Les procédés de traitement de surface tels que le grenaillage sont utilisés pour introduire des contraintes résiduelles de compression dans les matériaux métalliques. Cela permet de prévenir l'initiation et la propagation des fissures afin d'augmenter la durée de vie en fatigue des pièces mécaniques. Les limites et inconvénients des procédés actuels généralement utilisés pour cette fin sont connus et ont été mis en avant dans plusieurs études. Il s'agit d'une modification importante de l'état de surface (rugosité), une profondeur traitée limitée, des difficultés de mise en œuvre, etc. Aussi, de nouveaux procédés permettant d'obtenir des résultats équivalents voire meilleurs tout en évitant ces problèmes suscitent un intérêt grandissant. Le traitement de surface par cavitation (cavitation peening) et la mise en compression par impulsions électromagnétiques font partie de ces procédés innovants dont la modélisation a fait l'objet de cette thèse. Le traitement de surface par cavitation consiste à générer un jet d'eau submergé contenant des bulles de cavitation et dirigé vers la surface à traiter. La principale difficulté dans la modélisation du cavitation peening est la détermination du chargement mécanique sur la surface provenant de l'implosion des bulles de cavitation. L'effondrement des bulles peut se faire de manière sphérique ou non-sphérique suivant leur proximité de la paroi solide. Des modèles analytiques et numériques ont donc été élaborés pour étudier la dynamique des bulles et déterminer l'onde de pression due à une bulle sphérique d'une part, et la pression d'impact du micro-jet (bulle asphérique) d'autre part. Ces deux types de sollicitations ont été comparés et un modèle macroscopique pour le traitement par cavitation a été dérivé, en s'appuyant sur une simulation numérique du jet de cavitation. Une comparaison avec des résultats expérimentaux a été effectuée et a montré la pertinence du modèle proposé. En ce qui concerne le traitement par impulsions électromagnétiques, il consiste à générer un puissant champ magnétique transitoire par induction dans la pièce de matériau conducteur. Les contraintes résiduelles proviennent de la déformation plastique créée par les forces de Laplace à l'intérieur du matériau. Un modèle numérique couplant l'électromagnétisme et la mécanique des solides a été mis en place pour la simulation du procédé. Grâce à une étude d'optimisation, ce modèle a permis d'obtenir les paramètres électriques nécessaires pour arriver à mettre en compression des matériaux de type alliage de base nickel ou d'aluminium par cette méthode. Les profondeurs de la mise en compression calculées sont théoriquement par calcul plus élevées que celles obtenues avec les méthodes classiques de traitement de surface. Une étude de l'influence des différents paramètres a été faite et a montré que le procédé peut être contrôlé de manière relativement aisée en variant l'intensité et la pseudo-fréquence du courant traversant l'inducteur. / Surface treatments methods like shot peening are used to introduce compressive residual stresses in metallic materials. The compressive stresses prevent the initiation and growth of cracks and hence improve the fatigue life of mechanical parts. The drawbacks and limitations of the existing processes generally used for this purpose are known and have been highlighted in many studies. These are, among others, an important surface modification (roughness), a limited compressive depth, difficulties in execution, debris and contamination problems, etc. Therefore, the interest in new surface treatment methods, which permit to obtain equivalent or even better compressive results while avoiding the previous problems, are growing. Cavitation peening and electromagnetic pulse peening are part of these innovative processes which modeling is the aim of this PhD thesis. Cavitation peening is a process of surface treatment which acts by the generation of cavitation bubbles near the workpiece surface. The modeling of this process is challenging because of the complexity of cavitation phenomenon and the main problematic point is the determination of the mechanical loading on the material due the bubbles collapse. In this thesis, an approach of modeling for cavitation peening based on the study of the dynamics of cavitation bubbles is proposed. Spherical and aspherical collapse of bubbles near a solid surface are studied by some numerical and analytical models. These two sources of loading pressures have been compared and a macroscopic model for cavitation peening have been derived by associating the numerical simulation of the cavitation jet and the localization of the cavitation zone. The comparison between the final residual stress profile calculated with the proposed model and the experimental results were satisfactory. Electromagnetic pulse peening (EMP) is a contactless process of surface treatment which could be used to introduce compressive residual stresses in conductive materials, by the generation of a high transient electromagnetic field. Laplace forces induced in the material by magnetic induction are the source of the material plastic deformation and compressive residual stresses introduction. To predict the EMP results, a numerical model have been built for the process simulation. The model, based on finite element method, coupled successfully electromagnetic and mechanical phenomena by using a sequential-coupled approach. It was proven theoretically, by the study of a reference case, that compressive residual stresses could be induced in metallic materials like nickel-based (Inconel) or aluminum alloys by the means of the present process. It was also shown by the calculations that much higher compressive depths than those of conventional peening processes could be achieved. The parametric study exhibited the influence of the maximum current intensity and frequency which affect both the compressive depth and the maximum residual stress.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Tensões residuais são uma das principais causas de falhas em componentes mecânicos submetidos a processos de fabricação. O objetivo do trabalho foi medir as tensões residuais presentes em um tubo quadrado soldado por resistência elétrica de alta frequência e caracterizar microestruturalmente o seu material. Para a caracterização, foram utilizadas técnicas de microscopia óptica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e análise química quantitativa. Para a medição das tensões residuais, foi utilizado o método do furo cego, baseado na norma ASTM E837-08, onde rosetas (strain-gages) são coladas à peça para medir as deformações geradas devido à usinagem de um pequeno furo no local de medição. As deformações foram associadas às tensões residuais através de equações baseadas na Lei de Hooke. A caracterização revelou uma microestrutura composta basicamente de ferrita e perlita, típica de aços com baixo teor de carbono, corroborando com a especificação fornecida pelo fabricante. As tensões residuais encontradas foram trativas e mostraram-se elevadas, com alguns valores acima do limite de escoamento do material. / Residual stresses are one of the main failure causes in mechanical components submitted to manufacture process. The aim of this work was to measure the residual stresses present in a seame welded tube welded using a high frequency electrical resistance and to microstruturally characterize its material. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantitative chemical analysis techniques were used for the characterization. The hole-drilling method was applied obeying the ASTM E837-08 norm to measure the residual stresses, where strain-gages are glued to the sample to measure the deformations caused due to the machining of a small hole in the measurement point. The deformations were linked to the residual stresses using the Hookes Law equations. The characterization basically showed a composite microstructure of ferrite and perlite, tipical in lowcarbon steels, as the specification supplied by the manufacturer. The residual stresses found were tensile and high, with some values above the material yield strength.

University of Macau / Faculty of Science and Technology / Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

This work presents a study and implementation of the simulation of residual stresses in castings. The objects of study are a cast iron truck Hub part (provided by the company Volvo 3P) and an optimized version of the Hub resulting from the application of a topology optimization process. The models are solved through an uncoupled thermo-mechanical solidification analysis, performed both in the FE commercial software Abaqus and the FD commercial software Magmasoft and the results are compared. First, a thermal analysis is carried out where the casting is cooled down from a super-heated temperature to room temperature. The thermal history obtained, is then used as an external force to calculate the residual stresses by means of a quasi-static mechanical analysis, using a J2-plasticity model. The simulation procedures are explained through a simplified model of the Hub and then applied to the geometries of interest. A results comparison between the original Hub and its optimized version is also presented. The theoretical base is given in this work as well as detailed implementation procedures. The results shows that the part subjected to the topology optimization process develop less residual stresses than its original version.

Quality of the castings is affected by several factors which the designer should take into consideration during the product development process. Although residual stress is one of those, it is often not considered in practical computations. Hence residual stresses are one of the forgotten areas in designing of machine parts. This master thesis is focused on the investigation of residual stresses in a high pressure die casted component, with the aim of extending its service life, by taking results from the study as a feedback. The investigation of residual stresses was done on a variety of specimens, cast aluminum flywheel, provided by Husqvarna AB. This flywheel is a component in a product of the same company.In evaluating the residual stresses in the part, two tools-simulation and physical measurement were used. Moreover, comparison with these two methods is also done at an area of interest on the flywheel. The simulation was carried out by using MAGMAhpdc-a module for high pressure die casting process, from the commercial software package MAGMAsoft; while for the physical measurements, the hole drilling method was used, a method believed to be less accurate at low stresses areas. The findings obtained from this study show that the results from both procedures are close, with small deviations observed, which reveals the reliability of the hole drilling method even when the stress levels are low. It is also found that the compressive residual stresses dominate in the component-a preferred phenomenon with regards to residual stress.

High strength secondary hardening lath martensitic steel is a strong candidate for high performance and reliable transmission systems in aircraft and automotives. The fatigue resistance of this material depends both on intrinsic microstructure attributes, such as fine scale (M2C) precipitates, and extrinsic attributes such as nonmetallic primary inclusions. Additionally, the aforementioned attributes are affected by processing history. The objective of this research is to develop a computational framework to quantify the influence of both extrinsic (primary inclusions and residual stresses) and intrinsic (martensite laths and carbides) microstructure attributes on fatigue crack formation and the early stage of microstructurally small crack (MSC) growth that dominate high cycle fatigue (HCF) lifetime. To model the fatigue response at various microstructure scales, a hierarchical approach is adopted. A simplified scheme is developed to simulate processing effects such as shot peening that is suitable to introduce representative residual stresses prior to conducting fatigue calculations. Novel strategies are developed to couple process route (residual stresses) and microstructure scale response for comprehensive analysis of fatigue potency at critical life-limiting primary inclusions in gear steels. Relevant microstructure-scale response descriptors that permit relative assessment of fatigue resistance are identified. Fatigue crack formation and early growth is highly heterogeneous at the grain scale. Hence, a scheme for physically-based constitutive models that is suitable to investigate crack formation and early growth in martensitic steel is introduced and implemented. An extreme value statistical/probabilistic framework to assess the influence of variability of various microstructure attributes such as size and spatial distribution of primary inclusions on minimum fatigue crack formation life is devised. Understanding is sought regarding the relative role of microstructure attributes in the HCF process, thereby providing a basis to modify process route and/or composition to enhance fatigue resistance. Parametric studies are conducted to assess the effect of hot isostatic pressing and introduction of compliant coatings at debonded inclusion-matrix interface on enhancement of fatigue resistance. A comprehensive set of 3D computational tools and algorithms for hierarchical microstructure-sensitive fatigue analysis of martensitic gear steels is developed as an outcome of this research; such tools and methodologies will lend quantitative and qualitative support to designing improved, fatigue-resistant materials and accelerating insertion of new or improved materials into service.

<p>This work presents a study and implementation of the simulation of residual stresses in castings. The objects of study are a cast iron truck Hub part (provided by the company Volvo 3P) and an optimized version of the Hub resulting from the application of a topology optimization process. The models are solved through an uncoupled thermo-mechanical solidification analysis, performed both in the FE commercial software Abaqus and the FD commercial software Magmasoft and the results are compared. First, a thermal analysis is carried out where the casting is cooled down from a super-heated temperature to room temperature. The thermal history obtained, is then used as an external force to calculate the residual stresses by means of a quasi-static mechanical analysis, using a J2-plasticity model. The simulation procedures are explained through a simplified model of the Hub and then applied to the geometries of interest. A results comparison between the original Hub and its optimized version is also presented. The theoretical base is given in this work as well as detailed implementation procedures. The results shows that the part subjected to the topology optimization process develop less residual stresses than its original version.</p>

High rolling contact fatigue parts are vital for the long service life of fuel pumps. Cummins Fuel Systems are currently using an M2 tool steel for one of the most important roller bearing application in their pumps, namely the cam follower. The future design of the cam follower is a pin-less tappet roller. The wear and fatigue properties of the roller is vital to ensure reliability of the fuel system. M2 tool steel is an expensive material and becomes even more so if diamond like coating (DLC) is needed to decrease the friction coefficients. To cut costs of the fuel pump it might be possible to replace the M2 tool steel with 52100 steel (100Cr6). Competitive methods have proven that carbonitrided 52100 can reach excellent wear and fatigue properties making it a candidate to replace M2 tool steel. How the properties of hardness, toughness and compressive residual stresses are developed in 52100 and how they affect the fatigue and wear resistance has been researched from the literature. A big part of this project was to do an extensive analysis of a roller bearing that was believed to have gone through one of these competitive methods that produce excellent wear and fatigue resistance. The analysis was done with background to the knowledge gathered from the literature. Finally process trials were set up to carbonitride 52100 steel samples. The trials were done to develop a better understanding of how adding carbon together with nitrogen to the surface of 52100 steel will influence the metallurgical parameters that results in good wear and fatigue resistance. From this analysis Cummins hope to create a process recipe that can be used for carbonitriding the cam follower and maybe other components in their fuel systems.

Tiriamajame darbe nagrinėjami tempiamieji plieno plaušu armuoti gelžbetoniniai elementai. Atliekama teorinių skaičiavimo metodų literatūros apžvalga. Darbe gauti nauji eksperimentiniai tempiamųjų plieno plaušu armuotų gelžbetoninių elementų deformacijų duomenys. Iš bandymo rezultatų eliminuojamas betono susitraukimas. Patikslinami Eurokodo 2 ir Model Code tempiamųjų elementų deformacijų skaičiavimo metodai, įvertinant plieno plaušo įtaką. Liekamieji įtempiai apskaičiuojami taikant empirinį metodą. Atliekama teorinių ir eksperimentinių rezultatų palyginamoji analizė. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiami pagrindiniai rezultatai ir išvados. / In this Master Thesis investigation of steel fiber reinforced concrete members subjected to tension is performed. Literature survey on theoretical investigation methods of steel fiber reinforced concrete is done. New experimental data of steel fiber reinforced concrete members subjected to tension is obtained. Concrete shrinkage is eliminated from experimental data.Eurocode 2 and Model Code strain calculation methods of members subjected to tension are adjusted to steel fiber reinforced concrete members. Residual stresses calculated using empirical method. Comperative analysis of experimental and theoretical results is done.

Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) is a process for eroding and removing material by transient action of electric sparks on electrically conductive materials immersed in a dielectric liquid and separated by a small gap. A spark-eroded surface is a surface with matt appearance and random distribution of overlapping craters. It is mechanically hard and stressed close to ultimate tensile strength of the material and sometimes covered with a network of micro cracks. The violent nature of the process leads a unique structure on the machined surface and generates residual stresses due mainly to the non-homogeneity of heat flow and metallurgical transformations. An extensive experimental study is presented to explore the surface and sub-surface characteristics together with the residual stresses induced by the process. Layer removal method is used to measure the residual stress profile in function of depth beneath. A finite element based model is proposed to determine residual stresses and compared with the experimental results. The residual stress pattern is found to be unchanged with respect to machining parameters. Thus, a unit amplitude shape function representing change in curvature with respect to removal depth is proposed. The proposed form is found as a special form of Gauss Distribution, which is the sum of two Gaussian peaks, with the same amplitude and pulse width but opposite center location that is represented by three constant coefficients. In each case, agreement with the proposed form is established with experimental results. Results have shown that these coefficients have a power functional dependency with respect to released energy.