Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-04-20T12:31:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Eduardo Camelo de Castro - 2015.pdf: 5148354 bytes, checksum: bbedf154e2b63e301d86d884047f4fed (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-04-20T12:34:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Eduardo Camelo de Castro - 2015.pdf: 5148354 bytes, checksum: bbedf154e2b63e301d86d884047f4fed (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-20T12:34:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Eduardo Camelo de Castro - 2015.pdf: 5148354 bytes, checksum: bbedf154e2b63e301d86d884047f4fed (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-31 / OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the variability of three-dimensional automatic counting of follicles measuring between 2 - 6 mm and 2 - 10 mm during the menstrual cycle. Considering that this is a standard exam for the early follicular phase, to check if this test can be applied during other phases of the ovarian cycle. METHODS: A Prospective observational study. Serial transvaginal ultrasound scans were performed from 04/20/2013 to 10/30/2014 on infertile patients. Inclusion criteria included age between 18 and 35 years, body mass index 18-25 kg / m2, regular menstrual cycles, no history of ovarian surgery and no hormonal changes to TSH, prolactin, fasting insulin and fasting glucose. Those patients with ovarian cysts or who did not complete one or more days of the serial transvaginal ultrasound scans and who did not undergo three-dimensional (3D) scanning with the researcher, were excluded. The antral follicle count was taken in 3D mode with automated software. Visits were scheduled for early follicular (2 to 5 days), mid-follicular (days 6 - 10), periovulatory (days 12 - 16) and luteal (days 20 - 26) phases of the menstrual cycle. RESULTS: Forty-five women were included. The Friedman test showed that the total number of antral follicles measuring 2-6 mm varied significantly (p=0.001) across the four periods of the menstrual cycle. The Paired Student’s t-test showed a significant increase in follicles count 2-6 mm from the mid-follicular and periovulatory to the luteal phase. We found no significant intracycle variation between the small antral follicles (2-6 mm) in the early follicular, mid-follicular and periovulatory phases. The Friedman test showed that the total number of antral follicles measuring 2-10 mm varied significantly (p=0.003) across the menstrual cycle. Paired Student’s t-test showed a significant increase in count from the early follicular to the mid-follicular phase. CONCLUSIONS: The variation of three-dimensional automatic follicles counting 2-6 mm in the early follicular, mid-follicular and periovulatory phases was not statistically significant. There was a significant variation in the 3D automatic count of ovarian follicles measuring 2-10 mm during the menstrual cycle. The significant variability in the counting of antral follicles measuring 2-10 mm across the menstrual cycle does not permit this examination to be carried out of early follicular phase. / OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a variabilidade da contagem automática tridimensional dos folículos de 2 a 6 mm e de 2 a 10 mm durante o ciclo menstrual. Considerando que este exame esta padronizado para a fase folicular precoce, verificar se este teste pode ser aplicado durante as outras fases do ciclo ovariano. METODOLOGIA: Estudo prospectivo observacional. Foram incluídas todas as pacientes inférteis que fizeram monitorização da ovulação de 20/04/2013 a 30/10/2014, que tinham entre 18 e 35 anos, índice de massa corporal de 18 a 25 kg/m2, ciclos menstruais regulares, sem história de cirurgia ovariana e sem aterações hormonais sugestivas de doenças endócrinas como alteração da dosagem do TSH, prolactina, insulina de jejum e glicemia de jejum. Foram excluídas as pacientes que apresentaram cistos ovarianos, as que faltaram em um ou mais dias da monitorização da ovulação e as que não realizaram a monitorização no ultrassom tridimensional (3D) com o pesquisador. A contagem dos folículos antrais (CFA) foi feita pelo modo 3D com software de automação na fase folicular precoce (2º ao 5º dia), na fase folicular media (6º ao 10º dia), no período periovulatório (12º - 16º dia) e na fase lútea (20º ao 26º dia). RESULTADOS: Quarenta e cinco mulheres foram incluídas. Houve diferença entre as médias das contagens dos folículos que mediram de 2 a 6 mm (p=0,001) e 2 a 10 mm (p=0,003) pelo teste de Friedman que avaliou conjuntamente a CFA das quatro fases do ciclo. Quando se aplicou o teste t-Student pareado, houve um aumento significativo na CFA de 2 a 6 mm quando se comparou a contagem desses folículos na fase folicular média e periovulatória com a contagem da fase lútea. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre a contagem destes folículos pequenos nas fases folicular precoce, folicular média e periovulatória. Houve um aumento significativo na CFA de 2 a 10 mm da fase folicular precoce para a fase folicular média quando se aplicou o teste t-Student pareado. CONCLUSÕES: A variação da contagem automática tridimensional dos folículos de 2 a 6 mm, nas fases folicular precoce, folicular média e periovulatória, não mostrou significância estatística. Houve uma variação significativa da contagem automática 3D dos folículos ovarianos de 2 a 10 mm durante o ciclo menstrual. A variabilidade significativa da contagem dos folículos antrais de 2 a 10 mm durante o ciclo não permite que este exame seja realizado fora da fase folicular precoce.

O presente estudo propôs analisar a aplicabilidade do Código Florestal, devido à obrigatoriedade da recomposição da Reserva Florestal Legal, tendo como possibilidade de recomposição a compensação da Reserva Florestal Legal em outra propriedade desde que na mesma microbacia, e no máximo na mesma Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos. O objetivo geral do estudo foi ampliar o debate em torno da Reserva Florestal Legal e da sua compensação, por meio da análise de alguns conceitos considerados importantes para a gestão integrada floresta-água na propriedade rural. Tendo ainda como objetivos específicos: analisar as modificações ocorridas no Código Florestal Brasileiro no que diz respeito à Reserva Florestal Legal; identificar as vantagens técnicas ambientais da compensação; caracterizar os proprietários rurais de uma microbacia sobre a disposição em compensar a Reserva Florestal Legal; averiguar a necessidade de implantação de práticas educacionais e de fornecimento de informações legais voltadas ao proprietário rural, de forma a contribuir com a conservação da floresta e da água e colaborar para a regulamentação da compensação da Reserva Florestal Legal entre propriedades. Foi aplicado um questionário aos responsáveis por doze propriedades rurais localizadas no Município de Analândia, sendo 6 das propriedades localizadas na microbacia área de estudo, e seis delas localizadas em áreas adjacentes a esta microbacia, ambas pertencentes à subbacia Alto do Corumbataí. A microbacia de estudo foi escolhida por estar inserida na Bacia do Rio Corumbataí e ser uma área prioritária para a recuperação e a conservação florestal, além de ser uma das áreas próximas às cabeceiras de drenagem. Deve-se ressaltar sua importância na produção de água em quantidade e qualidade. As informações levantadas permitem concluir que o Código Florestal sofreu 67 alterações por meio de Medida Provisória, e, no entanto, ainda não existe regulamentação quanto à recomposição da Reserva Florestal Legal através da compensação. A possibilidade de se recompor a Reserva Florestal Legal por meio da compensação, é um instrumento muito importante para a gestão floresta-água. O desconhecimento da legislação e o desinteresse por parte dos proprietários rurais demonstram a necessidade de implantação de práticas educacionais, bem como a necessidade de se criar incentivos para a manutenção da cobertura florestal nas propriedades rurais. / The propose of this study was to analyze how The Code of Forestry is to be applied, in light of the compulsory requirement to restructure the Legal Forestry Reserve, one restructuring option being the payment of compensation by the Legal Forestry Reserve in the form of another property located in the same water basin, or at most in the same Hydro Resources Unit. The study had as its general objective the widening of discussion around the topic of the Legal Forestry Reserve and compensation by way of analysis of those ideas deemed essential for successful integrated Forestry/Water management of properties in rural areas. The study has the following specific objectives: analyzing the changes made to the Brazilian Forestry Code with regard to what it says about the Legal Forestry Reserve; identifying the technical and environmental advantages of the compensation program; making the owners of rural properties in the water basins aware of the Legal Forestry Reserve’s willingness to provide compensation; ascertaining the need to institute educational guidelines and a source of legal information that relate to owners of rural property so as to help promote the conservation of forest and water resources and collaboration with regard to regulating compensation paid by the Legal Forestry Reserve amongst the various properties. A questionnaire was submitted to twelve individuals responsible for rural properties located in the Municipality of Analândia. Six of these properties were located in the water basin under study, and six of them located out of this water basin. All the twelve properties belong to the sub-basin of Alto do Corumbataí, sandwiched in the River Corumbataí basin and being deemed a priority area regarding restoration and preservation of forest vegetation; as well as being one of the areas nearest to the drainage headwaters, an area whose importance is destined to revive through the production of good quality water in quantity. The information obtained led us to conclude that despite 67 (sixty-seven) changes made to the Forestry Code by way of a Provisional Ordinance, there is still, nevertheless, no regulatory framework in place governing the restructuring of the Legal Forestry Reserve through a program of compensation. The potential for restructuring the Legal Forestry Reserve through a compensation program is a way in the field of Forestry/Water management. Ignorance of the legislation in force or lack of interest on the part of owners of rural properties testify to the need to introduce a set of educational guidelines and foster incentives that will encourage the preservation of the current level of forest vegetation in properties located in rural areas.

A Doença de Parkinson (DP) é uma das doenças degenerativas do Sistema Nervoso Central que mais acomete indivíduos no mundo. Apesar de a DP ser descrita classicamente como desordem do movimento, sintomas não motores também fazem parte da apresentação da doença, como as alterações cognitivas, que podem estar presentes antes mesmo de os sintomas motores serem percebidos. Os principais domínios cognitivos afetados na DP são as funções executivas (FE). Estas consistem num contingente de funções de ordem superior, que são cruciais para cognição, emoção e comportamento. Muitos estudos abordam a influência das FE no controle da marcha, já que esta não é mais considerada como um ato motor puramente automático. De fato, existem componentes cognitivos na generalização e manutenção de um padrão de marcha consistente e normal, o que justifica os prejuízos neste controle interdependente entre FE e marcha na DP. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de um treino original de marcha com demandas motoras e cognitivas desafiadoras, integradas em um contexto funcional em pacientes com DP em estágio inicial. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico cego e randomizado realizado na Associação Brasil Parkinson em São Paulo. Participaram do estudo 25 pacientes com DP nos estágios 1 a 2,5 da escala Hoehn & Yahr. Eles foram distribuídos aleatoriamente nos grupos experimental (GE: 13 sujeitos) e controle (GC: 12 sujeitos). Os dois grupos foram submetidos a 10 sessões de treinamento, com duração de 60 minutos cada uma (divididos em 25 minutos de exercícios de mobilidade global e 35 minutos para os treinos específicos), com frequência de duas vezes por semana, por 5 semanas. O treino experimental consistiu em treino de marcha com demandas motoras desafiadoras e demandas cognitivas constituídas por seis tarefas que exigiam as principais FE envolvidas na realização da marcha, que foram integradas em um contexto funcional. O treino 12 controle consistiu apenas de demandas motoras desafiadoras. As principais medidas foram: (1) Dynamic Gait Index (DGI); (2) Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA); (3) teste de marcha em 30 segundos em dupla-tarefa cognitiva; (4) sessão II da Escala Unificada da Doença de Parkinson (UPDRS). Anova de medidas repetidas seguida de teste de Tukey avaliou a existência de diferenças dentro de cada grupo, em avaliações realizadas antes (AT), depois (DT) e após 60 dias do final do treinamento (RET). Resultados mostraram melhora estatisticamente significativa no DGI, MoCA, teste de marcha em dupla tarefa cognitiva, e sessão II da UPDRS. Entretanto, na medida de seguimento após 60 dias, para várias medidas foram observadas diferentes tendências entre os grupos: o GE apresentou uma tendência à manutenção dos ganhos, ao passo que o GC apresentou uma tendência à remissão dos ganhos. Conclui-se que os pacientes com DP lograram melhoras nos âmbitos motor, cognitivo e funcional por meio de um treinamento baseado na associação de tarefas cognitivas à marcha dentro de um contexto funcional, ganhos estes possivelmente mais estáveis em comparação aos oriundos do treino motor isolado / Parkinson\'s disease (PD) is one of the most frequent degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. Despite being classically described as a motor disorder, non-motor symptoms such as cognitive disorders are also part of the disease, and may be present even before patients become aware of their motor disorders. The main cognitive domains that are affected in PD are executive functions (EF). They consist of a number of higher-order functions, which are crucial for cognition, emotion and behavior. Several studies address influence of EF upon gait control, since gait is no longer considered as a purely automatic motor act. In fact, there are cognitive components in the generalization and maintenance of a normal consistent gait pattern. This helps explain why damages in EF affect gait control in PD, and gait affects EF. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an original gait training with challenging motor and cognitive demands, which are integrated in a functional context in patients with early PD. It consists of a blind randomized clinical trial, which was conducted at the Brazil Parkinson\'s Association in Sao Paulo. In the procedure 25 patients, with PD in stages 1 to 2.5 on Hoehn & Yahr scale, were randomly assigned to experimental group (13 subjects) and control group (12 subjects). Training consisted of 10 sessions, 60 minutes each. Sessions were divided into global mobility exercises (25 minutes) and training (35 minutes). Sessions occurred twice a week over five weeks. Experimental training consisted of a gait training with challenging motor demands and cognitive demands. There were six tasks that demanded important EF involved in gait performance, which were integrated into a functional context. Control training consisted only of challenging motor demands. Measures included: (1) Dynamic Gait Index (DGI); (2) Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA); (3) gait test for 30 seconds in dual-cognitive task; (4) session II of the Unified Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Repeated measures ANOVA followed by Tukey tests were used to assess the existence of differences 14 within each group, in measures taken before training, after training, and in a follow-up 60 days after training. Both groups showed improvement in DGI, MoCA, gait test in dual-cognitive task, and session II of the UPDRS. However, in the follow-up assessment 60 days after training different trends were observed between the groups: EG showed a tendency to maintain gains, whereas CG showed a tendency to remission of gains. In conclusion, PD patients showed improvements in motor, cognitive and functional areas through a combination of a training based on challenging cognitive tasks on gait integrated in a functional context. Such gains were possibly more stable than those derived from gait training alone

Introdução: O processo de envelhecimento reprodutivo ocorre em virtude do declínio progressivo na quantidade e qualidade de óvulos que se inicia após a puberdade, se mantém ao longo da menacme, com redução gradual da fertilidade, e termina na menopausa, caracterizada pelo esgotamento do número de folículos e, consequentemente, da reserva ovariana funcional (ROF). A vida pré-natal constitui um importante período para o desenvolvimento dos órgãos genitais internos femininos e mudanças nessa fase podem ter repercussões futuras: quando o feto é submetido a condições adversas intrauterinas, mecanismos metabólicos e endócrinos de adaptação podem mudar o eixo metabólico pós-natal predispondo a certas doenças na vida adulta. Com base nesses dados, postulou-se que condições desfavoráveis de vida intrauterina que poderiam se refletir com alterações do peso ao nascer (PN) poderiam levar à reprogramação de genes envolvidos no controle da ROF e que talvez nascer pequeno para idade gestacional (PIG) ou grande (GIG) possibilitaria a interferência com a ROF estimada por meio das concentrações séricas do hormônio antimülleriano (AMH). Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação do PN com a ROF, estimada por meio da concentração sérica do AMH em mulheres na menacme com 34 a 35 anos de idade. Pacientes e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal aninhado a uma coorte de mulheres que nasceram no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP), no período de 01 de junho de 1978 e 31 de maio de 1979. O desfecho primário avaliado foi a concentração sérica de AMH, um marcador da ROF, e sua correlação com o PN, divididos em três grupos: PIG, adequado para a idade gestacional (AIG) e GIG. Resultados: Das 274 pacientes incluídas no estudo, 19 foram classificadas como PIG, 238 como AIG e 17 como GIG. As concentrações médias de AMH não foram significativamente diferentes (p=0,11) entre mulheres na menacme nascidas PIG, AIG e GIG (2,14 ng/mL, 2,13 ng/mLe 2,57 ng/mL, respectivamente). Conclusão: Não se observou diferença nas concentrações séricas de AMH entre mulheres nascidas PIG, AIG e GIG avaliadas entre 34 e 35 anos de idade. A casuística avaliada permitiu detectar ou descartar uma grande diferença entre os grupos (effectsize de 0,7). Dessa forma, evidenciou-se que o PN não apresenta grande influência sobre a ROF, estimada pelas concentrações séricas do AMH, em mulheres na menacme, entre 34 e 35 anos de idade. Caso novos estudos evidenciem que diferenças pequenas ou moderadas nas concentrações séricas do AMH possam apresentar relevantes repercussões clínicas em mulheres nesta faixa etária, outras pesquisas serão necessárias, sendo os dados do presente estudo úteis para o cálculo amostral. / Background: The reproductive aging process occurs by a progressive decline in the quantity and quality of oocyte, starting after pubertal onset, remaining through menacme with gradual reduction of fertility and ends with menopause, which is the depletion of ovarian follicles and hence the depletion of functional ovarian reserve (FOR). Prenatal life corresponds to a critical window for the development of female internal genitalia and changes at this stage may have future repercussions: when the fetus is submitted to intra uterine adverse conditions, adaptive metabolic and endocrine mechanisms will change the metabolic axis in the postnatal period thereafter predisposing to several diseases in adulthood. Based on this correlation, we postulate that unfavorable conditions of intrauterine life that could reflect on birth weight (BW) could lead to the reprogramming of genes involved in the control of FOR and that maybe being born small for gestational age (SGA) or large for gestational age (LGA) could interfere with the FOR estimated through serum concentrations of Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). Objective: To investigate the relationship between BW and ROF estimated through AMH serum concentration in menacme women with 34-35 years old. Patients and Methods: This is a prospective birth cohort assessing all women who were born in Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) between June 1, 1978 and May 31, 1979. The primary endpoint was to evaluate serum AMH concentration, a marker of FOR and its correlation with BW divided into three groups: SGA, adequate for gestational age (AGA) and LGA. Results: Out of the 274 patients included in the study: 19 were classified as SGA, 238 as AGA, and 17 as LGA. The average of AMH concentrationwas not significantly different (p=0.11) among women in reproductive age born SGA, AGA and LGA (2.14 ng/mL, 2.13 ng/mL, and 2.57 ng/mL respectively. A variance analysis between the three groups and OR did not find a significant different between them (p=0.11). Conclusion: There was no difference in serum AMH concentration in women born SGA, AGA and LGA with 34 to 35 years old. This sample also allowed to detect or rule out a major difference between the groups (effect size of 0.7). In conclusion, BW does not have a great influence on FOR, estimated through serum AMH concentration in menacmewomen, between 34 and 35 years old. If new studies show clearly that small or moderate differences in serum AMH concentration could impact clinical outcomes in women at this age, further studies will be needed, and the data of this study could be useful for sample size calculation.

Orientadores: Carmenlucia Santos Giordano Penteado, Cassiana Maria Reganhan Coneglian / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T13:15:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Teodoro_IzabelaFreire_M.pdf: 5510567 bytes, checksum: 19941a37c1df07cbe5d4a51961f72209 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Os produtos farmacêuticos têm sido amplamente utilizados na medicina humana, veterinária, como cosméticos e produtos de higiene pessoal, sendo caracterizados como substâncias emergentes e de caráter poluidor. O aporte dessas substâncias nos corpos hídricos suscita riscos para o meio ambiente e saúde pública. Atualmente existe a preocupação principalmente no que se diz respeito ao descarte de medicamentos de uso domiciliar, pois não existem regulamentos específicos para tal no Brasil. O equacionamento do problema envolve a proposição de medidas conjuntas, com a participação dos consumidores, fabricantes, distribuidores de medicamentos, e o poder público. Esta pesquisa visou levantar dados e informações junto às farmácias e drogarias, unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) e população, bem como propor diretrizes para a implantação de programas de gestão e gerenciamento de resíduos de medicamentos de uso domiciliar no município de Limeira - SP. Nas entrevistas realizadas junto às 92 farmácias e drogarias de Limeira, conveniadas a AFAL - Associação de Farmácias de Limeira, e nas 14 Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município, identificou-se que os programas de coleta de medicamentos de uso domiciliar existentes não são eficazes e possuem abrangência limitada. As entrevistas realizadas junto à população do município identificaram os hábitos relacionados ao consumo, armazenamento e descarte de medicamentos, assim como a conscientização e sensibilização da população a cerca dos impactos do descarte inadequado destes resíduos. Em relação à forma de descarte dos medicamentos de uso domiciliar observou-se que dos 437 indivíduos entrevistados 1,5% retornam seus medicamentos vencidos nas farmácias; 12% retornam a alguma UBS; 6% armazenam, uma vez que não sabem como descartar; 68% descartam no lixo; 10% descartam no vaso sanitário ou na pia; e 2,5% queimam. Observou-se ainda que cerca de 40% dos indivíduos entrevistados não tem consciência dos impactos decorrentes do descarte inadequado e mais de 70% nunca receberam orientações sobre o descarte adequado. Os resultados indicam a necessidade da implantação de diretrizes consolidadas para elaboração de um plano de gestão e gerenciamento no município, embasados na logística reversa e responsabilidade compartilhada dos atores envolvidos na gestão dos resíduos de medicamentos de uso domiciliar. Com base nos dados levantados nesta pesquisa, foram formuladas diretrizes para a gestão e o gerenciamento destes resíduos e proposto um modelo de logística reversa para os mesmos, no âmbito municipal / Abstract: The pharmaceutical products have been widely used in human medicine, veterinary medicine, such as cosmetics and personal care products, being characterized as emerging substances and character polluter. The intake of these substances in water bodies raises risks for the environment and public health. Currently there is a concern especially in respect to the discarding of medicinal products for home, as there are no specific regulations for such in Brazil. The solving the problem involves the proposition of joint measures, with the participation of consumers, manufacturers, distributors of medicines, and the public power. This research took as case study of the municipality of Limeira, SP aiming at getting data and information from pharmacies and drugstores, basic health units and population, and propose guidelines for the implementation of programs of management and waste management of medicines household in the city. In the interviews with the 92 pharmacies and drugstores of Limeira, those affiliated the AFAL - Association of Pharmacies of Limeira, and in the 14 Basic Health Units of the municipality, it is identified that the collection programs of medicines to use existing home are not effective and have limited scope. The interviews conducted with the population of the municipality identified the habits related to consumption, storage and disposal of drugs, as well as the understanding and awareness of the population to some of the impacts of improper disposal of residues of medicinal products. In relation to the form of discarding of medicinal products for use at home it was observed that the 437 individuals interviewed 1.5 % return their medicines accrued in pharmacies; 12% are returning to some health unit; 6% store, since it does not know how discard; 68% are discarding in the trash; 10% are discarding the toilet or in the sink; and 2.5 % burn the medicines. It was observed that about 40% of the individuals interviewed are not aware of the impacts arising from the discard inappropriate and more than 70% never received guidelines about proper disposal. The results indicate the need for the deployment of consolidated guidelines for preparation of a management plan and management in the municipality, based in reverse logistics and shared responsibility of the actors involved in the management of waste medicines for use at home. Based on data gathered in this survey, were formulated guidelines for the management and management of the waste of medicines for use at home and was proposed a model of reverse logistics for the same, at the municipal level / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestra em Tecnologia

Orientador : Debora de Queiroz Tavares / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T22:28:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martini_MariaHelena_D.pdf: 15024202 bytes, checksum: 22ab2ff6f88e02fc090f712bfba73cea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Nos estudos sobre as reservas do mesofilo cotiledonar do gênero Theobroma destacam-se os trabalhos sobre sementes de T. cacao, fonte única da matéria prima do chocolate. Estas pesquisas preferenciam as mudanças ocorridas na estrutura celular durante a fermentação, secagem, torração; etapas do processo de produção do chocolate. Mais recentes são os trabalhos com sementes de T. grandiflorum utilizadas na elaboração do cupulate, produto com características semelhantes ao chocolate. O presente trabalho analisa as células de reserva lípide-proteicas e idioblastos de polifenóis de T. cacao, T. grandiflorum, T. subincanum, T. bicolor e T. speciosum. Em T. obovatum e T. microcarpum o estudo apresentou apenas as células polifenólicas. A distribuição dos glóbulos lipídicos nas células são análogas nestas espécies, isto é, localização periférica e extrema susceptibilidade ao calor, coalescendo sob condições térmicas acima de 30°C. A proteína de reserva apresenta-se entremeada com os glóbulos lipídicos e alguns grãos de amido. As células polifenólicas, em T. bicolor e T. speciosum, localizam-se na região do feixe vascular e parênquima da radícula e nas outras espécies estudadas estão dispersas pelo mesofilo e próximas ao feixe vascular. A mucilagem é uma secreção celular constante em cinco espécies estudadas, não se acumulando dentro das células, porém com raras exceções ocorrem células com mucilagem na epiderme do mesofilo (T. subincanum). T. speciosum caracteriza-se por efetivamente apresentar células de mucilagem. Estas células são abundantes no mesofilo e cerca de 10% alcançam grandes dimensões sem rompimento do tecido. As células polifenólicas apresentam características histoquímicas semelhantes a mucilagem, porém sua estreita relação com os feixes vasculares direciona seu desenvolvimento para a síntese de polifenóis. O tecido do mesofilo cotiledonar é semelhante em todas as espécies aqui estudadas devido a predominância de reserva lípide-proteica. Células imaturas de sementes verdes demonstram capacidade para sintetizar todas as reservas; na maturidade celular demonstram predominância de reservas lípide-proteicas ou de mucilagem ou de polifenóis. A distribuição das reservas no mesofilo aproximam T. grandiflorum à T. subincanum. A maior quantidade de proteínas está em T. bicolor. Esta espécie apresenta menor quantidade de lipídeos e de células polifenólicas / Abstract: Many investigations on the cellular reserves within the cotyledon mesophyll of the Theobroma have been carried out on Theobroma cacao seeds, the source of raw for the production of chocolate. These studies demonstrated structural cellular changes due to fermentation, drying, and roasting processes during chocolate production. Recently the seeds of the T. grandiflorum have been analyzed due to their importance in the production of ¿cupulate¿, a new product similar to chocolate. In the present work, we analyze the lipid-protein reserve cells and polyphenolic idioblasts derived from T. cacao, T. grandiflorum, T. subincanum, T. bicolor, T. speciosum and T. obovatum. Only phenolic cells were studied in T.obovatum and T. microcarpum.The distribution of lipid bodies was similar in all the species studied; that is, they were located at the periphery of the cell wall and demonstrated extremely susceptibly to heat, coalescing at temperatures above 30°C. The reserve protein was interspersed with lipid bodies and some starch granules. The polyphenolic cells were dispersed throughout the mesophyll and around the vascular bundles in all the species studied. In T. bicolor and T. speciosum the polyphenolic cells were only observed around the vascular bundle and radicle parenchyma. Mucilage is a cellular secretion in the five species studied. Mucilage does not accumulate intracellularly; however, rarely we did observe mucilage in the cells of the mesophyll epidermis of T. subincanum. In T. speciosum, mucilage cells were abundant in the mesophyll and about 10% reached large dimensions without tissue disruption. The polyphenolic cells presented characteristic mucilage histochemistry, however their strict association with vascular bundles should direct their development towards polyphenol synthesis. Cotyledon mesophyll tissue is similar in all the species studied with respect to lipid-protein reserve. Immature cells demonstrated the capacity to synthesize all the reserves, but this capacity is not retained in the mature cell. The distribution of reserves in the mesophyll are most similar in T. grandiflorum and T. subincanum. T. bicolor showed a high protein content, lower lipid levels and low levels of polyphenolic cells / Doutorado / Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La Réserve Nationale de Niassa (RNN, Mozambique) est une des plus grandes aires protégées en Afrique (42,140 km2) et inclut une population humaine d'environ 39,000 résidents au sein de ses limites. La RNN a subit 10 ans de guerre d'indépendance (1964-1974) puis 15 ans de guerre civile (1977-1992), périodes pendant lesquelles les populations animales ont fortement diminué. Malgré d'importants efforts de conservation, les densités de la communauté d'herbivores y sont très faibles comparées à d'autres systèmes de savanes similaires, notamment la densité de la population de buffles qui est considérée comme une espèce clé dans l'industrie locale des trophées de chasse et est donc logiquement devenue une priorité de gestion pour la RNN. Nous avons répondu à cette problématique à travers trois protocoles. Premièrement, nous avons analysé les données de 5 comptages aériens (2002-2011), réalisés en fin de saison sèche, afin d'explorer les relations entre la distribution de la population de buffles et plusieurs variables environnementales, reflétant les équilibres à long terme et à large échelle avec les ressources clés. Deuxièmement, nous avons étudié les stratégies d'utilisation de l'espace et de sélection de l'habitat de 9 troupeaux de buffles dans des zones contrastées et sur une période de 3 ans. Enfin, nous avons analysé les potentiels impacts directs et indirects des moyens de subsistance des foyers locaux sur le buffle et les ressources naturelles à partir de questionnaires réalisés dans des villages contrastés. Les résultats montrent que l'arrangement spatial des rivières permanentes et de l'eau résiduelle dans le réseau hydrographique secondaire est principalement responsable de la distribution de la population de buffles dans la RNN en saison sèche. La taille des domaines vitaux fait partie des plus grandes jamais observée pour cette espèce avec de larges mouvements saisonniers en réponse à une ségrégation des ressources. Les feux de brousse contraignent fortement la sélection de l'habitat et leur ampleur limite énormément la disponibilité en fourrage pour le buffle. Aucun évitement évident de la présence humaine (proximité aux villages / routes) n'a été observé par les deux premiers protocoles, mais les réponses aux questionnaires suggèrent un potentiel impact du braconnage sur la dynamique de la population de buffles. Ces résultats fournissent de précieuses informations aux gestionnaires d'aires protégées. A une si grande échelle, en raison de l'hétérogénéité des covariables environnementales, les actions de gestion doivent être adaptées aux zones contrastées de la RNN / The Niassa National Reserve {NNR, Mozambique) is one of the vastest protected areas in Africa {42,140 km2) and includes around 39,000 local residents within the limits of the Reserve. NNR suffered from 10 years of independence war {1964-1974) and 15 years of civil war {1977-1992), during which wildlife population decreased substantially. Despite important conservation efforts, the density of ungulate community remains strikingly low compared to other similar savanna systems, especially buffalo which is considered as a key asset for the local trophy hunting industry and has logically become a management priority for the NNR. We addressed this issue through three main protocols. First, we investigated data from 5 aerial surveys {2002-2011) at the end of the dry season to explore relationships between buffalo distribution and environmental covariates, reflecting large scale and long-term equilibriums with key resources. Second, we investigated space use and habitat selection strategies at annual and seasonal scales by GPS tracking the movements of 9 buffalo herds in contrasted areas over 3 years. Third, we assessed the potential direct and indirect impacts of household's livelihood on buffalo and natural resources using questionnaires in contrasted villages. Results show that the spatial arrangement of permanent rivers and residual water in seasonal tributaries strongly drives buffalo distribution within NNR in the dry season. Home range sizes were among the largest on record for the species with large seasonal movements in response to segregated resources. Bushfires appeared to strongly constraint habitat selection and the magnitude of their extension to greatly limit the availability of forage for buffalo. No obvious avoidance of human activities {villages/road proximity) was observed by the first two protocols, but responses to the questionnaires suggest a potentially severe impact of poaching on buffalo population dynamics. Results provide valuable information for wildlife managers. At such a large scale, due to the heterogeneity of environmental covariates, management actions must be adapted to the contrasting zones within NNR

Magister Commercii - MCom / Monetary policy rules are guidelines applied by policy makers when adjusting monetary instruments towards reaching policy objectives like price stability. The South African Reserve Bank (SARB) uses the repurchase (repo) rate at which it lends to commercial banks as its monetary instrument. This study examines whether the SARB considers the output gap when deciding on changes to the repo rate. In order to test the above hypothesis the study applied a simple multiple linear regression model (quantitative methods). The hypothesis was tested based on the following independent variables: consumer price index (headline), natural real interest rate, potential output and actual output using the Eviews and STAMP econometric software packages. The study focussed on the time period between 1989 and 2009 when the central bank governors were targeting the repo rate as an instrument towards achieving their monetary policy objectives. The results illustrate evidence of 82 % to 92 % correlation in the movements between the predicted Taylor rule with the univariate model and the actual repo rate. This means that the behaviour the SARB monetary policy conduct was sufficiently structured and influenced by the developments of both inflation and the output gap, even though the SARB have not consciously implemented a Taylor model. In short, the output gap and inflation rate gap pressures influenced strongly the monetary policy decisions of the SARB, even before the formal adoption of an inflation targeting framework.

The succession on the dunes of the Mlalazi Nature Reserve represents a classical example of primary succession. The reproductive strategies of eight key species were compared to determine some of the mechanisms affecting the community dynamics, at the population level, in the early stages of succession. There is a temporal separation in the flowering and fruiting phenologies. Passerina rigida, Stipagrostis zeyheri and Imperata cylindrica produced small seeds with a low fruit/seed mass ratio within a short cycle. The seeds are suitable for wind-dispersal. The animal-dispersed species; Eugenia capensis, Mimusops caffra and Scaevola plumieri, produced large fleshy seeds with a high fruit/seed mass ratio within cycles of six months and more. Chrysanthemoides monilifera, also an animal-dispersed species, produced a large quantity of small fleshy seeds throughout the year. The fern, Microsorium scolopendrium produced spores throughout the year. The staggered fruiting and flowering phenology ensures a year-round availability of fruit in the dunefield. The key species formed less than half of the species composition of the soil seed bank. The size and range of the soil seed bank differed between the species. P. rigida and S. plumieri formed a high proportion of the seeds in the soil with a wide distribution along the successional gradient. The other species had low soil seed densities with short distribution ranges, or were not present. P. rigida and S. plumieri are easily dispersed species, whereas the other species may have a more restricted and clumped distribution due to the effect of foragers. A high density of P. rigida and E. capensis seeds were found under the parent trees. Only seeds of P. rigida and S. zeyheri were found in the soil in the open. Seeds of P. rigida, S. zeyheri, E. capensis and M. caffra were found under the canopies of P. rigida, E. capensis and M. caffra. No seeds of C. monilifera and I. cylindrica were found in the soil, possibly due to predation. The period of the study (September 1991 to November 1992) was in a dry or drought cycle with only 56.8% of the mean annual rainfall falling. Seed germination and seedling survival of all the species were affected by these dry, warm climatic conditions. The species had seedling densities of less than 4 seeds/m². The environmental conditions along the successional gradient also had an effect on seed germination and seedling survival. Environmental factors of soil pH, light intensity and surface soil temperatures were higher in the open than under canopy. Soil pH and the understorey cover decreased as the light intensity decreased from under the canopy of P. rigida to M. caffra . Litter cover and plant height increased. E. capensis had measurements intermediate to the two species, but had higher surface soil temperatures and plant height than P. rigida. Seedlings of P. rigida in the open and under the canopy of the parent plants had died by the end of the monitoring period. 50% of the seedlings of S. zeyheri under the canopy of P. rigida and M. caffra died. The mortality rate of the seedlings of E. capensis was lower under M. caffra than under the parent plants. I. cylindrica may be propagated vegetatively. However, the mortality of the propagules was greater under the canopy of E. capensis than under P. rigida. M. caffra only germinated under the canopy of E. capensis with a 100% mortality of the seedlings. M. scolopendrium only produced propagules through vegetative propagation under the canopy of E. capensis and M. caffra. The mortality of the young ferns was less than 50% and less under M. caffra than under E. capensis. No seedlings of C. monilifera or S. plumieri were found. The seed distribution range, seed germination requirements and the effect of the environmental conditions on the germination of the seeds and seedling establishment of the species appear to important factors of the reproductive strategies regulating the size of the species populations along the successional gradient.