Renewable energy sources support yesterday, today and tomorrow Abstract The diploma thesis deals with the issue of amendment to the Act on Supported Energy Sources 165/2012 Coll. It specifically focuses on the topic of auction mechanisms used as a tool for determining state aid. Over the past few years, these mechanisms have been successfully replacing the existing European renewable energy sources (RES) support systems and are also recommended by the European Commission, which considers them best option for the internal market. The thesis maps the historical development of RES support in Europe and consequently also in the national context, taking into account international commitments, and revealing the motivation for the reform of the existing system. It also focuses on the principles of auction mechanisms in theory, using in particular foreign literature, and monitors in particular approaches to providing pre-contractual certainty for both investors and the state, the way in which auctions are affected by the volumes of energy demanded or the lack of competition, as well as considering the advantages and disadvantages of each auction pricing approach. Consequently, the thesis follows the practical implementation of auctions in Germany and Poland, noting the specific mechanisms that these neighboring...

Enligt 17:11 Rättegångsbalken (1942:740) gäller att en dom har rättskraft, vilket bland annat medför att samma sak inte kan tas upp och prövas av rätten igen (res judicata). Givet den negativa rättskraftens betydelsefulla rättsliga verkan och dess breda prekluderande effekt, ställer jag mig frågan om det är möjligt för parterna i dispositiva tvistemål att avtala om rättskraftens verkningar.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-11-22T20:18:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ZodinioLaurisaMonteiroSampaio_TESE.pdf: 4245538 bytes, checksum: 687e089323cb706bdb8dc70fe1aa7593 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-11-23T00:28:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ZodinioLaurisaMonteiroSampaio_TESE.pdf: 4245538 bytes, checksum: 687e089323cb706bdb8dc70fe1aa7593 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-23T00:28:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ZodinioLaurisaMonteiroSampaio_TESE.pdf: 4245538 bytes, checksum: 687e089323cb706bdb8dc70fe1aa7593 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-25 / The high-energy demand involved in the construction industry and the increasing consumption of concrete made this material an ideal option for the recycling of by-products from various industries such as: porcelain polishing residue (PPR); tire rubber residue (TRR) and limestone residue (LSR). These residues often lack a treatment that contributes to the degradation of the environment. In this sense, the use of by-products that increases the volume of the concrete without damaging significantly its properties, can be a viable option in the production of low-cost and sustainable low-weight concrete (LWC). The main objective of this work was to analyze the mechanical and thermal behavior of structural lightweight concrete (SLWC) with low cement consumption, produced with expanded clay (EC) in replacement of the aggregate and with the addition of PPR, TRR and LSR to replace the small aggregate. For this purpose, a 2? factorial design was used for the choice of SLWC with the best performance in terms of consistency, mechanical properties and density. Subsequently, reductions of 10, 20 and 30% of cement were performed on SLWC that presented better combination of properties and waste consumption and were characterized by mechanical tests. The best SLWC mix resulting from the combination of mechanical properties and cement consumption was characterized by permeability, flexural strength, TG/DTA, XRF, SEM, thermal capacity, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity. The results showed that residues contents around 21% presented better combination of properties. By maintaining the amount of residue at optimum levels it was possible to produce a SLWC with good rheological, mechanical and thermal properties with minimum cement consumption. / A alta demanda energ?tica envolvida na ind?stria da constru??o civil e o crescente consumo do concreto, fez com que o concreto se tornasse a op??o ideal para a reciclagem de subprodutos de v?rias industrias tais como: res?duo de polimento de porcelanato PPR; res?duo de borracha de pneu (TRR) e res?duo de pedra calc?ria (LSR). Esses res?duos frequentemente carecem de um tratamento adequando o que acaba contribuindo para a degrada??o do meio ambiente. Nesse sentido, o uso de subprodutos que ir?o aumentar o volume do concreto sem prejudicar muito as propriedades, pode ser uma op??o bastante vi?vel na produ??o de Concretos leves (CL) de baixo custo e sustent?veis. O objetivo geral desse trabalho foi analisar o comportamento mec?nico e t?rmico de concretos leves estruturais (CLE) de baixo teor de cimento produzidos com argila expandida (AE) em substitui??o ao agregado gra?do e com adi??o de PPR, TRR e LSR em substitui??o a parte do agregado mi?do. Para tal foi usado inicialmente um planejamento fatorial 2? para a escolha dos CLE com melhor desempenho em termos de consist?ncia, propriedades mec?nicas e massa espec?fica real. Posteriormente foram realizadas redu??es de 10, 20 e 30% de cimento nos CLE que apresentaram melhores desempenhos e caracterizados atrav?s de ensaios mec?nicos. O melhor tra?o resultante da combina??o de propriedades mec?nicas com o consumo de cimento foi caracterizado mediante ensaios de: permeabilidade; resist?ncia ? flex?o; TG/DTA; FRX; MEV; capacidade t?rmica; condutividade t?rmica e difusividade t?rmica. Por fim. Os resultados mostraram que teores de res?duos em torno de 21% apresentaram melhor combina??o de propriedades. Mantendo os teores de res?duos em n?veis ?timos foi poss?vel produzir um CLE com boas propriedades reol?gicas, mec?nicas e t?rmicas com um consumo m?nimo de cimento.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The aim of this study was to fabricate tin/carbon (Sn/C) battery anodes using a novel approach, reduction expansion synthesis (RES), and test their performance as electrodes in lithium or sodium batteries. A second preparation route, the Aerosol-Through-Plasma (ATP) method, was also employed for comparison. The specimens generated were characterized, before and after cycling, using techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The RES technique was successful in creating remarkably small (ca. <5 nm) nano-scale particles of tin dispersed on the carbon support. The use of the electrodes as part of coin cell batteries resulted in capacitance values of 320 mAh/g and 110 mAh/g for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries, respectively. Nano-sized Sn particles were found before and after cycling. It is believed that bonds between metal atoms and dangling carbon produced via the reduction of the carbon surface during RES were responsible for the materials' ability to withstand stresses during lithiation, avoid volumetric expansion, and prevent disintegration after hundreds of cycles. When tin loading in Sn/C was increased from 10% to 20%, an increase of capacitance from 280 mAh/g to 320mAh/g was observed; thus, increased tin loading is recommended for future studies. Tin/carbon produced using ATP presented morphology consistent with stable electrodes, although battery testing was not completed because of the difficulty of producing the material in sufficient quantity. / Military Expert 5, Republic of Singapore Navy

Limited observing time at large telescopes equipped with the most powerful spectrographs makes it almost impossible to gain long and well-sampled time-series observations. Ditto, high-time-resolution observations of bright targets with high signal-to-noise are rare. By pulling an optical fibre of 450m length from the Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope (VATT) to the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) to connect the Potsdam Echelle Polarimetric and Spectroscopic Instrument (PEPSI) to the VATT, allows for ultra-high resolution time-series measurements of bright targets. This article presents the fibre-link in detail from the technical point-of-view, demonstrates its performance from first observations, and sketches current applications.

Longtemps ignoré, le principe de concentration a reçu ses lettres de noblesse des mains du juge, dans le retentissant arrêt « Cesareo » du 7 juillet 2006. Une décennie plus tard, il est consacré par le pouvoir réglementaire et devient la clé de voûte du procès civil. Les exigences de réunion de la matière litigieuse encadrent désormais la liberté procédurale des parties dans la détermination de l’objet du litige. Principe directeur ou simple norme oublieuse des garanties du droit au procès équitable, la concentration inspire autant l’engouement que la défiance. Une étude apaisée de la relation entre le principe de concentration et le procès civil nécessite de redécouvrir ce principe. Ses origines et l’étendue de son champ d’application n’ont, à ce jour, jamais été étudiées. La dissimulation de la concentration derrière l’autorité de la chose jugée voile nombre de ses aspects. Identifier l’autonomie de la norme de concentration et sa valeur principielle est le but de la première partie de l’étude. Faire valoir sa légitimité par la mise en exergue de ses utilités est le dessein de la seconde partie. S’il est tentant de réduire le principe de concentration à la seule célérité des procédures, ses utilités sont en réalité bien plus riches. Une fois resitué parmi les autres principes du procès civil, il apparaît comme un modèle d’équilibre aux confins de l’efficience et de l’équité. Finalement, la compréhension de la relation entre le principe de concentration et le procès civil supposait de mettre en lumière l’existence et l’essence d’un principe directeur « émergent » dans un système normatif en quête de repères. / The longtime ignored principle of concentration had its important status restored by the judge in the resounding Cesareo case on the 7th of July 2006. A decade later, this principle is enshrined by the regulatory power as the back bone of the civil action. The procedural freedom of the parties in determining the object of litigation is henceforth conditioned by the clustering subject-matter in dispute. As a guideline or a simple rule defying the due process rights, the concentration principal raises the interest as much as the diffidence.The mediating analysis of the relationship between the civil trial and the principle of concentration implies revisiting the later. The sources and the extension of the scope have not yet been studied, as the principle was commonly dealt with in the res judicata perspective, thus concealing its ontological aspects. It was therefore essential, in the first part of the analysis, to identify it as an autonomous norm, as well as to determine the value as a principle. In the second part, its legitimacy was revealed by underlining the manifold usefulness of the principal that can no longer be reduced to a mere expediting proceedings tool. Among the principles of the civil process, the concentration is an equilibrium model between efficiency and equity. Understanding the relationship between the concentration principle and the civil trial ultimately revealed the existence and the essence of a guiding principle that “emerges” in a normative system in search of reference points.

As constantes alterações sociais acabam implicando alterações nos valores dominantes de um ordenamento jurídico e mesmo na mudança de função e significado de muitos institutos. Dentre os institutos que mais verificaram alteração de conteúdo, está a coisa julgada. Nessa linha, após a segunda grande guerra, verificaram-se profundas alterações sociais, jurídicas e culturais, de forma que novas demandas passaram a ser analisadas pelo Poder Judiciário. Em decorrência disso, ganhou especial destaque o controle de constitucionalidade das leis, capítulo adicional à história da limitação dos poderes, e o processo constitucional. Dessa forma, institutos tradicionais do direito processual com determinada função e estrutura, como a coisa julgada, necessitam ter sua compatibilidade analisada com outros novos, criados a partir das novas necessidades da sociedade. Assim, no presente trabalho, em um primeiro momento, buscou-se estabelecer a função e a estrutura da coisa julgada, levantando-se contradições existentes na doutrina. No segundo capítulo, aplicaram-se as premissas estabelecidas na primeira parte, ao controle de constitucionalidade por exceção e por meio de ação, sempre a partir de uma visão funcionalista dos mesmos. Enquanto no controle de constitucionalidade por via de exceção não se encontrou qualquer dificuldade de harmonia com a coisa julgada, pois a questão constitucional não é o tema central da análise do juiz, o mesmo não ocorreu com o controle por via de ação. Nessa modalidade de controle, dadas as suas características e funções, conclui-se pela inexistência da coisa julgada, sob pena de se colocar em risco o desenvolvimento constitucional da ordem brasileira, pois a certeza jurídica estabelecida pela coisa julgada torna muito difícil, senão impossível, a alteração de entendimento sobre determinada questão constitucional. / The continual social changes introduce changes into the chief values of a legal system and even modify the meaning and function of many institutes. Among the legal institutes that has suffered the most from such modifications is res iudicata. After the Second World War, deep social, legal and cultural changes were observed, so that new claims were examined by the courts. In consequence judicial review of legislation, an additional chapter to the history of the limitation of the powers, and the constitutional process have obtained great attention. Therefore, traditional institutes of procedural law with a particular function and structure, such as res judicata, must have their compatibility with other, new institutes, created by the new needs of society, analysed. Thus in this paper we first tried to determine the function and structure of res judicata, raising contradictions found in the work of legal scholars. In the second chapter, we applied the principles laid in the first part to the issue of judicial review by exception and by action from a functionalist perspective. While we did face any difficulty to harmonise res judicata with judicial review by exception, since in this case the constitutional issue is not the primary subject analysis by the court, the same did not occur with control by action. When it comes to this class of control, given its features and functions, we concluded that there was no place for res judicata, under penalty of endangering the constitutional Brazilian order development, because legal certainty established by res judicata makes it very difficult, if not impossible, to change the understanding of certain constitutional issue.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo discorrer sobre os limites objetivos da coisa julgada e sobre sua eficácia preclusiva de forma crítica. Vive-se um momento de desconforto com relação ao instituto da coisa julgada material, na medida em que a estreiteza de seus limites objetivos permite o surgimento de decisões incompatíveis do ponto de vista lógico, e a eternização de determinado conflito de interesses, por meio do fracionamento da lide em diversos processos. O ordenamento jurídico brasileiro define os limites objetivos da coisa julgada com referência ao objeto da sentença e, indiretamente, ao objeto litigioso do processo. Essa opção denota que o sistema, em última análise, atribui às partes o poder de definir os contornos da coisa julgada, a despeito do forte interesse público que norteia o instituto. Com base nessas razões, alguns países europeus, cujos sistemas processuais foram construídos sob a tradição romano-germânica, têm, recentemente, procurado revisitar e redimensionar os limites objetivos da coisa julgada. Assim, este trabalho se debruça sobre possíveis alterações do sistema brasileiro, tanto para que a coisa julgada estenda-se aos fundamentos necessários da decisão, bem como para que a eficácia preclusiva da coisa julgada seja ampliada para abranger as causas de pedir que poderiam ter sido deduzidas na petição inicial e, no entanto, foram omitidas pelo autor. Tais mudanças são analisadas em prestígio à segurança jurídica e à economia processual, mas sem olvidar das discussões pretéritas, travadas desde o século XIX a respeito do tema. Algumas propostas de mudança dos limites objetivos e da eficácia preclusiva da coisa julgada, apesar de visarem a aumentar a segurança jurídica, paradoxalmente, podem ter efeito oposto, gerando ainda mais insegurança. Considera-se também a possibilidade de eventual mudança incrementar demasiadamente a complexidade dos litígios em que se discuta a existência de coisa julgada em seu sentido positivo e negativo. Esses inconvenientes de ordem teórica e prática são considerados nesta dissertação, bem como os impactos de eventual mudança sobre institutos correlatos à coisa julgada, especialmente o objeto do processo. / The purpose of this paper is to critically discuss the objective limits of res judicata and its preclusive efficacy. We are living a time of discomfort in relation to the legal procedure of res judicata, to the extent that the narrowness of its objective limits enables the appearance of judgments that are incompatible from the logical viewpoint and the perpetuation of a certain conflict of interests, by means of the fractioning of the case in several proceedings. The Brazilian legal system defines the objective limits of the matter adjudged in relation to the judgment purpose and, indirectly to the litigation purpose of the proceeding. This option means that the system ultimately attributes to the parties the power to define the outlines of res judicata, despite the strong public interest that guides the legal procedure. Based on those reasons, some European countries the procedural system of which was built under the Roman-Germanic tradition have recently sought to revisit and reshape the objective limits of the matter adjudged. Accordingly, this work looks at some possible changes to the Brazilian system so that the matter adjudged is extended to the necessary grounds of the judgment, as well as to enable the preclusive efficacy of the matter adjudged to be expanded in order to reach the causes of action that could have been stated in the complaint but were omitted by the plaintiff. Such changes are analyzed with consideration for the legal certainty and procedural enhancement but without forgetting the past discussions conducted in the 19th century about the matter. Some proposals for change of the objective limits and of the preclusive efficacy of res judicata, although aiming at increasing legal certainty, paradoxically may have the opposed effect, generating even more uncertainty. It is also considered that an occasional change may excessively increase the complexity of those litigations where the existence of the res judicata is discussed in its positive and negative meanings. Those theoretical and practice inconveniences are taken into account in this paper, as well as the impacts of any change to the legal procedures related to the res judicata, especially the purpose of the proceeding.

Submitted by PPG Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais (engenharia.pg.materiais@pucrs.br) on 2018-10-24T19:04:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao.loris.pdf: 3349640 bytes, checksum: 322a19b58e9bb00ff35471c3d49f70e1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-10-26T12:32:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao.loris.pdf: 3349640 bytes, checksum: 322a19b58e9bb00ff35471c3d49f70e1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-26T12:38:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao.loris.pdf: 3349640 bytes, checksum: 322a19b58e9bb00ff35471c3d49f70e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Due to the usual biological, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, the essential oils have a potential interest in several industries as food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, perfumery, hygiene and cleaning, in the manufacture of paints and in biological control of the agricultural pests. With the market?s growth, alternatives have been sought for economic and social development, while the nature is preserve in to keep natural resources available for the next generations. Aiming at further discussions on the theme environmental preservation, a theoretical and practical research was introduced through the essential oil extraction process of the aromatic plant Pentacalia desiderabilis (Velloso) Cuatrec., by obtaining and characterizing the product allied to proposals for the generated residues destination. In order, the extraction process was done with a pilot steam distillation unit at three different pressure conditions. After the extractive method, are produced: the essential oil and the liquid (aqueous extract and hydrolyzate) and solids (remaining aromatic plant) residues. Three mathematical models were tested to simulate the extraction process. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of oil and aqueous extract was evaluated. The essential oil?s chemical composition and aroma was also studied. The solid residue was assess as a possible biosorbent for the adsorption of methylene blue, caffeine and chromium. According to the experimental data, the diffusive one-dimensional model for rectangular geometry proved to be the most adequate. The results also showed that the extracted essential oil, as well as the evaluated solid and liquid residues, have biotechnological potential to be explored. / Devido ?s frequentes atividades biol?gica, antimicrobiana e antioxidante, os ?leos essenciais despertam interesse em diversas ind?strias, tais como aliment?cia, farmac?utica, cosm?tica, de perfumaria, higiene e limpeza, como tamb?m na fabrica??o de tintas e no controle biol?gico de pragas agr?colas. Com o crescimento do mercado surgem debates sobre alternativas de desenvolvimento econ?mico, social e que, ao mesmo tempo, preservem a natureza de modo a manter os recursos naturais dispon?veis para as pr?ximas gera??es. Com o objetivo de ampliar estudos que apresentem discuss?es sobre o tema preserva??o ambiental, realizou-se uma pesquisa te?rica e pr?tica em rela??o ao processo de extra??o do ?leo essencial da planta arom?tica Pentacalia desiderabilis (Velloso) Cuatrec., atrav?s da obten??o e caracteriza??o do produto aliado a propostas para a destina??o dos res?duos gerados. Para tanto, a extra??o foi realizada com um equipamento em escala piloto de destila??o por arraste a vapor em tr?s diferentes condi??es de press?es. Ap?s o processo extrativo, s?o produzidos: o ?leo essencial e os res?duos l?quidos (extrato aquoso e hidrolato) e s?lidos (planta arom?tica remanescente). Tr?s modelos matem?ticos foram testados para simula??o do processo de extra??o. Avaliou-se a capacidade de atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana do extrato aquoso e do ?leo, sendo que este ?ltimo tamb?m foi estudado em rela??o a sua composi??o qu?mica e seu aroma. Analisou-se a utiliza??o dos res?duos s?lidos como poss?veis biossorventes mediante ensaios de adsor??o com azul de metileno, cafe?na e cromo. De acordo com os dados experimentais, o modelo difusivo unidimensional para geometria retangular mostrou-se o mais adequado. Os resultados tamb?m apresentaram que o ?leo essencial, assim como os res?duos s?lidos e l?quidos avaliados, possuem potenciais biotecnol?gicos a serem explorados.

The Swedish Code of Judicial Procedure (Rättegångsbalken, RB) states that a judgment has binding effects and that the same matter can not be tried twice (17 ch. 11 §). The rule expresses the concept res judicata. It exists to benefit the administration of justice and to an effective economy of justice administration. It also brings security to parties in knowing a conflict has come to a final end. Moreover, the regulation is supposed to direct parties to prepare with all means required, before engaging the court with their dispute. The inconvenience with 11 § is that it is not foreseeable. It can cause a matter, that has not been examined by the court, to be covered by the binding effects – given the legal consequence of the new motion is either the same or alternative and economically equivalent to the previous one. Res judicata then prevents a new examination of the matter, even though the practical causes differ. Thus, it can be questioned if 11 § indeed provides security and predictability to disputing parties. This legal state is a consequence of a vaguely formulated law, the way it is interpreted by the Swedish Supreme Court and in legal scholar. In this essay I examine whether the rule in 11 § is better suited to be formulated by disputing parties themselves, than exclusively through hard law. Should the possibilities for disputing parties to make procedural agreements be expanded, and accordingly allowing parties to gain further insight and control over the binding effects of 17 ch. 11 § RB? The method used to answer this question is legal dogmatics. On the basis of established sources within the Swedish legal system – such as the Law, its motives, rulings from the Swedish Highest Court and legal doctrine – legal dogmatics is sufficient to establish the current legal situation, de lege lata. At the same time the method provides room for a critical perspective on the legal system and opens up for a discussion on what form the legal system should take, de lege ferenda. The conclusion presented in the essay is this. In civil disputes the conflicting parties in question have a major impact over the trial’s framework, on the basis of the principle of dispositions. In accordance with this it is logical for the legal system to allow the parties also to have an influence over the binding effects of 17 ch. 11 § RB. Conflicting parties are in some aspects well suited to make procedural agreements, especially in the form of vindicated settlements. This model, if interpreted in the procedural legal system, could result in predictability for conflicting parties and benefit the economy of justice administration.