soon ready to take part in the labour market, for us this means mixed feelings of both anticipation and concern. The cause of this concern is partly the fact that we don’t know what is expected of us when we graduate. What have we really learned during our education and what does the employers expect of us? To answer this question we have interviewed former students from the University of Gävle, one man and one woman from the private sector as well as one man and one woman from the public sector. We also interviewed a developer of the labour market in Gävle and different employers.</p><p>The purpose with the essay has been to examine how well the economic education at the University of Gävle answers to the qualification set by the employers.</p><p>Suggestions to improve the economic education appeared during the interviews, such as practical training and behavioural science. From the interviews with employers we learned, to our surprise, that most recruiters pay most attention to the personality. The former students had similar opinions; while the education serves as an essential foundation, it is more or less the personality that the recruiter focuses on when he/she decide whether or not to hire the person. Due to this, it is obvious that the University of Gävle should increase elements of personal development in their economic education.</p><p>We tried to find suitable theories to strengthen or contradict the arguments that appeared to us during the interviews. What we found was theories which included for example recruitment and practical training. Most of these theories matched our empirical results, for example both showed that the personality played an important part for recruiters.</p><p>Improvement such as practical training, more elements of personal development in the courses and behavioural science would prepare students of economics at the University of Gävle better for the labour market. We also think that it would give an important competition advantage against other students of economics in Sweden.</p>

<p>Known to be one of the most important resources, but also one of the most difficult ones to obtain, the workforce constitutes (consistence) the core of any organization. To find the right person for a particular position is not a trivial task. The recruitment of new staff members is important for any organization in general, but for treating organizations in particular. In order to provide the best service for its clients, it is, for a treating organization, vital to recruit nothing but highly qualified personnel. A well educated workforce can more easily stick to the treatment program and thus maintain treatment integrity. The purpose of this study is to examine how the recruitment process is executed by three treating organizations situated in the municipality of Örebro. Moreover the purpose is to evaluate the process in terms of strengths and weaknesses with the objective of pinpointing parts in the recruitment process in need of improvment. A theoretical framework capturing definitions and theories; treatment conditions, organization theory and the recruitment process. In order to answer the research questions, according to the study’s purpose, a qualitative method was adopted. The data sample ecompassed six personers: two managers and four group officers. The results in brief: The recruitment process of “Ungdoms- och familjeenheten” (the study’s delimit of treating organizations) in the municipality of Örebro has strengths as well as weaknesses. The major strength is the recruiter’s unanimous understanding for the importance of hiring a workforce holding a suitable education fulfilling all requirements. The major weakness is the recruitment process’s lack of a common structure (also read as action plan or policy). This might be due to the fact that recruiters rely on previous experiences.</p>

<p><em>Syftet med studien är att undersöka om människor som genomgått en utbrändhetsprocess upplever att de under denna tid utvecklats på ett sätt relevant för deras arbetsliv, och sedan med hjälp av teori undersöka om resultatet av denna utveckling kan anses utgöra kompetens. Genom intervjuer med fem personer som efter en tids sjukskrivning för utbrändhet nu själva upplever att de återhämtat sig, framkom att de fått en ny erfarenhet som gett dem insikt i stressproblematik, samhällets regelsystem och rehabiliteringsåtgärder. De har även utvecklat en mer effektiv energianvändning, ökad social kompetens och ökat välbefinnande. I den mån utvecklingen framgångsrikt används i arbetslivet, vilket intervjupersonerna också uttryckte, har den samtidigt inneburit att personerna utvecklat ny kompetens. </em></p> / <p><em>The purpose of this thesis is first to investigate whether people who have been through a period of burnout, experience a development relevant to their working life, and then to investigate if the result of this development equals competence according to theory. Interviews with five people, who after a time of absence due to sickness now consider themselves to be recovered, showed that they gained a new experience which in turn has given them insight into issues of stress, regulations of society and rehabilitation. They also developed a more efficient use of energy and improved their social skills and well-being. When the development is successfully used in working life, as the respondents declare, they have also developed new competence.</em></p>

<p>Trots allt jämställdhetsarbete i dagens samhälle innehar män fortfarande en större andel chefspositioner än kvinnor. Det finns många teorier som försöker förklara varför det förhåller sig så. Syftet med denna uppsats är att förklara eventuella skillnader i rekryterares attityder till kvinnors och mäns förutsättningar att nå chefspositioner inom dagligvaruhandeln. Vi har genomfört intervjuer med rekryteringsansvariga i tre dagligvarubutiker i Skåne. Resultaten från dessa har sedan jämförts med befintliga teorier och tidigare undersökningar i ämnet chefsrekrytering. Vi har kommit fram till att det finns hinder för kvinnor att nå chefspositioner i de organisationer vi undersökt. Dessa hinder verkar främst ligga i rekryterarnas attityder. Vi har funnit faktorer som verkar missgynnande för jämställdheten, men också sådant som verkar gynnande.</p> / <p>Even though the society of today promotes gender equality, men still hold a greater proportion of managerial positions than women do. There are many theories aiming to explain why things are this way. The purpose of this paper is to explain potential differences in recruiters’ attitudes towards the conditions of men and women reaching managerial positions in food stores. We have interviewed the recruitment managers in three food stores in southern Sweden. We then compared the results from the interviews with existing theories and previous studies in the subject. We found that barriers to women reaching managerial positions in the organizations exist. These barriers appear to be found in the attitudes of the recruiters. We have found things that appear to disadvantage gender equality, but also things that seem favourable.</p>

<p>The freshwater pearl mussel (<em>Margaritifera margaritifera</em>) has declined dramatically throughout its range and is faced with recruitment problems in most of the streams where populations still persist. Human activities, such as forestry and agriculture, are thought to be the main reason for these problems. In this study, spatial information on landscape features along 38 streams with known recruitment status were analyzed in an effort to determine if GIS-tools could be used to identify streams with successful recruitment. Differences in the distribution of various landscape features, measured in stream corridors of 50 and 150 m, and differences in several water chemical factors between streams with and without recruitment were investigated. The distribution of landscape features was also compared with host fish (brown trout) density and any statistically significant water chemical factor.  Both mussel recruitment and trout density were found to be negatively related to clear-cuts, and mussel recruitment was also negatively related to high water color, which has been shown to be correlated with high nutrient content, one of several adverse effects of clear-cutting close to streams. Recruitment was expected to be negatively affected by roads, but no such relationship could be found. Instead, mussel recruitment was found to be positively related to the number of road crossings per kilometer, but the strength of this relationship was questionable. In addition, even though it was somewhat unclear, high proportions of lakes and ponds were found to be positive for both recruitment and high trout density. The results of the study indicate that GIS-tools can be used to find landscape features that affect recruitment of freshwater pearl mussel and they support the belief that forestry activities are an important cause for the decline of the species in Sweden. In addition, the results indicate that leaving protective zones of forest between streams and clear-cuts can be a possible conservation method for the freshwater pearl mussel.</p> / <p>Flodpärlmusslan (<em>Margaritifera margaritifera</em>) har minskat kraftigt i hela sitt utbredningsområde och i de flesta vattendrag där populationer finns kvar sker ingen rekrytering. Mänskliga aktiviteter, exempelvis skogsbruk och jordbruk, anses vara huvudorsaken för dessa problem. Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka om GIS-verktyg kan användas för att identifiera vattendrag med fungerande rekrytering. För att uppnå det analyserades geografisk information om landskapet längs 38 vattendrag med känd rekryteringsstatus. Skillnader i fördelningen av olika landskapsföreteelser, uppmätt i 50 och 150 meters buffertzoner, och skillnader i flera vattenkemiska faktorer mellan vattendrag med eller utan rekrytering undersöktes. Dessutom undersöktes även om det fanns något förhållande mellan landskapsföreteelser och tätheten av värdfisk (öring) och mellan landskapsföreteelser och signifikanta vattenkemiska faktorer. Både rekrytering av flodpärlmusslor och öringstäthet var negativt relaterad till kalhyggen. Rekrytering var också negativt relaterad till hög vattenfärg, som har visats vara korrelerat med högt näringsinnehåll, en av flera effekter kalhyggen nära vattendrag har. Rekrytering förväntades påverkas negativt av vägar, men inget negativt förhållande hittades. Istället hittades ett positivt förhållande mellan rekrytering och antalet vägkorsningar per kilometer, men styrkan av det förhållandet var ifrågasättbar. Dessutom var, om än något otydligt, andelen sjö och damm positivt för både rekrytering och hög öringtäthet. Studien indikerar att GIS-verktyg kan användas för att hitta landskapsföreteelser som påverkar rekryteringen av flodpärlmusslor och den stödjer bedömningen att skogsbruk är en av de viktigaste anledningarna till artens nedgång i Sverige. Dessutom indikerar resultaten att skyddszoner mellan kalhyggen och vattendrag kan vara en möjlig skyddsåtgärd för flodpärlmusslan.</p>

<p>This thesis investigates how to reach and recruit cutting-edge users to user experience studies. The recruitment of cutting-edge users is difficult since these users usually are not registered in recruitment databases. Cutting-edge users are advanced, early-adopters of technology and sometimes referred to as opinion leaders. Telecom research projects performed at Ericsson Research involve products and services 2-3 years ahead of the market; early-adopters and cutting edge users are therefore an important user group.</p><p> </p><p>To test recruitment methods a user experience study was performed of Ericsson Labs developer portal. Ericsson Labs offers Application Programming Interfaces for mobile and web applications development. Internet marketing theories were used to form a recruitment method. Respondents were recruited from the Ericsson Labs user database and they were contacted individually via email. The users were invited to share their thoughts and ideas about the portal to help improve and possibly influence the direction of the site.</p><p> </p><p>This thesis also assessed different online qualitative research methods applied for user experience research. Online focus groups such as bulletin boards were used to interact with users in addition to individual chat and voice interviews. Performing user experience research on the Internet is a cost-efficient way to interact with users in geographically dispersed areas.</p><p> </p><p>The findings from the study show that recruitment is hard; it is especially difficult to recruit active and conversational respondents from a user database. Providing incentives and using personal communication were shown to be successful strategies to convince users to participate in a study.</p>

<p>The recognition that supportive mechanical ventilation can also damage the lung, the so called ventilation induced lung injury (VILI), has revived the more than 40 year long debate on the optimal level of PEEP to be used. It is established that the prevention of VILI improves patient outcome and that PEEP exerts protective effects by preventing unstable diseased alveoli from collapsing. Therefore, the term “open lung PEEP” (OL-PEEP) has been introduced as the end-expiratory pressure that keeps the lung open after its collapse has been eliminated by an active lung recruitment manoeuvre. The determination of such an optimal level of PEEP under clinical circumstances is difficult and remains to be investigated.</p><p>The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of breath by breath monitoring of dynamic compliance (Cdyn) as a clinical means to identify OL-PEEP at the bedside and to demonstrate the improvement in lung function resulting from its application.</p><p>In a porcine lung lavage model of acute lung injury PEEP at maximum Cdyn during a decremental PEEP trial after full lung recruitment was related to the onset of lung collapse and OL-PEEP could be found 2 cmH₂O above this level Ventilation at OL-PEEP was associated with improved gas exchange, efficiency of ventilation, lung mechanics and less than 5% collapse on CT scans. In addition, dead space, especially its portion related to alveolar gas changed characteristically during recruitment, PEEP titration and collapse thereby helping to identify OL-PEEP.</p><p>The beneficial effects of OL-PEEP on lung function and mechanics was demonstrated in a porcine model of VILI. OL-PEEP improved lung function and mechanics when compared to lower or higher levels prior to or after lung recruitment. By using electrical impedance tomography it could be shown that PEEPs within the range of 14 to 22 cmH₂O resulted in a similar redistribution of both ventilation and perfusion to the dorsal regions of the lung. OL-PEEP resulted in the best regional and global matching of ventilation and perfusion explaining the drastic improvements in gas exchange. Also regional compliance was greatly improved in the lower half of the lung as compared to all other situations.</p><p>In ARDS patients OL-PEEP could be identified applying the same protocol. The physiological changes described could now be reproduced and maintained during a four hours study ventilation period in real patients at four study centres.</p><p>In conclusion, the usefulness of dynamic compliance for identifying open lung PEEP during a decremental PEEP trial was demonstrated under experimental and clinical conditions. This PEEP should then be used as an essential part of any lung protective ventilation strategy. The impact of ventilating ARDS patients according to the principles described in these studies on outcome are currently being evaluated in an international randomized controlled trial.</p>

Spinal cord injury is a devastating neurological disorder partially characterized by a loss of motor function below the lesion. The dramatic loss of activity results in muscle atrophy and slow-to-fast transformation of contractile elements, producing smaller, weaker and more fatiguable muscles. Functional electrical stimulation (FES), has been proposed in order to induce muscular activity and reverse these changes. FES has primarily been applied in the periphery, either at the surface or implanted in or around a nerve or muscle. Although this can excite nervous tissue and produce muscular contractions, these systems often produce reversed recruitment of motor units leading to inappropriate force generation and increased fatigue. We applied intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) through fine microwires implanted into the spinal cord of rats. Electrical stimulation through these microwires caused contractions of the quadriceps muscles in both acute and chronically spinalized animals. We showed that muscle recruitment is significantly more gradual with ISMS in intact rats compared to that produced by a standard nerve cuff. Our results further showed that this was due to preferential activation of fatigue resistant muscle fibers. Given this more orderly recruitment of motor units by ISMS, we tested the muscle phenotypes produced by ISMS or nerve cuffs after chronic stimulation. Surprisingly, over a 30 day stimulation period the quadriceps muscles chronically activated by either daily ISMS or nerve cuff stimulation underwent similar fast-to-slow transformations in fiber type and functional properties. This indicates that the recruitment order of motor units does not play the only role in determining the muscle phenotype. Other factors such as the total daily time of activity may be critically important to the phenotypic outcome of skeletal muscle. Finally, we demonstrated that quadriceps force recruitment by ISMS was unchanged following the 30 day stimulation period. In addition, 30 days of chronic ISMS did not cause observable damage in the spinal cord beyond that incurred by the implantation of sham microwires. These studies advance our understanding of the force recruitment properties, neuromuscular plasticity and damage incurred by ISMS and move us closer to developing a clinically viable ISMS procedure.

Graduation date: 2006 / This study investigated whether a device commonly used to measure settlement of mussel larvae for ecological studies, the Tuffy™, functions uniformly whether placed in a bed of filamentous algae or on bare rock. During the summers of 2004 and 2005, the number of mussel larvae settling on Tuffys in patches of the filamentous algae Endocladia muricata and Neorhodomela larix, known to be natural substrata for settlement of mussels, was shown to be the same as on Tuffys on adjacent patches of bare rock. The data provide no evidence that adjacent filamentous algae affects settlement to Tuffys and support the utility of this technique for measuring the intensity of larval settlement.