This dissertation examines various facets of the analysis of complex networks. In the first part, we study the resilience of networks, by examining various attempts to quantify resilience. Some of the measures studied are vertex attack tolerance, integrity, tenacity, toughness and scattering number. We prove empirically that, although these measures are NP-hard to calculate, they can be approximated to within reasonable amounts by a novel heuristic called Greedy-BC that relies on the graph-theoretic measure betweenness centrality. After verifying the accuracy of Greedy-BC, we test it on several well-known classes of networks: Barabasi-Albert networks, HOTNets and PLODs. Experiments determine that random-degree PLOD nets have the highest resilience, perhaps because of their random nature. The second part concerns clustering. We use the resilience measures and the Greedy-BC heuristic from part 1 to partition graphs. Many experiments are conducted with a generalized algorithm, NBR-Clust, using all discussed resilience measures, and expanding the data to a wide variety of real-life and synthetically generated networks. A parametrized resilience measure beta-VAT is used to detect noise, or outliers, in noisy data. Results are extended to another facet of network analysis -- that of cluster overlap. Attack sets of NBR-Clust are found to contain overlaps with high probability, and an algorithm is developed to identify them. One remaining problem with NBR-Clust is time complexity. The usefulness of the method is limited by the slowness of Greedy-BC, and particularly by the slowness of computing betweenness centrality. In an extensive series of experiments, we test several methods for approximating and speeding betweenness centrality calculations, and are able to reduce the time to cluster a 10,000-node graph from approximately 2 days with the original method of calculation, to a few minutes. In another exploration of the algorithmic aspects of resilience, we attempt to generalize some of the results obtained to hypergraphs. It is found that resilience measures like VAT and algorithms like Greedy-BC transfer well to a hypergraph representation. The final part of the dissertation reviews applications of the new clustering method. First NBR-Clust is used to cluster data on autism spectrum disorders. Because classifications of these disorders are vague, and the data noisy, the clustering properties of NBR-Clust are useful. Results hopefully lead to a better understanding of how to classify autism spectrum disorders. Second, we use NBR-Clust to examine gene assay data with the hope of identifying genes that confer resistance to powdery mildew disease in certain species of grapevines.

Using a strength-based paradigm, this study explored resilience factors (i.e. ethnic identity, familismo, and spirituality) associated with a continuum of eating disorder (ED) and obesity risk variables, depression, anxiety, and acculturation among Latina women. Two models predicting psychological distress and ED outcomes were tested using cross-sectional data (N= 262) from an internet-based survey. Results indicated that cultural resilience factors were associated with less psychological distress, fewer ED symptoms, and less ED risk. Psychological distress partially mediated the relationship between cultural resilience and ED symptoms and risk, indicating the possibility of heightened ED risk when cultural resilience is low and psychological distress is high. Acculturation to U.S. mainstream culture was not associated with cultural resilience or negative outcomes; rather, biculturalism, or successful negotiation of both cultures, appeared to facilitate use of cultural practices and values that protect Latinas from negative eating behaviors and psychological outcomes. Implications for practice and future research are discussed. / 2015-10-10

This research investigates what teaching experiences, strategies and factors impact on early career teachers’ (ECTs’) resilience in secondary colleges in the south of the Netherlands. The ECTs are undergraduate trainee teachers who are enrolled as part-time English as a Foreign language students. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve individual ECTs from three different cohorts, twice in the timespan of two years, in order to get access to the reality of everyday school life viewed through the ECTs’ lens. The three different cohorts consisted of four beginning ECTs, four regular ECTs and four long-term ECTs. Data was collected over a two-year period and included recorded interviews with ECTs, line drawings, relational maps, ECTs’ portfolios and the researcher’s memos. The participants recalled their teaching experiences by means of analysing critical incidents that occurred in their classrooms. The data collection, analysis and discussion were organised into twelve cases. A thematic data analysis was used (Guest et al., 2012; Braun & Clarke, 2013), with the help of ATLAS.ti 7 software. The findings show that the ECTs were often expected to take on the full range of teaching tasks in isolation, with little support to cope with all the demands of their new role. The ECTs found that personal factors, such as self-efficacy and a sense of agency, helped develop their resilience, as well as contextual resources provided in schools and by employing bodies. Although the development of resilience was different for every ECT, participants also shared common strategies that contributed to development of resilience, such as emotional regulation, seeking renewal, goal setting and help seeking, when overcoming the setbacks they experienced. By identifying strategies that impact on resilience, this research has strengthened the guidelines on which induction programmes at Teacher Education Colleges can be made. It is suggested that ECTs are mentored around developing resilience strategies, in order to increase their confidence to work and teach in a new school environment. It is argued that the critical incidents approach, designed to support ECTs in building stories about their teaching experiences, could be used as a teaching methodology for trainee teachers at Teaching Education Colleges.

Abstract   This thesis will present the background and thoughts behind the architectural project “Village within” which aims to be a rural, holistic, earth-centered settlement, as an alternative to increasing urbanization. I have been working together with two villages in Västerbotten - Sikeå and Rökå - and this project is the result from meetings and discussions with them, as well as experiences from a citizen-perspective. The thesis will elaborate on the subjects of food, the countryside’s position in a globalized, industrial and city - centered civilization, on the ongoing environmental collapse and the concept of resilience. Utopian ideas and their most classical impasses have been important to understand how this project is just one in a long history of human urge to think of, or create a better world. Examples of historical and contemporary initiatives of local self-sufficiency, attempts to “escape the system”, movements for ruralization, together with discussions on how a future village could look like have all created a rich baseline of inspiration to this project.

abstract: A growing body of research indicates that people of multiple racial lineages in the US encounter challenges to positive psychological adjustment because of their racial status. In response, they also exhibit unique resilience strategies to combat these challenges. In this study, the moderating roles of previously identified multiracial resilient factors (i.e., shifting expressions, creating third space, and multiracial pride) were examined in the associations between unique multiracial risk factors (i.e., multiracial discrimination, perceived racial ambiguity, and lack of family acceptance) and psychological adjustment (i.e., satisfaction with life, social connectedness, and distress symptoms) of multiracial adults. Drawing on risk and resilience theory, results first indicated that the multiracial risk factors (i.e., multiracial discrimination, perceived racial ambiguity, and lack of family acceptance) relate negatively with social connectedness and distress symptoms, but did not significantly relate with satisfaction with life. Additionally, a differential moderating effect for one multiracial resilient factor was found, such that the protective or exacerbative role of creating third space depends on the psychological outcome. Specifically, results suggest creating third space buffers (e.g., weakens) the association between multiracial discrimination and satisfaction with life as well as lack of family acceptance and satisfaction with life among multiracial adults. Results further suggest creating third space exacerbates (e.g., strengthens) the negative association between perceived racial ambiguity on social connectedness and distress symptoms as well as lack of family acceptance on social connectedness and distress symptoms. Moreover, no two-way interaction effects were found for either of the other multiracial resilient factors (i.e., shifting expressions and multiracial pride). This study highlights the complex nature of racial identity for multiracial people, and the nuanced risk and resilience landscape encountered in the US. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Counseling 2018

In 2009, the Government introduced measures to improve social work training and practice in response to having analysed findings from Serious Case Reviews in the aftermath of a series of child deaths. One of the most significant of these improvements was the introduction of a new training framework, entitled the ‘Professional Capabilities Framework’ (The College of Social Work, 2012d). Emotional resilience was, for the first time, identified as a required capability within the ‘Professionalism’ domain of the framework. The aim of this research was to identify what emotional resilience was in the context of social work practice in order to meet the requirements of the Professional Capabilities Framework, thus addressing the Government’s new directives for improved social work education and training. A research study was undertaken to collect data relating to emotional resilience within a social work context involving ten focus groups of between 3-5 participants. The participants were chosen because of their experience in relation to emotional resilience and social work, either through being employed, studying or working in partnership with the University of Derby. The groups comprised, social work team managers, newly qualified and experienced Social Workers, practice educators, lecturers, social work students from all three years of the Social Work Degree Programme and service users and carers. All of the focus group discussions were audio-taped, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. The study produced a definition of emotional resilience specifically for Social Workers which identified core traits of optimism, self-awareness, empathy and stability as well as the ability to remain calm and demonstrate appropriate empathy. The necessity for Social Workers to be emotionally resilient was confirmed, and causal factors in the development of emotional resilience such as adversity in life, reflective supervision and a supportive working environment, were highlighted. Valuable information was also obtained about how students might be educated and trained to become emotionally resilient professionals, in order to meet the requirements of the Professional Capabilities Framework. The findings indicated that challenging role plays, self-awareness activities, preparation for practice modules, the use of explicit case studies, reflective supervision and statutory placements, were all effective mediums for promoting emotional resilience. Keywords: emotional resilience, Professional Capabilities Framework, social work education and training, social work curriculum.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / A resiliÃncia surge como mecanismo facilitador do processo de desenvolvimento humano. Representa um tipo de plasticidade que pode ser traduzida como o potencial de mudanÃa do indivÃduo e sua flexibilidade e resistÃncia para lidar com desafios e exigÃncias. O estudo da resiliÃncia à recente, mas, de uma forma geral, os estudos tÃm tentado compreender o papel desta na infÃncia e na adolescÃncia. Diante desse cenÃrio, surge a necessidade de conhecer como se constitui o fenÃmeno da resiliÃncia no idoso uma vez que o seu esclarecimento representa um ganho para a melhor compreensÃo e promoÃÃo do tema na atenÃÃo gerontolÃgica. O estudo buscou analisar e desenvolver o conceito de resiliÃncia no envelhecimento, tendo como objetivo elaborar uma estrutura conceitual com base em anÃlise teÃrica e empÃrica dos atributos, antecedentes e consequentes do fenÃmeno. Como mÃtodo de construÃÃo utilizou-se o modelo hÃbrido de anÃlise conceitual proposto por Swartz-Barcott e Kim (2000). A anÃlise da literatura (fase teÃrica) e das entrevistas com idosos e profissionais (fase de campo) permitiu a maior compreensÃo da manifestaÃÃo do fenÃmeno nos diversos cenÃrios em que o idoso està inserido e a apresentaÃÃo de uma estrutura conceitual que de forma sucinta pretende esclarecer o tema preenchendo as lacunas das definiÃÃes encontradas na literatura. Os antecedentes observados nas duas fases do estudo demonstram que a resiliÃncia no envelhecimento està relacionada diretamente com o apoio social e a experiÃncia acumulada na superaÃÃo de adversidades. Quanto aos atributos do conceito destacam-se a melhor adaptaÃÃo as adversidades, otimismo, aceitaÃÃo dos prÃprios limites e da idade alÃm de forÃa de vontade, autoestima e autonomia. Por fim, os consequentes observados como longevidade com qualidade de vida; comportamento de busca de saÃde; bem-estar psicolÃgico e saÃde mental; bom humor; estilo de vida saudÃvel; aceitaÃÃo do envelhecimento; enquadramento na sociedade, respeito e receptividade alÃm de um envelhecimento ativo e saudÃvel demonstram os benefÃcios que advÃm da manutenÃÃo de comportamentos resilientes pelo idoso. O conceito mostrou-se aplicÃvel e relevante para a enfermagem. Os profissionais da saÃde entre eles o enfermeiro podem utilizar o conceito como uma ferramenta facilitadora da atenÃÃo à pessoa idosa. Um dos principais resultados do estudo mesmo que em pequena escala à a possibilidade de tornar-se um meio de divulgaÃÃo do conceito de resiliÃncia no envelhecimento. Poderà ser fonte de pesquisa para aqueles que desejarem conhecer o conceito e desenvolver intervenÃÃes direcionadas a esta populaÃÃo alÃm de estimular o desenvolvimento de outros estudos acerca da temÃtica.

Mexico is widely known as one of the most dangerous countries in the world for journalists, according to advocacy groups and human rights organizations. The phenomenon is especially true in northern Mexico, where journalists have to cover violence committed by drug cartels that seek to hold on to turf in which to conduct operations to sell narcotics to the lucrative U.S. market. This study focuses on the types of trauma that journalists working in an environment marked by violence and threats experience, as well as the resilience they must employ to continue working as a professional there. Twenty-six print journalists in eight cities near the U.S. border have been interviewed to discover the types of trauma and the extent of resilience they have achieved, as well as the way they go about doing so. The study utilizes Shoemaker and Reese’s Hierarchy of Influences model to examine trauma and resilience.

Ce travail s’intéresse à la capacité de résistance des entreprises coopératives. Depuis la crise financière et ses multiples conséquences, le modèle coopératif est particulièrement promu pour sa capacité à résister aux crises. Toutefois, cette résilience semble déduite de nombreuses constatations d’ordre économique (croissance du chiffre d’affaires cumulé du secteur coopératif, augmentation du nombre de sociétaires et d’emplois salariés, etc.) et non d’études scientifiques. Ainsi, ce travail de recherche a pour objectif d’apporter un éclairage scientifique à la question de la résistance du modèle coopératif. Les coopératives sont détenues par leurs membres qui ont le double statut d’apporteurs de capitaux et de fournisseurs, salariés ou clients. De cette détention de la propriété singulière découle une ambition qui sort du paradigme financier dominant de maximisation de la valeur pour les apporteurs de capitaux : maximiser la valeur pour les membres. Dès lors, une question se pose : la détention de la propriété des coopératives influence-t-elle leur capacité de résistance ? Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons structuré notre pensée autour de quatre essais. Le premier essai est une revue de littérature qui permet de revisiter la notion de performance en coopérative : dans le cas des coopératives, la performance financière peut être assimilée à la capacité à résister dans le temps, c’est-à-dire à survivre. Dans le deuxième essai, nous comparons la survie des coopératives à celle des autres entreprises en distinguant les disparitions par fusion et par liquidation et testons l’influence des déterminants financiers classiques. Les résultats indiquent que les coopératives semblent mieux résister grâce à un mécanisme particulier : la fusion. Cela permet un redéploiement de l’activité ; les membres coopérateurs peuvent continuer à écouler leur production dans une organisation qu’ils détiendront collectivement et qu’ils géreront démocratiquement. Ainsi, si les fusions ne sont pas le propre des coopératives, elles reflètent le principe de solidarité entre coopératives et permettent d’éviter les conséquences néfastes de la disparition de l’activité pour les membres. Les résultats indiquent également que les déterminants financiers classiques ne permettent pas de rendre pleinement compte de la survie des coopératives. Le troisième essai s’intéresse à la résistance sous l’angle de la longévité. Nous observons que les coopératives survivent plus longtemps que les autres entreprises. Au-delà de la comparaison « coopératives versus entreprises classiques », cet article, volontairement inscrit dans un secteur précis et homogène, propose un début d’explication à la meilleure survie des entreprises coopératives : il semble qu’elles répercutent les variations de l’activité sur leurs membres. Le quatrième et dernier essai de la thèse se focalise exclusivement sur les coopératives pour en proposer une analyse financière spécifique et construire des ratios financiers adaptés. Les résultats indiquent que les déterminants de la disparition par fusion et par liquidation sont différents, et confirment le rôle des fusions comme mécanisme de résistance. De plus, contrairement à la croyance selon laquelle les coopératives absorbent les chocs grâce à la détention collective du capital, il semble que les coopératives qui résistent sont celles dont les membres acceptent de supporter le risque au travers de leur rémunération. / This thesis focus on cooperatives survival. Since the financial crisis, the cooperative model is particularly promoted for its ability to resist crises. However, this resilience seems to be inferred from many economic facts (growth in cumulative cooperative sector turnover, increase in membership and wage employment, etc.) and not scientific studies. Thus, the aim of this research is to provide scientific insight into the ability of the cooperative model to cope better than corporations. Cooperatives are held by their members who have the dual status of suppliers of capital and suppliers, employees or customers. From this singular ownership flows an ambition that goes beyond the dominant financial paradigm of maximizing value for capital providers: maximizing value for members. Hence, one question arises: does ownership of cooperatives affect their ability to cope better? To answer this question, we have structured our thinking around four essays. The first essay is a literature review that revisits the notion of cooperative performance: in the case of cooperatives, financial performance can be equated with the ability to resist over time, that is, to survive. In the second essay we compare the survival of cooperatives and corporations, by distinguishing between disappearances by mergers and liquidations, and test the influence of classical financial determinants. The results indicate that cooperatives seem to be more resilient through a particular mechanism: the merger. This allows a redeployment of the activity and members can continue to sell their production in an organization that they will collectively hold and that they will manage democratically. Thus, while mergers are not the property of cooperatives, they reflect the principle of solidarity between cooperatives and make it possible for members to avoid the negative consequences of the disappearance of the activity. The results also indicate that the traditional financial determinants do not fully account for the survival of cooperatives. The third essay focuses on longevity. We observe that cooperatives survive longer than corporations. Moreover, this article, voluntarily dealing with a precise and homogeneous sector, propose an explanation for the best survival of cooperatives: it seems that they reflect the fluctuations of activity on their members. The fourth and final essay of the thesis focuses exclusively on cooperatives in order to propose a specific financial analysis and special financial ratios to explain their survival. The results indicate that the determinants of disappearance by mergers and liquidations are different, and confirm the role of mergers as a mechanism of survival. Moreover, contrary to the flagship that cooperatives absorb shocks thanks to their common equity, it seems that the ones which cope better are those whose members agree to bear the risk through their remuneration.

It is commonly understood that loss of lands, forced relocation, residential schools as well as, an over-representation of Indigenous peoples in the child welfare and justice system due to the past 150 years of colonization has adversely affected the mental health and wellbeing of Indigenous peoples across Canada. As a result, the link between intergenerational trauma, colonization, and its impact on Indigenous peoples suggests that conducting research in this area may reveal several experiences, reflections and insights about the resilience of Indigenous peoples. Research about the inclusion of tribal Indigenous practices and land-based practices have been found to support positive mental health and build resilience. This study explored the concept of resilience as it pertained to the lived experiences of different generations of Southern Tutchone males living within a Yukon community. This study employed a case study approach underpinned by an Indigenous heuristic framework and informed by Indigenous ways of doing, knowing and being. Semi-structured interviews were used with Elders and youth to consider the relationship between land-based practices (LBP) and how to build resilient Southern Tutchone men. This study highlighted the importance of land as a teacher, and the need for Southern Tutchone male youth to reconnect with Elders on the land and to learn what it means to thrive as a Southern Tutchone man. Moreover, resilience was seen through a community lens rather than an individual one by these Southern Tutchone peoples. / Graduate