CNPq / Faced with the need to implement a sustainable development, and seeking solutions for protecting the environment, the management of residues has undergone marked changes. Companies are increasingly involved in the optimization of residues produced in their production processes. The oil industry participates in this search by funding research and development of environmentally sound technologies. This study aimed to evaluate the development of barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L.) in soils incubated with drill waste from oil well treated by washing to eliminate the influence of sodium. Two residues generated during drilling of the well 7-SMC-50D-AL were selected to be used in two assays: one in pots planted with barley, and one with leaching columns. For the pots testing the residues were washed with water, using a ratio of 1:5, aiming to reduce the effects of the sodium. Thus, the washing treatment defined two other conditions: residue washed and unwashed. The quantity of residue added to the soil was defined in order to obtain the barium concentrations of 300 mg kg-1, 600 mg kg-1 and 1200 mg kg-1. The soil moisture was maintained at 70% of field capacity. The experimental units were kept incubated for 30 days, and covered with plastic bags to prevent water loss by evaporation. The plants sowing was made using 10 seeds in each pot, and after the thinning with 30 days there was left 4 plants per pot. After the harvesting, the plants were separated into root, shoot and grain; and it was evaluated the absorption of the elements barium, iron, manganese, calcium, sodium, zinc and potassium. The results showed that the residues of the centrifugal and the dryer promoted an increased production of plant dry matter, especially in the treatment with the residue washing. For the test columns, there was no washing of the residues. The same doses were tested with two conditions of humidity (70% of field capacity and reduced condition, simulating the presence of a ground water table). During the incubation the pH and the redox potential (Eh) were monitored until, in the reduction condition, values close to ? 200 mV were obtained, and then, waiting for 30 days to ensure the occurrence of the reduction reactions. After that, the leaching test proceeded, simulating rainfall and collecting the extract leachate to evaluate the barium content. The geochemical fractionation of barium was done using a modification of the BCR method. The fractionation results showed that the reduction condition provided greater availability of barium, increasing the bioavailable fraction for both cuttings. In the leaching test, there was an increase in barium level in the reduction condition, due to the reduction of sulfate to sulfide. / Diante da necessidade de implementar o desenvolvimento sustent?vel, buscando solu??es para a prote??o do meio ambiente, a gest?o de res?duos tem passado por mudan?as marcantes. As empresas est?o cada vez mais envolvidas na otimiza??o de res?duos produzidos em seus processos produtivos. A ind?stria petrol?fera participa dessa busca por solu??es atrav?s do financiamento de pesquisas e do desenvolvimento de tecnologias ambientalmente seguras. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento de plantas de cevada (Hordeum vulgare L.) em solos incubados com res?duos de perfura??o de po?o de petr?leo tratados com lavagem para eliminar a influ?ncia do s?dio. Foram selecionados dois res?duos gerados durante a perfura??o do Po?o7-SMC-50D-AL para serem utilizados em dois ensaios: um com vasos cultivados com cevada e outro com colunas de lixivia??o. Para o ensaio com vasos foi feita a lavagem dos res?duos em ?gua, na propor??o 1:5, visando diminuir os efeitos do s?dio. Dessa forma, o tratamento de lavagem definiu duas condi??es: res?duo lavado e res?duo n?o lavado. A quantidade de res?duo adicionada ao solo foi definida de modo a atingir as concentra??es de b?rio de 300 mg kg-1, 600 mg kg-1 e 1200 mg kg-1. A umidade do solo foi mantida a 70% da capacidade de campo. As unidades experimentais permaneceram incubadas por 30 dias, cobertas com sacos pl?sticos para evitar a perda de ?gua por evapora??o. Em seguida foi feita a semeadura, utilizando 10 sementes em cada vaso, e com o desbaste ap?s 30 dias restaram apenas 4 plantas por vaso. Ap?s a coleta as plantas foram separadas em raiz, parte a?rea e gr?os e foi avaliada a absor??o dos elementos b?rio, ferro, mangan?s, c?lcio, s?dio, zinco e pot?ssio. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os res?duos do secador e da centr?fuga promoveram aumento da produ??o de mat?ria seca pelas plantas, principalmente no tratamento lavado. Para o ensaio com colunas n?o houve lavagem dos res?duos. Foram testadas as mesmas doses em duas condi??es de umidade (70% da capacidade de campo e ambiente reduzido com presen?a de l?mina de ?gua). Durante a incuba??o foi feito o monitoramento de pH e potencial redox (Eh) at? que, na condi??o de redu??o, fossem atingidos valores pr?ximos de -200 mV, aguardando por 30 dias para assegurar a ocorr?ncia das rea??es de redu??o. Em seguida foi feito o ensaio de lixivia??o, simulando uma precipita??o e coletando o extrato lixiviado para avalia??o quanto ao teor de b?rio. Foi feito o fracionamento geoqu?mico do elemento b?rio utilizando-se o m?todo BCR com algumas modifica??es. Os resultados mostraram que no fracionamento as fra??es biodispon?vel para ambos os res?duos na condi??o de redu??o proporcionou uma maior disponibilidade do b?rio. Na lixivia??o houve um aumento dos teores de b?rio na condi??o de redu??o proporcionado pela redu??o de sulfato a sulfeto.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-04T17:50:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Leilane da SIlva Lima.pdf: 2571314 bytes, checksum: 6a887a80293fe4214d8df0859a55db54 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-04T17:50:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Leilane da SIlva Lima.pdf: 2571314 bytes, checksum: 6a887a80293fe4214d8df0859a55db54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-04 / CNPq / A major environmental issue is the impact caused by the extraction of primary materials and the waste disposal. The industry tries to change that with adjustments in the production chain to reduce impacts to the environment. However, this is a subject that has few studies. This study aimed to evaluate the development of rice plants (Oryza sativa) in soils incubated with waste from drilling oil wells, treated by washing to eliminate the influence of sodium and under two moisture conditions. Two residues generated during the drilling of the well 7-SMC- 50D AL were selected. Subsequently, the residue washing was done in water with the 1:5 proportions, to reduce the effects of sodium. Thus, the washing treatment defined two conditions: washed and unwashed residues. The amount of residue added to the soil was set to achieve concentrations of barium of 300 mg kg-1, 600 mg kg -1 and 900 mg kg-1. The soils were kept in two moisture conditions (70% of field capacity and waterlogged to get a reduced condition). During the incubation of vessels the redox potential (Eh) was monitored until values close to -200 mV was reached, in the reduction condition. After reaching these values, we waited up to 30 days before transplanting the rice seedlings and the test starting. Samples were collected from each experimental unit, and the elements barium, iron, manganese, calcium, sodium and potassium were analyzed. The rice was planted, and went throughout the vegetative cycle (approximately 3 months) until the plants were harvested for analysis. The results showed that the residues from the dryer and the centrifuge, with and without washing, in the oxidized condition, did not affect the dry matter yield of the rice plants. However, the soil reduction condition promoted increasing concentrations of barium absorbed by plants, and reduced the iron level. In the treatments with the residue and reduction condition, the solubilization of barium combined with a moderate iron deficiency possible interfered on dry matter production. / Uma grande quest?o ambiental ? o impacto causado pela extra??o de materiais prim?rios e pela deposi??o de res?duos. A ind?stria tenta mudar esse cen?rio com adequa??es ao longo da cadeia produtiva para diminuir os impactos ao meio ambiente. Entretanto, essa ? uma ?rea ainda pouco estudada.Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento de plantas de arroz (Oryza sativa) em solos incubados comres?duos de perfura??o de po?o de petr?leo tratados com lavagem para eliminar a influ?ncia do s?dio e sob duas condi??es de umidade. Foram selecionados dois res?duos gerados durante a perfura??o do Po?o7-SMC-50D-AL. Posteriormente, foi feita a sua lavagem em ?gua, na propor??o 1:5, visando diminuir os efeitos do s?dio. Dessa forma, o tratamento de lavagem definiu duas condi??es: res?duo lavado e res?duo n?o lavado. A quantidade de res?duo adicionada ao solo foi definida de modo a atingir as concentra??es de b?rio de 300 mg kg-1, 600 mg kg-1 e 900 mg kg-1. Os solos foram mantidos em duas condi??es de umidade (70% da capacidade de campo e reduzido com presen?a de l?mina de ?gua). Durante a incuba??o dos vasos foi monitorado o potencial redox (Eh) at? que, na condi??o de redu??o, fossem atingidos valores pr?ximos de -200mV. Ap?s atingir esses valores, aguardou-se 30 dias para o transplantio das mudas de arroz e in?cio da realiza??o do ensaio. Foram coletadas amostras de cada unidade experimental, onde foram feitas an?lises dos elementos b?rio, ferro, mangan?s, c?lcio, s?dio e pot?ssio. Foi realizado o plantio do arroz, permanecendo durante todo ciclo vegetativo (aproximadamente 3 meses) at? serem colhidas as plantaspara an?lise. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os res?duos do secador e da centr?fuga, com e sem lavagem, na condi??o de oxida??o, n?o interferiram na produ??o de mat?ria seca das plantas de arroz. Entretanto, a condi??o de redu??o do solo promoveu o aumento dos teores de b?rio absorvidos pelas plantas e redu??o nos de ferro. Nos tratamentos com res?duo e na condi??o de redu??o, a solubiliza??o de b?rio combinada a uma defici?ncia moderada para ferro levou a uma poss?vel interfer?ncia na produ??o de mat?ria seca.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-03-23T18:55:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Marcus Vinicius da Silva Buraslan.pdf: 2691930 bytes, checksum: ae2883ca17abc595becc4b32d48ece12 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-23T18:55:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Marcus Vinicius da Silva Buraslan.pdf: 2691930 bytes, checksum: ae2883ca17abc595becc4b32d48ece12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-16 / The production of electronic waste presents itself as a major challenge by public, municipal, state and federal agencies of Brazil. The federal institutes are included in this scenario and should seek ways of collaborating in the reduction of production of this waste and find ways to make good use of them. In this sense, the environmental education allied with the artistic education can contribute in the reutilization of computer waste in the Institutes. The purpose of this research was to develop experiences at the Federal Institute of Education of Amapa/AP, where the electronic waste was used in an Environmental Education and Art perspective, adding knowledge of both areas in the objects produced by the students of the technical course of agriculture at the Porto Grande campus. We use the principles of participant survey, where those involved in research become agents of their reality transformation, in a critical way. Through lectures, speeches and art workshops, students were encouraged to produce objects of art that culminated in an exhibition for the community. We can conclude that the concepts of art can and should be added to the objectives of environmental education, so the society can mitigate the impacts caused to the environment by the increasing production of electronic rests. / A produ??o de res?duos de eletr?nicos se apresenta como um grande desafio a ser enfrentado pelos ?rg?os p?blicos municipais, estaduais e federais no Brasil. Os Institutos Federais est?o inseridos nesse cen?rio e devem buscar formas de colaborar para diminuir a produ??o desses res?duos e encontrar formas conscientes de aproveitamento dos mesmos. Nesse sentido, a Educa??o Ambiental aliada ? Educa??o Art?stica pode contribuir na reutiliza??o de res?duos de inform?tica nos Institutos. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi o de desenvolver experi?ncias no Instituto Federal de Educa??o do Amap?/AP, onde os res?duos eletr?nicos foram utilizados numa perspectiva de Arte e Educa??o Ambiental, agregando conhecimentos de ambas as ?reas nos objetos produzidos por alunos do Curso de T?cnico em Agropecu?ria do campus Porto Grande. N?s utilizamos dos princ?pios da pesquisa participante, onde os envolvidos na pesquisa se tornam agentes de transforma??o da sua realidade, de forma cr?tica. Atrav?s de aulas expositivas, palestras e das oficinas de arte, os alunos foram estimulados a produzir objetos de arte que culminaram numa exposi??o para a comunidade. Podemos concluir que os conceitos de arte podem e devem ser agregados aos objetivos da Educa??o Ambiental de forma que a sociedade possa mitigar os impactos causados ao meio ambiente pela crescente produ??o de res?duos eletr?nicos.

O tema proposto para estudo gravitou em torno da pertinência de introdução de técnica de aperfeiçoamento do método estatal de solução de controvérsias, mediante o aprimoramento da tutela antecipada genericamente prevista em nosso sistema processual em conformidade com o artigo 273 do Código de Processo Civil. Assim, procurou-se demonstrar que, a partir das mesmas bases consolidadas para concessão do provimento antecipatório, pode-se também admitir sua função definidora do litígio entre as partes, dotando-o de características que vão além da esfera processual de produtor de efeitos práticos almejados pelo jurisdicionado em tutela final de mérito. Para o cumprimento desse desiderato, observa-se a necessidade de alterações de seus elementos estruturais instrumentalidade e provisoriendade, a conduzir a tutela antecipada para o rol dos provimentos sumários autônomos, tornando, assim, o contraditório pleno em atividade cognitiva completa apenas eventual, a depender de impulso processual da parte interessada e legitimada a fazê-lo. Por fim, analisou-se a intensidade da estabilidade do provimento antecipatório, com considerações que apontaram para sua capacidade de usufruir da imutabilidade decorrente da coisa julgada material. / The theme proposed for study gravitated toward the appropriateness of introducing technical improvement on the state method for dispute settlement, by improving the summary injunction generally provided in ourprocedural system in accordance with Article 273 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Thus, we sought to demonstrate that, from the sameconsolidated basis for granting anticipatory provision, one can alsoadmit its defining function of the dispute between the parties, giving itfeatures that go beyond the mere procedural practical effects targeted forprotection by the interested party. To fulfill this goal, there is the need for modification of its structural elements of instrumentality and temporariness, leading the summary injunction to the list of autonomous summaries provisions, thus rendering the full contradictory an onlyeventual cognitive activity, depending on a procedural impulse from the legitimized party. Finally, we analyzed the intensity of the stability ofanticipatory provision, with considerations that pointed to their ability tobenefit from the immutability of res judicata.

<p>Transposons of the Mu superfamily are widespread and have been shown to play an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance among microorganisms. One of these elements, Tn<i>5090</i>/Tn<i>402</i> is the basal vehicle of the type 1 integrons in which mobile resistance gene cassettes are inserted to form clusters and operons. The transposon was shown to preferentially target recombination sites of the serine family of recombinases that occur in many plasmids and transposons. Mutation analysis revealed that DNA-binding of the targeting factor, a serine recombinase, is essential for efficient transposition, while the recombination activity is not required. Truncated elements were frequently observed and in one instance borne on a composite transposon flanked by IS<i>6100</i>. This new transposon, Tn<i>5089</i>, has allowed the translocation of the integron to small mobilizable IncQ-plasmids that lack the targeting factor and thus are incompetent for insertion of Tn<i>5090</i>/Tn<i>402</i>. Another small replicon, by contrast targeting-positive, was completely sequenced.</p><p>The transposon Tn<i>5090</i>/Tn<i>402 </i>carries arrayed transposase-binding sites at the ends, which are supposed to arrange the transposase TniA in the appropriate geometry in a recombinationally active complex with DNA. Footprinting showed that transposase, TniA, binds to four 19 bp repeats on one end and to two 19 bp repeats on the other end.</p><p>Site-specific resolution of Tn<i>5090</i>/Tn<i>402</i> co-integrates<i> </i>was analysed in an <i>in vitro </i>system. The<i> res</i> site was found to be composed of three unusually organized subsites and expression of TniC was shown to be autoregulated by TniC acting as repressor due to an overlap of the <i>res</i> site with the promoter. </p><p>The data presented show several aspects of cooperation between transposition and site-specific recombination. This cooperation has enriched genes and combinations of genes that mediate resistance to antibiotic drugs and promotes lateral transfer of these genes. The organization of sites and subsites in the DNA is a subtle genetic code for the formation of the molecule complexes controlling these genetic events. </p>

Transposons of the Mu superfamily are widespread and have been shown to play an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance among microorganisms. One of these elements, Tn5090/Tn402 is the basal vehicle of the type 1 integrons in which mobile resistance gene cassettes are inserted to form clusters and operons. The transposon was shown to preferentially target recombination sites of the serine family of recombinases that occur in many plasmids and transposons. Mutation analysis revealed that DNA-binding of the targeting factor, a serine recombinase, is essential for efficient transposition, while the recombination activity is not required. Truncated elements were frequently observed and in one instance borne on a composite transposon flanked by IS6100. This new transposon, Tn5089, has allowed the translocation of the integron to small mobilizable IncQ-plasmids that lack the targeting factor and thus are incompetent for insertion of Tn5090/Tn402. Another small replicon, by contrast targeting-positive, was completely sequenced. The transposon Tn5090/Tn402 carries arrayed transposase-binding sites at the ends, which are supposed to arrange the transposase TniA in the appropriate geometry in a recombinationally active complex with DNA. Footprinting showed that transposase, TniA, binds to four 19 bp repeats on one end and to two 19 bp repeats on the other end. Site-specific resolution of Tn5090/Tn402 co-integrates was analysed in an in vitro system. The res site was found to be composed of three unusually organized subsites and expression of TniC was shown to be autoregulated by TniC acting as repressor due to an overlap of the res site with the promoter. The data presented show several aspects of cooperation between transposition and site-specific recombination. This cooperation has enriched genes and combinations of genes that mediate resistance to antibiotic drugs and promotes lateral transfer of these genes. The organization of sites and subsites in the DNA is a subtle genetic code for the formation of the molecule complexes controlling these genetic events.

Acoustic echo cancelation (AEC) composes a fundamental property of speech processing to enable a pleasant telecommunication conversation. Without this property of the telephone the communicator would hear an annoying echo of his own voice along with the speech from the other communicator. This would make a conversation through any telecommunication device an unpleasant experience. AEC has been subject of interest since 1950s in the telecom industry and very efficient solutions were devised to cancel linear echo. With the advent of low cost hands free communication devices the issue of non linear echo became prominent because these devices use cheap loudspeakers that produce artifacts in addition to the desired sound which will cause non linear echo that cannot be cancelled by linear echo cancellers. In this thesis a Harmonic Distortion Residual Echo Cancelation algorithm has been chosen for further investigations (HDRES). HDRES has many of those features that are desirable for an algorithm which is dealing with nonlinear acoustic echo cancelation, such as low computational complexity and fast convergence. The algorithm was first implemented in Matlab where it was tested and modified. The final result of the modified algorithm was then implemented in C and integrated with a complete AEC system. Before the implementation a number of measurements were done to distinguish the nonlinearities that were cause by the mobile phone loudspeaker. The measurements were performed on three different mobile pones which were documented to have problems with nonlinear acoustic echo. The result of this thesis has shown that it might be possible to use an adaptive filter, which has both low complexity and fast convergence, in an operating AEC system. However, the request for such a system to work would be that a doubletalk detector is implemented along with the adaptive algorithm. That way the doubletalk situation could be found and the adaptation of the algorithm could be stopped. Thus, the major part of the speech would be saved.

Voyage är en fiktiv nyskapad resetidning vars formgivning har tagits fram efter en visuell studie av layouten hos Sveriges resetidningar Vagabond, Allt om Resor, Res och Escape 360°. Layoutens syfte är att visa hur man kan sticka ut och bryta mot den vanliga trenden för att fånga nya läsare inom detta tidningssegment. Den nytänkande layouten ska attrahera de mer aktiva och äventyrliga resenärerna.De existerande resetidningarna är alla uppbyggda på ett strukturerat vis, vissa rörigare än andra. Med den nya tidningen Voyage valdes att skapa en layout som medvetet är tänkt att vara rörig, fast med en harmoniserande rörighet. Under rörigheten finns ändå en underliggande struktur som håller uppslagen samman. De andra tidningarna skapar en rörighet genom varierande layout av bilder och text. Voyage skapar rörighet genom dekorativa element.

Ο αγροτικός τομέας αποτελεί ένα σημαντικό παράγοντα οικονομικής και κοινωνικής συνοχής στην Ελλάδα, τόσο σε εθνικό όσο και σε περιφερειακό επίπεδο. Είναι ένας τομέας με μεγάλα περιθώρια αναπτύξεως, διότι η χώρα μας κατέχει σημαντικά συγκριτικά πλεονεκτήματα για την ανάπτυξή του. Για την ανάπτυξη του αγροτικού τομέα ακρογωνιαίο λίθο αποτελεί η οργανωμένη διαχείριση των καλλιεργειών. Ο κύριος παράγοντας για την ανάπτυξη των καλλιεργειών είναι η άρδευσή τους, και ακόμη περισσότερο ο βέλτιστος τρόπος άρδευσης. Σημαντικό ρόλο παίζει η εκπαίδευση των καλλιεργητών στην εξοικονόμηση νερού, για παράδειγμα σχετικά με τις ανάγκες σε χρόνο άρδευσης, τη ρύθμιση της ποσότητας νερού ανάλογα με το είδος της καλλιέργειας. Στην Ελληνική πραγματικότητα σε πολλές περιοχές δεν υφίσταται υποδομή της ΔΕΗ, και αυτός είναι ένας από τους βασικούς λόγους για τον οποίο οι καλλιεργητές χρησιμοποιούν πατροπαράδοτους τρόπους για την άρδευση, όπως τα αυλάκια, οι λεκάνες και διαδικασίες που στηρίζονται στη χρήση πετρελαίου. Οι συγκεκριμένοι τρόποι έχουν αρνητικές περιβαλλοντικές και οικονομικές επιπτώσεις. Σκοπός αυτής της μεταπτυχιακής διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι οικονομοτεχνικής αξιολόγησης συστημάτων ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας για την άρδευση γεωργικών εκτάσεων στο Θεσσαλικό κάμπο με τη χρήση φωτοβολταϊκών στοιχείων ή συστήματος Βιομάζας, σε μία περιοχή στην οποία δεν είναι συνδεδεμένη με το δίκτυο της ΔΕΗ. Το πρώτο στάδιο περιλαμβάνει µία γενική αναφορά στις Ανανεώσιμες Πηγές Ενέργειας (ΑΠΕ), στην ανάπτυξή τους και η χρήση τους στον Ευρωπαϊκό Χώρο. Σε δεύτερο στάδιο παρουσιάζονται πληροφορίες για την ηλιακή ενέργεια και τα φωτοβολταϊκά στοιχεία, σχετικά µε την κατασκευή, τη λειτουργία και τις εφαρμογές τους. Το τρίτο στάδιο αναπτύσσεται η έννοια της Βιομάζας, οι επιπτώσεις και οι προοπτικές της. Στο τέταρτο στάδιο γίνεται αναφορά στους τρόπους άρδευσης γεωργικών εκτάσεων και τα πλεονεκτήματα και τα μειονεκτήματα αυτών. Το πέμπτο στάδιο αναφέρεται στη μεθοδολογία αξιολόγησης συστημάτων άρδευσης με την χρήση φωτοβολταϊκών και με τη χρήση συστήματος Βιομάζας. Στη συνέχεια ακολουθεί η παρουσίαση του προβλήματος, η πιλοτική εφαρμογή με τη χρήση διαφόρων παραδοχών και τα αποτελέσματα αυτών. Στο τέλος παραθέτονται τα συμπεράσματα. / The agricultural sector constitute an important factor for the economic and social cohesion of Greece, both at national and regional level. It is a sector, which has great growth margins, because our country holds major comparative advantages for development. The rational crop management is the cornerstone of agricultural sector. The optimal way of irrigation influence the crop growth. Grower have to be educated so as understand the importance to save water in the procedure of irrigation, for example how often they have to irrigate their crops, the amount of water considering the type of crop, et all.. In the Greek reality there are areas that have no electric power supply by the grid system, and this is one of the main reasons why irrigation is achieved using traditional ways such as furrows, basins and by fuel powered individual pumps. These ways have negative environmental and economic consequences. The aim of this graduate diploma thesis is the study of the financial and technical assessment of renewable energy systems for the irrigation of agriculture areas in Thessaly (Greece) using photovoltaic (PV) elements or biomass system, in an area which is not connected to the grid. In the first stage of the dissertation are presented a general introduction to the Renewable Energy Sources (RES), their development and their use in the European Area. In a second stage we proceed with the solar energy systems and the PV elements (construction, operation, applications and cost).. The third stage are mentioned the system of biomass, the impacts and prospects. Following we refer to the ways of farmland irrigation and their advantages/disadvantages. The whole irrigation problem is examined and alternative solutions are proposed. Finally, the results are presented and conclusions are drawn.

Univ., Diss.--Paris, 2004.