Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:59:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 451351.pdf: 4610584 bytes, checksum: 7eaa5f03071c1e8bf740f642f617913b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-06 / The removal of chromium from effluents is usually done by chemical precipitation. Although relatively simple and economical, this process produces a large amount of sludge and furthermore, it may be necessary to apply a final polishing of the effluent to attain the emission limits. The treatment process by adsorption is an alternative method for removing metals, which conventionally is used the activated carbon, however this method is costly and can unfeasible your use. Thus, the main objective of this study is to develop a method suitable for use of forest residues from araucaria, pine and eucalyptus as biosorbents chromium from electroplating industrial effluent. The biosorbents used in the tests were prepared and characterized in powder form unwashed, powder subjected to washing and its aqueous extracts. The concentrations of Cr(VI) and Cr(III), as well as parameters of conformity were analyzed before and after treatment. The biosorption tests were performed in batch, continuous and mixed system (batch followed by mixed system), with dilute solutions containing Cr(VI) and Cr(III) and also with the effluent. The final destination of chromium adsorbed on solids was also studied. The results show that the method of biosorption, employed in this study, has the ability to remove chromium solutions / effluent, attain environmental limits. The pine is distinguished as the best biosorbent total chromium and eucalyptus produces the best extracts to reduce Cr(VI). Incineration is the most viable alternative for recovery of chromium adsorbed on biosorbents. The low cost, quantity and ease of preparation of biosorbents attending the conformities of use, should be taken into account when comparing feasibility of application. / A remo??o de cromo de efluentes geralmente ? feita atrav?s da precipita??o qu?mica. Embora seja relativamente simples e econ?mico, esse processo gera grande volume de lodo, e em alguns casos, ? necess?ria a aplica??o de um polimento final do efluente para atingir os limites de emiss?o. No processo de tratamento por adsor??o, para a remo??o de metais, convencionalmente ? utilizado o carv?o ativado, entretanto ? de alto custo e pode inviabilizar seu uso. Desta forma, o objetivo principal deste trabalho ? desenvolver um m?todo apropriado para uso dos res?duos florestais oriundos da arauc?ria, pinus e eucalipto como biossorventes de cromo de efluente industrial de galvanoplastia. Os biossorventes usados nos testes foram preparados e caracterizados sob forma de p? n?o lavado, p? submetido ? lavagem e seus extratos aquosos. As concentra??es de Cr(VI) e Cr(III), bem como par?metros de conformidade, foram analisados antes e ap?s o tratamento. Os testes de biossor??o foram realizados em batelada, fluxo cont?nuo e sistema misto (batelada seguido de fluxo cont?nuo), com solu??es dilu?das contendo Cr(VI) e Cr(III) e tamb?m com o efluente industrial. Tamb?m foi estudada a destina??o final do cromo adsorvido nos s?lidos. Os resultados apontam que o m?todo de biossor??o, empregado neste estudo, tem capacidade de remover cromo das solu??es/efluente, atendendo os limites ambientais. O pinus destaca-se como o melhor biossorvente de cromo total e o eucalipto produz o melhor extrato para a redu??o do Cr(VI). A incinera??o ? a alternativa mais vi?vel para recupera??o do cromo adsorvido nos biossorventes. O baixo custo, a quantidade e a facilidade de prepara??o dos biossorventes atendendo as conformidades de uso, devem ser levados em conta na compara??o de viabilidade de aplica??o.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:59:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 463988.pdf: 1527906 bytes, checksum: 9a3c3ab5218bb7340aa6e1c30278870c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-29 / The study of the extraction of substances with value-added from waste of the wine industry is proposed due to the annual generating thousands of tons of seeds and cables, called bagasse, coming wineries of the productive region of the northeastern state of Rio Grande do Sul processes. At this moment, this material is perceived as process residue and used only as raw material for composting. Studies show that grape seed (Vitis vinifera L.) may contain compounds with high antioxidant power. The antioxidant power of the extract gives it desirable characteristics for applications in human health, and can be used as food, medicine and cosmetic formulation. In this work the grape waste were collected 20 to 30 days post-pressing and separated into two fractions: one composed only by grape seeds and the other by the remaining material (pulp, peel and bits of curl). Both fractions were subjected to supercritical extraction process using carbon + water and carbon dioxide as solvents. Process operating conditions were: temperature 35 ? C and pressures of 100, 120, 150, 200 and 250 bar, yielding data for construction of yield versus time curves. Then the mathematical modeling was applied to represent the extraction process, this study grounded on the knowledge of mass transfer. Regarding the extracts, they were assessed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl), aimed to determining the antioxidant power. As a result, it was observed that the extracts of the pulp, and pieces of bark curl had a high antioxidant power and the mathematical model employed showed high adherence to the experimental data represented by the extraction curve. / O estudo da extra??o de subst?ncias com valor agregado dos res?duos da ind?stria vin?cola ? proposto devido ? gera??o anual de milhares de toneladas de sementes e cabos, chamados de baga?o, oriundos dos processos produtivos das vin?colas da regi?o nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. At? o presente momento este material ? percebido como res?duo de processo e utilizado somente como mat?ria-prima para compostagem. Estudos demonstram que as sementes de uva (Vitis vin?fera L.) podem conter compostos com elevado poder antioxidante. O poder antioxidante do extrato confere a ele caracter?sticas desej?veis para aplica??es em benef?cio da sa?de humana, podendo ser utilizado como alimento, medica??o e na formula??o de cosm?ticos. Neste trabalho os res?duos de uva foram coletados 20 a 30 dias p?s-prensagem e separado em duas fra??es: uma constitu?da s? por sementes de uva e a outra pelo material restante (polpa, casca e peda?os de cacho). As duas fra??es foram submetidas ao processo de extra??o supercr?tica, utilizando di?xido de carbono e di?xido de carbono + ?gua como solventes. As condi??es operacionais de processo foram as seguintes: temperatura de 35?C e press?es de 100, 120, 150 200 e 250 bar, gerando curvas de rendimento versus tempo. Aplicou-se ent?o a modelagem matem?tica ao processo de extra??o, estudo este embasado nos conhecimentos de transfer?ncia de massa. Em rela??o aos extratos, os mesmos foram analisados pela metodologia DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazil), visando ? determina??o do poder antioxidante. Como resultado, observou-se que os extratos da polpa, casca e peda?os de cacho tiveram um elevado poder antioxidante e o modelo matem?tico empregado apresentou alta ader?ncia aos dados experimentais representados pela curva de extra??o.

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-06-30T18:08:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_SERGIO_ROBERTO_DA_SILVA_COMPLETO.pdf: 2644731 bytes, checksum: 207623c4aecda0de23cefed577f3f2d6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-30T18:08:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_SERGIO_ROBERTO_DA_SILVA_COMPLETO.pdf: 2644731 bytes, checksum: 207623c4aecda0de23cefed577f3f2d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Nowadays, searching for alternatives materials for the construction industry has become imperative. Construction and demolition waste (CDW) and by-products from the thermoelectric industries, such as fly ash, are the subject of studies in several segments of the construction industry. Their use can be one of many significant efforts to achieve a more sustainable construction. This paper studies the influence of the interactions and incorporations of CDW and fly ash on the concrete properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) and particle size distribution analysis were used to characterize the investigated materials. The mechanical properties (compressive strength and splitting strength) and durability (water absorption and carbonation depth) of concrete with different CDW contents (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) were investigated as a coarse aggregate (10%, 15%, 25% and 30%) replacing Portland cement in different water/binder ratios (0.40, 0.45, 0.50, 0, 55 and 0.65). Based on the results, it was observed that the addition of fly ash replacing the Portland cement in concretes with CDW causes a reduction in mechanical properties and durability of concretes in the early ages. However, as the fly ash content increases in concretes with CDW there is an increase in the compressive strength ratio (fc91/fc28), and as the time of exposure to CO2 advances the carbonation coefficient tends to decrease. / A busca de novos materiais para o emprego na ind?stria da constru??o civil se faz necess?rio nos dias atuais. O res?duo da constru??o e demoli??o (RCD) e os subprodutos das ind?strias termoel?tricas como a cinza volante s?o objetos de estudos em diversos segmentos da ind?stria da constru??o civil, e a adi??o destes materiais pode ser um dos esfor?os significativos para se alcan?ar uma constru??o mais sustent?vel. Neste trabalho foram estudadas a influ?ncia das intera??es e incorpora??es de RCD e cinza volante nas propriedades dos concretos. Para a caracteriza??o dos materiais investigados foram utilizadas as t?cnicas de Difra??o de raios X (DRX), an?lise qu?mica por Espectrometria de Fluoresc?ncia de raios X (FRX) e an?lise de distribui??o granulom?trica ? laser. Foram investigadas as propriedades mec?nicas (compress?o axial e tra??o por compress?o diametral) e de durabilidade (absor??o d??gua e resist?ncia ? carbonata??o) dos concretos com diferentes teores de RCD (25%, 50%, 75% e 100%) como agregado gra?do reciclado em substitui??o ao gra?do natural e adi??o de cinza volante (10%, 15%, 25% e 30%) em substitui??o ao cimento Portland em diferentes rela??es ?gua/aglomerante (0,40, 0,45, 0,50, 0,55 e 0,65). Com base nos resultados observou-se que a adi??o de cinza volante em substitui??o ao cimento Portland em concretos com RCD causa uma redu??o nas propriedades mec?nicas e de durabilidade nos concretos nas primeiras idades. Entretanto, ? medida que o teor de cinza volante aumenta nos concretos com RCD h? um aumento na taxa de resist?ncia ? compress?o axial (fc91/fc28), e ? medida que o tempo de exposi??o ao CO2 vai se avan?ando o coeficiente de carbonata??o tende a diminuir.

Submitted by Jadson Francisco de Jesus SILVA (jadson@uefs.br) on 2018-01-29T23:45:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Safira Ferreira de Melo Rios.pdf: 4123737 bytes, checksum: ac40710a6a79f6c8561eb46f6072996b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-29T23:45:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Safira Ferreira de Melo Rios.pdf: 4123737 bytes, checksum: ac40710a6a79f6c8561eb46f6072996b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-21 / The process of extraction and processing of limestone rocks from the Cariri region of Cear? generates an estimated loss of 70% of the total extracted. The volume of waste generated is significant. To mitigate the environmental impacts generated by the inadequate disposition of the sawdust waste from the Cariri stone (RSPC), the aim of this current study is verify the influence of the use of this waste as a partial replacement of the aggregate in the production of mortars. For this, the natural aggregate was replaced by the RSPC at a rate of 10, 20 and 30%. The cement/sand ratio used was 1: 5 by mass, and the consistency index was fixed in 260 ? 5 mm. Were evaluated the properties of the mortars in the fresh state (water retention, incorporated air content, mass density and rheology through squeeze-flow) and in the hardened state (flexural tensile strength, compressive strength, adhesive strength ,drying shrinkage, absorption byimmersion and void index, and absorption by capillary). The replacement of the natural sand by the RSPC provided an improvement both in the properties of the mortar in the fresh state and in the hardened state. With the exception of the shrinkage, which was higher for the mortars with RSPC, and the adhesive strength, which was equivalent to the reference mortar. In this way, it concludes is possible use of the RSPC as a partial replacement of the natural aggregate. / O processo de extra??o e de beneficiamento da rocha calc?ria da regi?o do Cariri cearense (Pedra Cariri), gera uma perda estimada em 70% do total extra?do. Acarretando um significativo volume de res?duos gerados. Com o intuito de mitigar os impactos ambientais gerados pela disposi??o inadequada do res?duo de serragem da pedra Cariri (RSPC), este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a influ?ncia da utiliza??o do referido res?duo, como substituto parcial do agregado na produ??o de argamassas. Para tanto, foi realizada a substitui??o, em massa, do agregado natural pelo RSPC nos teores de 10, 20 e 30%. O tra?o utilizado foi 1:5, em massa, e o ?ndice de consist?ncia foi fixado em 260 ? 5 mm. Foram determinadas as propriedades das argamassas no estado fresco (reten??o de ?gua, teor de ar incorporado, densidade de massa e reologia por meio do squeeze-flow) e no estado endurecido (resist?ncia ? tra??o na flex?o, resist?ncia ? compress?o, resist?ncia de ader?ncia ? tra??o, retra??o por secagem, absor??o por imers?o e ?ndice de vazios e absor??o por capilaridade). A substitui??o da areia natural pelo RSPC proporcionou melhoria tanto nas propriedades da argamassa no estado fresco, quanto no estado endurecido. Com exce??o da retra??o, que foi maior para as argamassas com RSPC, e da resist?ncia de ader?ncia ? tra??o, que foi equivalente ? argamassa de refer?ncia. Desta forma, conclui-se que ? poss?vel utilizar at? 30% de RSPC em substitui??o ao agregado natural.

Submitted by Verena Pereira (verenagoncalves@uefs.br) on 2018-07-12T21:46:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JORGE LUIZ PEIXOTO BISPO.pdf: 1928389 bytes, checksum: 3d95674032c8b830a0db8b942fc740ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-12T21:46:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JORGE LUIZ PEIXOTO BISPO.pdf: 1928389 bytes, checksum: 3d95674032c8b830a0db8b942fc740ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-27 / The aim of this study was to analyze the in vitro efficacy of crude extracts of agroindustrial residues obtained from fruits against engorged females of Rhipicephalus microplus, using the adult immersion test. The first chapter gathers studies about the fruits used in this study and the bovine ectoparasites of economic importance. In the second chapter, the fruit residues of Spondias mombin, Tamarindus indica, Genipa americana and Citrus latifolia were submitted to maceration with ethanol to obtain the extracts. Engorged females were collected for acaricidal evaluation. The treatments consisted of six groups with extracts at 50 mg mL-1 concentration and two control groups (positive: fipronil and negative: 70 % ethanol). The extract of S. mombin fruit peel showed an acaricidal efficiency of 96.37 %. In order to investigate the mechanism of acaricide action, the in vitro effect of the extracts against acetylcholinesterase was evaluated and only the extract of the bagasse of C. latifolia showed a correlation with the acaricide effect. The extracts were monitored by high performance liquid chromatography and identified derivatives of phenolic compounds. In the third chapter, the fruit extract of S. mombin presented an acaricidal efficacy of 98.4 % at a concentration of 12.5 mg mL-1 and larvicidal efficacy of 84.8 % at a concentration of 25 mg mL-1. After fractionation of the S. mombin extract, the fraction with the major inhibition potential of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme was identified. The active fraction was analyzed by gas chromatography and a mixture of unsaturated fatty acids and terpenoids were identified, which act synergistically in the acaricidal action / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a efic?cia in vitro dos extratos bruto de res?duos agroindustriais contra f?meas ingurgitadas de Rhipicephalus microplus, utilizando o teste de imers?o de adultos. O primeiro cap?tulo re?ne estudos sobre os frutos utilizados neste trabalho e os ectoparasitos bovinos de import?ncia econ?mica. No segundo cap?tulo, os res?duos dos frutos de Spondias mombin, Tamarindus indica, Genipa americana e Citrus latifolia foram submetidos a macera??o com etanol para obten??o dos extratos. F?meas ingurgitadas foram coletadas para avalia??o acaricida. Os tratamentos foram constitu?dos por seis grupos com extratos na concentra??o 50 mg mL-1 e dois grupos controles (positivo: fipronil; e negativo: etanol 70 %). O extrato da casca do fruto de S. mombin apresentou efic?cia de 96,37 %. Com o intuito de investigar o mecanismo de a??o acaricida, foi avaliado o efeito in vitro dos extratos frente a acetilcolinesterase e apenas o extrato do baga?o de C. latifolia apresentou correla??o com o efeito acaricida. Os extratos foram monitorados por cromatografia l?quida de alta efici?ncia e identificado derivados de compostos fen?licos. No terceiro cap?tulo o extrato da casca do fruto de S. mombin apresentou uma efic?cia acaricida de 98,4 % a uma concentra??o de 12,5 mg mL-1 e efic?cia larvicida de 84,8 % a uma concentra??o 25 mg mL-1. Ap?s o fracionamento do extrato de S. mombin, foi identificada a fra??o com maior potencial de inibi??o da enzima acetilcolinesterase. A fra??o ativa foi analisada por cromatografia gasosa e identificou-se mistura de ?cidos graxos insaturados e terpen?ides, que agem sinergicamente na a??o acaricida

A dissertação se ocupa da análise da coisa julgada sobre a sentença genérica coletiva de procedência que, segundo a regra do artigo 95 do Código de Defesa do Consumidor brasileiro, tem por objeto a fixação de responsabilidade do réu para efeitos da tutela coletiva de direitos individuais homogêneos. O primeiro capítulo analisa a ação civil coletiva do direito brasileiro, com particular ênfase para a repartição da atividade cognitiva entre as questões comuns, objeto da ação coletiva propriamente dita, e das questões particulares que constituem objeto das ações complementares em que se apuram a titularidade e o conteúdo dos direitos individuais a cuja tutela se direciona o procedimento. O capítulo seguinte realiza uma revisão da teoria da coisa julgada, sob a ótica da vinculação da jurisdição moderna à tutela dos direitos previamente reconhecidos pela ordem jurídica, que passam a constituir a unidade mínima estrutural do processo civil. Finalmente, o último capítulo classifica a sentença genérica coletiva como modalidade de sentença parcial de mérito e examina diferentes teorias que buscaram explicar a estabilidade desse tipo de decisão. Os resultados atingidos são aplicados para se estudar a viabilidade do estabelecimento de parâmetros de liquidação na própria sentença genérica e a obrigatoriedade das questões resolvidas pela sentença genérica em ações conexas à ação coletiva / This dissertation deals with the analysis of the effects of res judicata upon the generic collective sentence which, according to article 95 of Brazilian Consumers Defense Code, has for object the fixation of defendants liability in the context of collective redress of individual rights. First Chapter analyses the civil collective action in Brazilian law, emphasizing the bifurcation of procedure that separates the decision of common issues, which are tried in the collective suit; and of particular issues, that constitute the object of complementary suits in which are tried the ownership and contents of individual claims. The following Chapter reviews the theory of res judicata in civil procedure, under the perspective of modern jurisdictions function of protection of rights previously recognized by law, making them the minimal structural unit of civil procedure. Finally, the last Chapter classifies the generic collective sentence as a species of partial sentence on the merits, and reviews different theories that tried to explain the stability of this sort of decision in order to identify its defining features. The results achieved are applied in the study of admissibility of claim-value definition in the very generic collective sentence, as well as in the binding effect of the common issue resolution in parallel suits.

La cohabitation entre la révision en matière pénale et l’autorité de la chose jugée constitue la pierre angulaire de notre réflexion. En effet, en autorisant la remise en cause d’une décision définitive, la révision déroge au principe cardinal de l’immutabilité des décisions de justice une fois celles-ci revêtues de l’autorité de la chose jugée. Dès lors, en matière de révision, la difficulté consiste, pour le législateur et les juges, à trouver le bon équilibre entre ces deux impératifs afin d’organiser une révision qui concilie le respect dû à la chose jugée et l’exigence de justice liée à la réparation des erreurs de fait commises par les juridictions répressives. L’étude démontre qu’antérieurement à la réforme de la révision par la loi n° 2014-640 du 20 juin 2014, le choix de la logique oppositionnelle entre le pourvoi en révision et l’autorité de la chose jugée l’avait emporté. C’est ainsi qu’il était fait droit à une conception plutôt restrictive et fermée de la révision, orientation préjudiciable à l’éclosion des aspects pourtant libéraux de la loi n° 89-431 du 23 juin 1989. L’antagonisme entre le pourvoi en révision et l’autorité de la chose jugée est toujours perceptible dans le nouveau texte. Cette retenue n’est pas sans conséquences sur la qualité du texte et sur ses nouvelles prétentions. / The coexistence between the procedure of retrial in criminal matters and the authority of res judicata is the cornerstone of this analysis. Understood as an authorization to question a final decision, the procedure of retrial reflects an exception to the fundamental principle of immutability of the judgments which have gained the authority of res judicata. Therefore, the challenge for legislators and judges in matters of revision is to find the right balance between those two imperatives and to organize a review procedure which reconciles the respect of res judicata and the related necessity to repair justice errors made by the criminal courts. The study shows that prior to the reform of the retrial procedure by Act No. 2014-640 of June 20, 2014, the choice of understanding the retrial as opposed to the authority of res judicata had prevailed. Consequently it had granted a rather restrictive design to the review procedure, and had damaged by the same, the rather liberal aspects of Law No. 89-431 of June 23, 1989. However, the antagonism between retrial and the authority of res judicata is still noticeable in the new text. This restraint is not without consequences to the quality of that text and to any new claims referring to the latter.

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2015-05-26T12:03:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 469157 Texto Completo.pdf: 5491426 bytes, checksum: 70928b8d7df098aeea8a33c69facb91e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-26T12:03:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 469157 Texto Completo.pdf: 5491426 bytes, checksum: 70928b8d7df098aeea8a33c69facb91e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The essential oil industry in Brazil is in full development, especially due to the researches conducted, thus expanding the knowledge of producers through relationships with universities. The extraction process by steam-dragging of essential oils is the most applied process in the industry of this segment, mainly because of its simplicity and low cost. Studies which involve this process have already gone beyond the knowledge of chemical composition, quality and applications. Currently, globalized world has the need for studies on the environmental variable for its survival, therefore this study aimed at analyzing the environmental impact caused by residues from the extraction process by steam-dragging of essential oils from aromatic plants, such as: Rosmarinus officinalis L., Piper hispidinervum C. CD., Pinus taeda L. e Pinus elliottii Engelm. The residues generated by the process are solid and effluent ones. Solid residues are only assessed as the mass generation; differently, the effluents were characterized by the analysis of environmental standards.Thus, it was possible to divide these analyzes by studying the following physicochemical parameters: pH, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, color, turbidity, electrical conductivity, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, suspended solids, dissolved solids and total solids. The results indicate that the selected parameters of the analyzes of effluents generated in the extraction process by steam-dragging of essential oils of each one of the aromatic plants under study may be impactful for the environment in virtue of their values are not in accordance with those laid down in the environmental legislation in force. / A ind?stria de ?leos essenciais no Brasil est? em pleno desenvolvimento, principalmente em fun??o das pesquisas desenvolvidas, ampliando assim o conhecimento dos produtores atrav?s das rela??es com as universidades. A extra??o por arraste a vapor de ?leo essencial ? o processo mais aplicado na ind?stria deste segmento, principalmente em fun??o da simplicidade e baixo custo. Os estudos envolvendo este processo j? ultrapassam o conhecimento da composi??o qu?mica, qualidade e aplica??es. Atualmente, o mundo globalizado apresenta a necessidade de estudos a respeito da vari?vel ambiental para sua sobreviv?ncia, por isso o presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o impacto ambiental gerado pelos res?duos do processo de extra??o por arraste a vapor de ?leo essencial de plantas arom?ticas, tais como: Rosmarinus officinalis L., Piper hispidinervum C. CD., Pinus taeda L. e Pinus elliottii Engelm. Os res?duos gerados no processo s?o s?lidos e efluentes. Os res?duos s?lidos s?o avaliados apenas quanto ? gera??o em massa, j? os efluentes foram caracterizados atrav?s de an?lises dos padr?es ambientais.Sendo assim, foi poss?vel dividir estas an?lises atrav?s do estudo dos seguintes par?metros f?sico-qu?micos: pH, oxig?nio dissolvido, demanda qu?mica de oxig?nio, demanda bioqu?mica de oxig?nio, carbono org?nico total, cor, turbidez, condutividade el?trica, nitrog?nio amoniacal, nitrato, nitrito, s?lidos suspensos, s?lidos dissolvidos e s?lidos totais. Os resultados mostram que os par?metros selecionados das an?lises dos efluentes gerados no processo de extra??o por arraste a vapor de ?leos essenciais de cada uma das plantas arom?ticas em estudo poder?o ser impactantes ao meio ambiente em virtude de seus valores estarem em desacordo com os estabelecidos na legisla??o ambiental vigente.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:58:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006- Rafael Marques Nogueira.pdf: 1478279 bytes, checksum: 63c3bbacfbc19aa84e5b5b0b5f2c26ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-23 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The present work was developed at the Integrated System of Agroecological Production ( Agroecological Small Farm of the Km 49 ), which is conducted through partnership among three institutions: Embrapa, UFRRJ and PESAGRO-RIO. Two experiments were done, one of them installed at orange tree orchard files and the other in an area cultivated with papaya trees Baixinho de Santa Am?lia . The objectives of the first experiment were to evaluate the effects of the dead cover banana tree pseudo-stem application in some chemical, physical and biological soil variables as: temperature, humidity, available contents of some essential elements and soil macro and mesofauna communities. Moreover, it was done an evaluation of the nutrient contents of the orange leaf tissues. In the second experiment at the papaya orchad, the effects of dead cover application were observed on the plants development, the nutrient contents of the leaf tissues and on the spontaneous plants population. The experimental design was of random blocks, with three treatments: an area maintained without covering, another with dead cover formed with the straw of Paspalum notatum grass (in the case of orange) or triturated Pennisetum purpureum cv. Napier grass (in the case of papaya); and the last formed with fragments of pseudo-stem of banana trees. For the humidity determination two methods were used, one through the gravimetric humidity (area with orange tree files) being collected in the depths of: 0-0,05; 0,05-0,10; 0,10-0,20; 0,20-0,40 m and other for tensiometry (area with papaya trees) in the depths of 0-0,10 and 0,10-0,20 m. The temperature was taken jointly with the humidity, with aid of the digital geothermometer in the layer of 0-0,05 m of the soil. For characterization of the edaphic fauna two methodologies were used: for collection of the mesofauna (Berlesse-T?llgren) and macrofauna (TSBF), being the samplings accomplished in the beginning and at the end (macrofauna) and in the beginning, middle and at the end (mesofauna) of the experiment. In the papaya tree plants, it was evaluated the height, diameter of the stem; the radius of the leaf blade; the petiole length; height at the beginning of the flowering and fructification. In relation to the spontaneous vegetation, collections were done for evaluation by the application of some phytossociological indexes. The results indicate that the pseudo-stem use increased the soil K+ content in the orange tree files and increased the P and K in the leaf tissues of both fruit bowls, and reduced the temperature and the hydric deficit in the first layers of the soil (up to 0,10 m) of the two areas. As for the edaphic fauna, was verified that the banana tree pseudo-stem reduced the individuals' medium density, differently of the effect of the covering of Paspalum notatum grass, when compared to the soil without dead cover. It was observed that the group Oligochaeta was expressive and negatively affected by the pseudo-stem cover. In the experiment with papaya trees, it was verified that the use of the pseudo-stem as dead cover provided a decrease in the incidence of the spontaneous vegetation, especially of the mad, beyond to contribute to the plants larger vegetative development in the juvenile phase. Like this, it was evidenced that the use of dead cover with fragments of banana tree pseudo-stem provided important impacts in some chemical, physical and biological characteristics of the soil, as well as in the phytossociology of spontaneous herbs and initial development of papaya trees. / Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no Sistema Integrado de Produ??o Agroecol?gica ( Fazendinha Agroecol?gica do Km 49 ), o qual ? conduzido atrav?s de parceria entre a Embrapa, UFRRJ e PESAGRO RIO. Foram feitos dois experimentos, sendo um instalado em pomar de laranjeira lima e outro em ?rea cultivada com mamoeiros Baixinho de Santa Am?lia . O primeiro teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da cobertura morta de pseudocaule de bananeira em vari?veis qu?micas, f?sicas e biol?gicas do solo, tais como: a temperatura, teor de umidade, teores dispon?veis de alguns elementos essenciais e comunidades de macro e mesofauna ed?ficas. Al?m disso, foi feita tamb?m uma avalia??o dos nutrientes essenciais nos tecidos foliares da laranjeira. No segundo experimento, foi avaliado o efeito da cobertura morta sobre o desenvolvimento das plantas, os teores de nutrientes nos tecidos foliares, na temperatura e umidade do solo e na popula??o de plantas espont?neas. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com tr?s tratamentos: ?rea mantida sem cobertura, com cobertura morta formada de palha de grama batatais (laranjeiras) ou capim napier triturado (mamoeiros); e com cobertura de fragmentos de pseudocaule de bananeiras. Na determina??o de umidade foram utilizados dois m?todos, um por meio da umidade gravim?trica (?rea com laranjeira lima) coletando-se nas profundidades de: 0-0,05; 0,05-0,10; 0,10-0,20; 0,20-0,40 m e outro por tensiometria (?rea com mamoeiros) nas profundidades de 0-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m. A temperatura foi tomada conjuntamente com a umidade, com aux?lio do geoterm?metro digital na camada de 0-0,05 m do solo. Para caracteriza??o da fauna ed?fica foram empregadas as metodologias para coleta da mesofauna (Berlese-T?llgren) e macrofauna (TSBF), sendo as amostragens realizadas no in?cio e ao final (macrofauna) e no in?cio, meados e ao final (mesofauna) do experimento. Nas plantas de mamoeiro, foram determinados a altura; o di?metro do caule; o raio do limbo foliar; o comprimento do pec?olo; a altura de in?cio de florescimento e o in?cio de frutifica??o. Em rela??o ? vegeta??o espont?nea, realizaram-se coletas para avalia??o atrav?s da aplica??o de ?ndices fitossociol?gicos. Evidencia-se a partir dos resultados que o uso de pseudocaule propiciou eleva??o no teor de K+ no solo cultivado com laranjeira lima e de P e K no tecido foliar de ambas fruteiras, assim como uma redu??o da temperatura e atenua??o do deficit h?drico nas primeiras camadas do solo (at? 0,10 m) das duas ?reas. Quanto ? fauna ed?fica, verificou-se que o pseudocaule promoveu redu??o na densidade m?dia de indiv?duos, diferentemente do efeito da cobertura de grama batatais, quando comparado ao solo sem cobertura morta. Observou-se que o grupo Oligochaeta foi expressiva e negativamente afetado pela cobertura com pseudocaule. No experimento com mamoeiros, verificou-se que a utiliza??o do pseudocaule como cobertura morta provocou diminui??o na incid?ncia da vegeta??o espont?nea, especialmente da tiririca, al?m de proporcionar ?s plantas maior desenvolvimento vegetativo na fase juvenil. Assim, evidenciou-se que o emprego de cobertura morta com fragmentos de pseudocaule de bananeira proporcionou impactos importantes em algumas caracter?sticas qu?micas, f?sicas e biol?gicas do solo, bem como na fitossociologia de ervas espont?neas e desenvolvimento inicial de mamoeiros.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-04T16:19:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - B?rbara Amorim Silva.pdf: 5390134 bytes, checksum: 32ec2143250d4b2b5d5a8de98ea88d9d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T16:19:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - B?rbara Amorim Silva.pdf: 5390134 bytes, checksum: 32ec2143250d4b2b5d5a8de98ea88d9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / The castor bean (Ricinus communis L) is a plant family Euphorbiaceae. Considered an oil of high economic value because this has a clearly defined market for the oil extracted from its seeds. The cake, which is a residue of this extraction, stands out for its high protein content. Among the proteins found in the cake stands ricin, a cytotoxin, which not allows its use as an alternative protein source for animal feed. In this study was used the extrusion-cooking technology, combined application of calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 in order to inactivate the protein fraction containing ricin. The extrusion process of cake castor oil was carried out using a Brabender DS20 cannon short. Was used the response surface methodology to investigate the effect of the interaction of parameters in the study. Was used a central composite design in order to evaluate the moisture effects (14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, and 21%), temperature (116?C, 130?C, 150?C, 170?C and 180?C) and concentration of Ca(OH)2.. As a comparative sample was used castor beans which were crushed to extract oil and cake which used as a sample without heat treatment, as standard. For the evaluation of physical-chemical, it was utilized methods of AOAC. The quantification of proteins was realized using the method of Bradford and the protein profile was electrophoresis-SDS-PAGE. Was used to mark the Biorad electrophoresis the methodology observed using the of preparation of the gels described by LaemmLi (1970). The results indicated that most of the different treatments performed totally changed the structure of ricin. Indizatily the possibility of total hydr?lise of this macromolecule. The application of extracts of castor oil in the gel electrophoresis allowed the observation of a clear chain A (RTA) and 38 kDa molecular weight B (RTB) molecular weight 36kDa. For the crude protein extract of bran molar mass chains A and B were approximately 37 kDa and 35 kDa respectively. The levels of protein extracted from the bran decreased 89% after extrusion. The results indicated that all treatments changed entirely the structure of ricin with the possibility of their having been a total hydrolysis of the polymer. According to tests performed and observed results, we conclude that the thermoplastic extrusion process is a suitable technology to decrease the activity of ricin / A mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.) ? uma planta da fam?lia Euforbi?cea que vem sendo muito estudada como fonte alternativa na produ??o de biodisel. O farelo, res?duo gerado ap?s a extra??o do ?leo da semente utilizando solvente, apresenta alto teor de prote?nas. Dentre as prote?nas encontradas na torta destaca-se a ricina, uma citotoxina, que inviabiliza sua utiliza??o como fonte prot?ica alternativa para alimenta??o animal. No presente estudo empregamos a extrus?o termopl?stica, associada ? aplica??o de hidr?xido de c?lcio Ca (OH)2 com o objetivo de inativar a fra??o prot?ica que contem a ricina. O processo de extrus?o do farelo de mamona foi realizado utilizando uma extrusora BRABENDER DS20 de canh?o curto. Utilizou-se a metodologia de superf?cie de resposta para verificar o efeito da intera??o dos par?metros estabelecidos no estudo. Foi utilizado um delineamento composto central rotacional a fim de avaliar os efeitos dos n?veis de umidade (14%, 16%, 20% e 21%), temperatura (116?C, 130?C, 150?C, 170?C e 180?C) e concentra??o Ca(OH)2.. Como amostra comparativa foi utilizada sementes de mamona da cultivar Paragua?? as quais foram esmagadas em prensa expeller at? extrair o ?leo e cuja torta foi utilizada como padr?o por apresentar maior integridade das cadeias polipept?dicas. Para a avalia??o das caracter?sticas f?sico-qu?micas, foram utilizados m?todos da AOAC, para quantifica??o de prote?nas foi utilizado o m?todo de Bradford e para avalia??o do perfil prot?ico foi utilizada a eletroforese- SDS-PAGE, atrav?s do sistema de eletroforese da marca Biorad com a metodologia de prepara??o dos g?is descrita por Laemmli (1970). Os m?todos de purifica??o usando a di?lise e precipita??o com sulfato de am?nio favoreceu para um bom rendimento quanto ao teor de prote?na, principalmente a ricina. A aplica??o dos extratos da torta de mamona no gel de eletroforese permitiu a observa??o n?tida das cadeias A (RTA) massa molar 38 kDa e B (RTB) massa molar 36kDa. Para o extrato prot?ico do farelo bruto a massa molar das cadeias A e B ficaram em torno 37 kDa e 35 kDa respectivamente. Os n?veis de prote?na extra?da do farelo diminu?ram 89% ap?s a extrus?o. Os resultados indicaram que todos os tratamentos realizados modificaram totalmente a estrutura da ricina, com possibilidade de ter havido hidr?lise total desta macromol?cula. De acordo com os ensaios realizados e resultados observados, conclui-se que o processo de extrus?o termopl?stica ? uma tecnologia adequada para diminuir a atividade da ricina. Palavras-chave: Citotoxina, Eletroforese