Thesis advisor: Christina Matz / Thesis advisor: Ce Shen / The aging of the population has imposed sustainability issues to Social Security, which has led to a glowing debate about what the full retirement age (FRA) should be and whether working longer is a fair and realistic expectation for everyone – or just for those who have a certain level of control over their retirement decision. It was estimated that by 2013, there were over 50% household at risk of financial insecurity in retirement. Thus, having to retire earlier might mean that individuals are in a particular precarious situation financially. Evidence suggests that in order to make ends meet, workers intend to stay on the job longer. About 27% of workers state they plan to work at retirement and 24% state they plan to continue to work until they are not able to do so. However, 50% of retiree retired earlier than planned, and only 24% of them did so because they realized they could afford retirement, while the remaining 76% retired involuntarily due to health or lay-offs. Evidence suggest that there are startling ethno-racial differences regarding retirement preparedness and planning. Hispanics tend to do little to none retirement planning, and tend to face retirement insecurity, which is expressed as high dependency in Social Security and poverty rates three times higher compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Some recent qualitative research has pointed out that for Hispanics there might be cultural elements at play. Few studies have explored ethno-racial disparities regarding retirement planning and decisions and the results are inconsistent. Ethno-racial and cultural variables are some of the most understudied variables in the retirement planning literature. The present dissertation seeks to contribute to fill some of these gaps by exploring ethno-racial differences between Hispanics and non-Hispanics in the U.S. regarding, retirement planning, retirement decisions and retirement outcomes. Results indicate that there are significant differences between Hispanics and non-Hispanics, especially foreign-born Hispanics. This as the result of the complex relationship of Hispanics’ culture and their migration experience that has been marked by diminished labor market conditions, which along with Hispanics’ lack of education and English proficiency has limited their working opportunities / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work. / Discipline: Social Work.

The objective of this essay is to investigate if working conditions affect the retirement age and additionally, aims to explore the differences in the effects between women and men. This study investigates this by using data of individuals living in Sweden in 2012 that were between the age of 63 and 74 (i.e individuals that are born between 1938 and 1949) retrieved fromStatistics Employment Register (Sysselsättningsregister). To complete the information, Statistics Sweden, conducted a survey on behalf of Anxo et al (2017) to 20 000 randomly selected individuals that included questions about the individual’s previous working conditions at point of retirement or at age 64 if the individual stayed above the age of 65. The result strengthened the idea from previous research that possibility to choose when and how to work decrease the likelihood of retiring earlier, hence, extends the time on the labour market. Additionally, the results indicated that psychologically demanding jobs and monotone tasks increase the probability of retiring earlier. Some results were rather counter-intuitive where the working conditions: physical demanding job, working under time pressure, number of working hours and working unsocial hours increased the likelihood for an individual to stay longer in the labour market. Additional findings in this essay that contradicted prior studies is that socializing with co-workers outside of work and the possibility to combine family and work increases the probability to retire earlier, hence reduces the likelihood of a later retirement.

The hypothesis for this essay is that the protection of age discrimination in the labour market is inferior to that of other grounds of discrimination due to the fact that EU regulations as well as national provisions allows exemptions for age from the non-discrimination principle. A legal method originating from traditional legal sources is used in order to determine the purpose and use of the regulation and illustrate how it could affect younger workers. In addition to legislation, collective agreements are examined and two areas of investigation; the Swedish 67-year rule and vacation benefits, are reviewed in an exemplifying purpose. The juridical inquiry and analysis illustrate, from a national and an EU perspective, the differences of treatment that can be justified on grounds of age as well as the possibility of positive actions and visualises possible consequences. The analysis concludes that the exemptions does not necessarily undermine the protection of age discrimination, but emphasise that there is risk of applying the exemptions even though purpose and measures can be questioned. The latter in relation to the lack of positive actions confirm the initial hypothesis and can affect young workers in a negative way. / Uppsatsen bygger på en hypotes om att ålder intar en svagare ställning på arbetsmarknaden i jämförelse med övriga diskrimineringsgrunder eftersom att det i större utsträckning finns lagregleringar som berättigar särbehandling på grund av ålder. I syfte att utröna regleringens bakomliggande syften och användning samt belysa hur den kan påverka yngre arbetstagare har en rättsvetenskaplig metod med grund i arbetsrättsliga rättskällor tillämpats. Utredning och analys belyser de utrymmen för berättigad särbehandling samt de möjligheter till aktiva åtgärder som klargörs i såväl nationell som EU-lagstiftning och exemplifierar möjliga konsekvenser. Granskningen är till viss del baserad på jämförelser mellan olika kollektivavtal och två undersökningsområden, 67-årsregeln och semesterförmåner, används i ett illustrerande syfte. Analysen visar på att undantagen inte nödvändigtvis underminerar åldersdiskrimineringsskyddet, men att det finns risk för att de används trots att syfte och åtgärder kan ifrågasättas. I kombination med avsaknaden av krav på aktiva åtgärder innebär det att den inledande hypotesen kan anses som bekräftad vilket riskerar att påverka yngre arbetstagare på ett negativt sätt.

Pension insurance and demographic development in the Czech Republic Abstract The aim of this thesis is to describe the development of the pension insurance in the Czech Republic and changes in retirement age in relation to the development of life expectancy and changes in the age structure of the population of the Czech Republic. In the first part of the work, there demographic changes of the population are described and in particular, changes in the age structure of the population of the Czech Republic. The second part provides an overview of the historical development of pension insurance in the territory of today's Czech Republic, in particular the development of the most important laws, but also statistical data as well as basic concepts and characteristics of the current pension scheme. In the third part of this thesis are analyzed the changes in the age structure of the population and their relation to raising retirement age in the pension scheme of Czech Republic. Keywords: pension insurance, retirement age, the age structure of the population, life expectancy.

The aim of this thesis is to determine the motivation for further work life of people, who receive a pension. The Diploma Thesis is divided into three parts - the theoretical part, which deals with concepts related to old age and changes that occur with aging; methodological part, which describes methods of obtaining data and a practical part, which presents the results of a written questionnaire survey among seniors who are working in retirement and semi-standardized interviews. For older and younger readers as well this thesis reveals motives for further labor participation of older people in retirement as well as their view of contemporary society and the labor market. The conclusion summarizes the recommendations for seniors who are still looking for a job suitable for seniors in retirement or will be looking for another job in the future.

No description available.

Bakgrund: Andelen äldre i vårt samhälle ökar och alltfler äldre är fysiskt inaktiva, vilket kan ses som ett folkhälsoproblem. Att utforska inaktiva äldres syn på fysisk aktivitet kan bidra till värdefull kunskap när det gäller att stödja dessa personer till en ökad fysiskt aktiv livsstil.  Syfte: Att ta reda på vad inaktiva äldre upplever har betydelse för att vara fysiskt aktiva, samt vad de anser kan få dem att förändra sitt beteende till en mer fysiskt aktiv livsstil. Metod: En kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med ett bekvämlighetsurval med sex kvinnor, 65–74 år. Data analyserades induktivt med kvalitativ innehållsanalys där koder och kategorier sorterades fram.  Resultat: Fysisk miljö och yttre stöd ansågs ha betydelse för att inaktiva äldre skulle vara mer fysiskt aktiva. Vardagliga aktiviteter prioriteras framför fysisk aktivitet. Yttre stöd, förändrade rutiner i samband med pension, kunskap och erfarenheter samt känslor och attityder kring fysisk aktivitet ansåg de äldre ha betydelse för den fysiska aktivitetsnivån. Slutsatser: De psykosociala faktorerna uppfattades ha stor betydelse vad gäller fysisk aktivitet, deltagarna betonade omgivningens betydelse, yttre stöd ansågs ha en stor betydelse för att en beteendeförändring skulle kunna ske. / Background: The number of elderly in our society is increasing and the quantity of physically inactive seniors is growing along with it, this observation can be viewed as a global health issue. By exploring inactive elderly people´s view of physical activity it can contribute to valuable knowledge for supporting this age group into a more physical active lifestyle. Aim: To find out what elderly experiences have importance for being physically active, and what they think can make them change their behavior into a more physically active lifestyle. Method: The study was qualitative, semistructured interviews were made, a convenient sample of six women, 65-74 years old, were included. Data were interpreted inductive with a qualitative content analysis and then sorted into codes and categories. Result: Physical environment and external support was considered to be important by elderly inactive people to be more physically active. Ordinary everyday activities are prioritized over physical exercise. External support, changed habits after retirement, knowledge, experience and attitudes regarding physical activity. This altogether results in an impact on the level of physical activity amongst elders.   Conclusion: The psychosocial factors  were perceived to have great importance in terms of physical activity. The participants expressed how the support from the surroundings has a great importance for a behavioural change.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Maria do Rosario Assis.pdf: 774599 bytes, checksum: b4d4003ca255dfb07065ddcf2605816b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-09 / The universal declaration of human rights is constituted as a starting point for the overall process of human rights and for the historical awareness that humanity has in relation to fundamental values built in the 20th century. The retirement age programme is a kind of benefit discussed in this dissertation because it is a tool for the protection of elderly people and in connection with the principle of dignity of human rights. Following this point of view, various aspects for the protection of elderly people will be analysed considering that due the legislation they are not capable to work. In order to demonstrate the importance of this kind of benefit, it is made a historical approach regarding elderly people's protection from old age onwards. In Brazil, the first instrument to protect elderly people was called act of sexagenarians and taking into account its importance for the older generations of slaves, it will be presented and discussed in this work, highlighting some socio political aspects which motivated the publication of the law 3270 in september 28, 1885. The church was a vehicle of expansion os social security around the world, reason why the historical aspects will be discussed briefly because they are important in order to understand the institution of the benefit and its evolution until social security was created, having unversality as vector for social protection. The higher point of this dissertation will the the retirement age programme and the law relation for social welfare protection making relevant the presentation of all those requirements needed for the worker's retirement, the way the benefit is calculated, improved, and going further into compulsory retirement. As a conclusion for this work, it will elaborate a panoramic analysis of international systems for human rights and the way those treats were absorbed in Brazil / A Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos constitui-se num ponto de partida para o processo global dos direitos humanos e à consciência histórica que a Humanidade tem dos próprios valores fundamentais construídos no Século XX. A aposentadoria por idade é a espécie de benefício discutida nesta dissertação, por ser um instrumento de proteção ao idoso e sintoniza-se com o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana. É com este olhar que serão analisados diversos aspectos da proteção ao idoso que, por ficção legislativa, está incapacitado para o trabalho. Para melhor demonstração da importância desta espécie de benefício, fazse uma incursão histórica sobre a proteção à velhice desde a Antigüidade até os dias atuais. No Brasil, o primeiro instrumento de proteção ao idoso foi a Lei dos Sexagenários, e tendo em linha de conta a sua importância, a velhice dos escravos será apresentada neste trabalho acadêmico e discutida, panoramicamente, alguns aspectos sócio-políticos que ensejaram a publicação da Lei nº. 3.270, de 28 de setembro de 1885. A Igreja foi um veículo de expansão do seguro social no mundo, motivo pelo qual este momento histórico será debatido em breves linhas, por serem necessárias para a compreensão do instituto do seguro e sua evolução até o surgimento da seguridade social, tendo a universalidade como vetor da proteção social. A culminância desta dissertação será o tema da aposentadoria por idade e a relação jurídica de proteção previdenciária, oportunizando a apresentação de todos os requisitos necessários para a jubilação do trabalhador, a forma de cálculo do benefício, seu reajustamento, debruçando-se também sobre a aposentadoria presente estudo, será elaborada uma análise panorâmica do sistema internacional dos compulsória. Concluindo o direitos humanos e a internalização dos tratados dos direitos humanos no Brasil

過去國外的實證研究結果指出，民眾在退休後的消費支出會有減少的現象，文獻稱此現象為 “退休消費的難題 （Retirement Consumption Puzzle）”。本研究主要目的在於探討不同世代是否在退休消費難題的程度上有所差異。研究結果顯示，臺灣民眾在退休後，家戶的消費並未有顯著的減少現象，但對不同世代戶長退休後的家戶消費行為進行分析，本研究發現相較於20年代的家戶，40年代的退休家戶其退休後的消費有顯著減少現象，可能的原因在於年輕世代面臨人口平均餘命增加所產生的長壽風險，而人口結構老化使得過去養兒防老的觀念式微，以及年輕世代對未來退休金制度產生疑慮，使得年輕世代家戶退休後的消費有顯著下降的現象，此結論顯示不同世代在退休後的消費行為確有顯著差異。 / The world is facing the dual effect of life expectancy and declining fertility, this phenomenon will enable society and individuals exposed to the longevity risk. In this study, we use “The Survey of Family Income and Expenditure” from Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C.（Taiwan）. The results show that there is a decline in the expenditure of food after retirement, and younger generations decline less than elder generation obviously. There are also declines in work-related expenditures, including clothing, transportations and communication. It means that retired-consumption puzzle is not obvious to younger generations. While the consumption of home management, recreation and education do not drop after retirement, showing leisure time increase and also increase those consumption. Health and medical expense is related to the age and health status, not to the status of work. Total consumption expenditure is no significant correlation with retirement. Finally, there is a trend of younger generation consumption increase. Comparing, it may have retirement plan to support the increasing consumption.

The diploma thesis generally focuses on pension systems, specifically on the institution of retirement age. This institution is very important for the old-age pension system and its stability. Retirement age is an important determinant of every pension system. Demographic and economic state of society depends, among other things, on age at which citizens can retire, it's associated with standard of living of state residents. It also affects job opportunities. Since its inception the retirement age in the Czech Republic has gone through many modifications. Based on the theory of actor-centered institutionalism, the diploma thesis addresses the determinants that influenced the development of retirement age institute, including its institutional framework and actors involved in its changes. It also deals with its developmental stages. Comparison with the development in Slovakia (in some parts of diploma thesis only) will be enriched the conceptual, empirical as well as methodological realm of the thesis. Czech and Slovak Republics have shared history but the pension systems of both countries have considerably diverged. In conclusion the diploma thesis specifies the wider context of the retirement age as a part of the overall pension system. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)