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A cellular pre-mRNA undergoes various post-transcriptional processing events, including capping, splicing and polyadenylation prior to nuclear export. Splicing is particularly important for mRNA nuclear export as two distinct multi-protein complexes, known as human TREX (hTREX) and the exon-junction complex (EJC), are recruited to the mRNA in a splicing-dependent manner. In contrast, a number of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic mRNAs lack introns and are exported by the virus-encoded ORF57 protein. Herein we show that ORF57 binds to intronless viral mRNAs and functions to recruit the complete hTREX complex, but not the EJC, in order assemble an export component viral ribonucleoprotein particle (vRNP). The formation of this vRNP is mediated by a direct interaction between ORF57 and the hTREX export adapter protein, Aly. Aly in turn interacts directly with the DEAD-box protein UAP56, which functions as a bridge to recruit the remaining hTREX proteins to the complex. Moreover, we show that a point mutation in ORF57 which disrupts the ORF57-Aly interaction leads to a failure in the ORF57-mediated recruitment of the entire hTREX complex to the intronless viral mRNA and inhibits the mRNAs subsequent nuclear export and virus replication. Furthermore, we have utilised a trans-dominant Aly mutant to prevent the assembly of the complete ORF57-hTREX complex; this results in a vRNP consisting of viral mRNA bound to ORF57, Aly and the nuclear export factor, TAP. Strikingly, although both the export adapter Aly and the export factor TAP were present on the viral mRNP, a dramatic decrease in intronless viral mRNA export and virus replication was observed in the absence of the remaining hTREX components (UAP56 and hTHO-complex). Together, these data provide the first direct evidence that the complete hTREX complex is essential for the export of KSHV intronless mRNAs and infectious virus production.

mRNA degradation is a fundamental process that controls both the level and the fidelity of gene expression. Using a combination of bioinformatic, genomic, genetic, and molecular biology approaches, we have shown that Edc3p, a yeast mRNA decay factor, controls the stability of the intron-containing YRA1 pre-mRNA. We found that Edc3p-mediated degradation of YRA1 pre-mRNA: 1) is a component of a negative feedback loop involved in the autoregulation of YRA1, 2) takes place in the cytoplasm, 3) is independent of translation, 4) occurs through a deadenylation-independent decapping and 5΄ to 3΄ exonucleotic decay mechanism, and 5) is controlled by specific cis-acting elements and trans-regulatory factors. Cis-regulation of YRA1 pre-mRNA degradation is complicated and precise. Sequences in exon1 inhibit YRA1 pre-mRNA splicing and/or promote pre-mRNA export in a size-dependent but sequence-independent manner. Sequences in the intron dictate the substrate specificity for Edc3p-mediated decay. Five structurally different but functionally interdependent modules were identified in the YRA1 intron. Two modules, designated Edc3p-responsive elements (EREs), are required for triggering an Edc3p-response. Three other modules, designated translational repression elements (TREs), are required for repressing translation of YRA1 pre-mRNA. TREs enhance the efficiency of the response of the EREs to Edc3p by inhibiting translation-dependent nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Trans-regulation of YRA1 pre-mRNA is governed by Yra1p, which inhibits YRA1 pre-mRNA splicing and commits the pre-mRNA to nuclear export, and the RNP export factors, Mex67p and Crm1p, which jointly promote YRA1 pre-mRNA export. Mex67p also appears to interact with sequences in the YRA1 intron to promote translational repression and to enhance the Edc3p response of YRA1 pre-mRNA. These results illustrate how common steps in the nuclear processing, export, and degradation of a transcript can be uniquely combined to control the expression of a specific gene and suggest that Edc3p-mediated decay may have additional regulatory functions in eukaryotic cells.

Host-pathogen interactions in Hepatitis C Virus infection: Deciphering the role of host proteins and microRNAs Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive sense single stranded RNA virus belonging to the Hepacivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family. HCV genome consists of a single open reading frame flanked by highly structured 5‟ and 3‟ untranslated regions (UTRs) at both ends. Unlike cellular mRNAs, HCV RNA translation is independent of the cap structure and is mediated by an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) present in the 5‟UTR. HCV replication begins with the synthesis of a complementary negative-strand RNA using the positive strand RNA genome as a template catalyzed by the NS5B RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The de novo priming of HCV RNA synthesis by NS5B occurs at the very end of the 3‟UTR. The 3‟UTR is organized into highly structured regions namely the variable region, poly U/UC region and the 3‟X region. These regions contain cis-acting elements that determine the efficiency of viral replication. In addition, the interaction of trans-acting factors with the 3‟ UTR is also important for regulation of HCV replication. HCV 3‟UTR interacts with several cellular proteins such as the human La protein, polypyrimdine tract binding protein (PTB), poly (rC)-binding protein 2 (PCBP2) and Human antigen R (HuR). However, the molecular basis of regulation of viral replication by these proteins is not well understood. Many proteins that are hijacked by HCV as well as other cytoplasmic RNA viruses, such as La, PCBP2, HuR and PTB are RNA binding proteins (RBPs). They are involved in post transcriptional regulation of cellular gene expression. Thus the subversion of these proteins by the virus can affect their normal physiological functions. In addition to proteins, recent reports also describe the involvement of non-coding RNAs including microRNAs (miRNA) and long non coding RNAs (lncRNA) in HCV infection. miRNAs can either directly bind to the HCV genome and regulate its life cycle or indirectly modulate the expression of host proteins required by the virus. miRNAs that are differentially regulated in virus infected tissues or body fluids of infected patients can also serve as biomarkers for diagnosis of various stages of the disease. Hence, it was planned to study the role of host proteins and miRNAs in the HCV life cycle and pathogenesis to have novel insights into the biology of HCV infection. Riboproteomic studies have identified several host proteins that directly interact with the 5‟ and/or 3‟UTRs of the HCV RNA. One of the RNA binding proteins that predominantly interact with the 3‟UTR of HCV RNA was found to be HuR. In the present study, we have extensively characterized the interaction between HuR and HCV 3‟UTR and studied its functional implications in HCV life cycle along with other host factors. Characterizing the HCV 3’UTR–HuR interaction and its role in HCV replication HuR is a ubiquitously expressed member of the Hu family which shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm in response to stress. Whole genome siRNA knockdown and other studies have suggested that HuR is essential for HCV replication. However, the molecular mechanism of its involvement in this process was not clear. We observed that siRNA mediated knockdown of HuR reduces the HCV RNA and protein levels. Immunofluorescence studies indicated that HuR relocalizes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in HCV infected cells. Through confocal microscopy and GST pulldown assays, we have demonstrated that HuR co localizes with the viral polymerase, NS5B and directly interacts with the NS5B protein. Membrane flotation assays showed that HuR is present in the detergent resistant membrane fractions which are the active sites of HCV replication. In addition to the interaction of HuR with the viral protein NS5B, we also characterized its interaction with the viral RNA. Direct UV cross linking assays and UV cross linking immunoprecipitation assays were performed to demonstrate the interaction of HuR with the HCV 3‟UTR. The RRM3, hinge region and RRM1 of HuR were found to be important for binding. Further, we observed that HuR competes with PTB for binding to the 3‟UTR when cytoplasmic S10 extracts or recombinant proteins were used in UV cross linking assays. In contrast, the addition of HuR facilitated the binding of La protein to the HCV 3‟UTR in the above assays. Competition UV cross linking assays indicated that both HuR and PTB bind to the poly U/UC region of the 3‟UTR while La binds to the variable region. HuR and La showed higher affinities for binding to the 3‟UTR as compared to PTB in filter binding assays. Since HuR and PTB interact with the same region on the 3‟UTR and HuR showed ~4 fold higher affinity for binding, it could displace PTB from the 3‟UTR. Next, we investigated the roles of HuR, PTB and La in HCV translation and replication in cell culture using three different assay systems, HCV sub genomic replicon, HCV bicistronic SGR-JFH1/Luc replicon as well as the infectious HCV full length RNA (JFH1). Results clearly indicated that HuR and La are positive modulators of HCV replication. Interestingly, PTB facilitated HCV IRES mediated translation but appeared to have a negative effect on HCV replication. The positive effectors, HuR and La showed significant co localization with one another in the cytoplasm in immunofluorescence studies. GST pulldown and coimmunoprecipitation experiments indicated protein-protein interactions between HuR and La but not between HuR and PTB. Through quantitative IP-RT assays, we demonstrated that the overexpression of HuR in HCV RNA transfected cells increases the association of La with the HCV RNA while HuR knockdown reduces the association of La with the HCV RNA. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that La helps in HCV genome circularization. The addition of HuR significantly increased La mediated interactions between the 5‟UTR and the 3‟UTR of HCV RNA as monitored by 5‟-3‟ co precipitation assays, suggesting a possible mechanism by which cooperative binding of HuR and La could positively regulate HCV replication. Taken together, our results suggest a possible interplay between HuR, PTB and La in the regulation of HCV replication. Studying the role of HuR- associated cellular RNAs in HCV infection HuR belongs to the category of mRNA turnover and translation regulatory proteins (TTR-RBPs), which are capable of triggering rapid and robust changes in cellular gene expression. HuR plays a role in several post transcriptional events such as mRNA splicing, export, stability and translation. In the present study, we have investigated the possible consequences of relocalization of HuR on cellular processes in the context of HCV infection. We observed that 72h post transfection of infectious HCV-JFH1 RNA, there is an increase in the mRNA levels of some of the validated targets of HuR including the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), dual specificity phosphatise 1 (MKP1) and metastasis - associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript (MALAT1). IP-RT assays demonstrated that the association of HuR with VEGFA and MKP1 was higher in HCV-JFH1 RNA transfected cells as compared to the mock transfected cells indicating that increase in HuR association could probably help in stabilization of these mRNAs. Interestingly, we observed that the association of HuR with the lncRNA MALAT1 decreases in the presence of HCV RNA, while its RNA levels increased. Earlier it has been reported that MALAT1 interacts with HuR and was predicted to interact with La. We confirmed the interaction of both HuR and La proteins with MALAT1 RNA in vitro and in the cell culture system. Results from our time course experiments suggest that relocalization of HuR and La upon HCV infection might decrease their association with the nuclear retained MALAT1 RNA leading to significant reduction in MALAT1 RNA levels at the initial time points. However at later time points, MALAT1 was found to be unregulated through activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway as demonstrated using a chemical inhibitor against β-catenin. Since MALAT1 is a known regulator of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis, we further studied the physiological consequence of the observed increase in MALAT1 levels upon HCV infection. Cell migration and cell invasion studies suggested that the knockdown of MALAT1 led to the inhibition of HCV- triggered wound healing and matrigel invasion and also rescued the down regulation of E-Cadherin protein levels, an EMT marker. Our study highlights the importance of the lncRNA, MALAT1 in HCV infection and suggests its possible involvement in HCV induced HCC. Investigating the role of miRNAs in HCV pathogenesis and replication miRNAs can also regulate HCV infection and pathogenesis in multiple ways. It is known that under disease conditions, there is aberrant expression of intracellular as well as circulating miRNAs. We have investigated the expression profile of 940 human miRNAs in HCV infected patient serum samples to identify the differentially regulated miRNAs. miR-320c, miR-483-5p and the previously reported miR-125b were found to be upregulated in the serum of cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic HCV infected patient serum samples. All three miRNAs were also unregulated in the cell culture supernatant of HCV infected cells as well as within the HCV infected cells. miR-483-5p was specifically enriched in the exosomes isolated from patient serum samples. Knockdown of miR-320c and miR-483-5p did not have significant effect on HCV replication while knockdown of miR-125b affected HCV replication through regulation of one of its target genes, HuR. We observed that with time, miR-125b levels in HCV-JFH1 RNA transfected cells increase while the HuR protein levels decrease. Using luciferase reporter constructs, we demonstrated that the decrease in HuR protein levels is indeed mediated by miR-125b. Mutations in the target site of miR-125b in the HuR 3‟UTR prevented the down regulation of luciferase activity. Next we tested the effect of silencing miR-125b on HCV replication. Knockdown of miR-125b prevented the reduction in HuR protein levels but with no significant effect on HCV replication. It appeared that the HuR protein already present in the cytoplasm could be sufficient to support HCV replication. Hence similar experiments were carried out in cells depleted of HuR using either siRNA against HuR or a chemical inhibitor of nucleocytoplasmic transport of HuR, Leptomycin B. We observed that when the intracellular levels of HuR are reduced using either of the two approaches, there is a decrease in HCV replication. This is in accordance with the results obtained in the first part of the thesis. However when miR-125b was silenced in HuR depleted cells, we noticed an upregulation in the HuR protein levels by western blot analysis and a consequent increase in HCV RNA levels as quantified by qRT-PCR. From our findings, we can conclude that miR-125b mediated regulation of HuR plays an important role in HCV replication. We hypothesize that this could be a cellular response to HCV infection to which the virus responds by inducing protein relocalization. Altogether, these studies outline the importance of host factors including cellular proteins and non-coding RNAs in the regulation of HCV life cycle and pathogenesis. Results reveal the mechanistic insights into how HCV infection triggers host defense pathways, which are evaded by the virus by counter strategies.

De nombreuses voies de signalisation cellulaire complexes permettent de répondre à la présence de dommages à l’ADN. Cette réponse cellulaire est indispensable afin d’éviter l’accumulation de mutations pouvant éventuellement conduire à la transformation tumorale. Ces différentes voies de réponse aux dommages à l’ADN sont hautement coordonnées et sont regroupées au sein d’un mécanisme global appelé DNA damage response (DDR). Les facteurs du DDR sont régulés à plusieurs niveaux de la cascade de l’expression des gènes. De façon notable, plusieurs protéines de liaison à l’ARN (RBP) participent à la régulation de l’expression des gènes du DDR via la régulation post- transcriptionnelle de leur ARN messager. La RBP STAU2 est connue pour lier plusieurs ARNm codant pour des protéines impliquées dans le contrôle du cycle cellulaire ainsi que dans les voies du DDR. La protéine STAU2 est elle-même régulée au niveau transcriptionnel par le facteur de transcription E2F1. De récentes observations laissent penser que la kinase centrale du DDR, CHK1, pourrait être impliquée dans la régulation de la stabilité de STAU2. Par ailleurs, les conséquences cellulaires de la diminution du niveau d’expression de STAU2 sont à ce jour très peu connues. Ce mémoire a d’abord été entrepris dans le but de mieux comprendre l’implication de la voie de la kinase CHK1 dans la régulation de la protéine de liaison à l’ARN STAU2. CHK1 est une protéine centrale des voies du DDR ainsi que du contrôle de la progression du cycle cellulaire en l’absence de dommages à l’ADN. Nos résultats montrent que la diminution de CHK1 induit une dégradation rapide de STAU2 par les caspases d’une façon indépendante de l’apoptose. Nous avons également renforcé ce lien entre STAU2 et les mécanismes de réparation des dommages à l’ADN en identifiant plusieurs protéines des voies de réparation dans l’environnement immédiat de STAU2. D’autre part nos travaux visent à mettre en évidence les conséquences de la déplétion de STAU2 dans plusieurs types cellulaires. STAU2 étant une RBP, sa dérégulation impacte inévitablement le devenir de plusieurs ARNm. Afin de caractériser ces différentes conséquences, nous avons dans un premier temps réalisé la déplétion totale de STAU2 dans des cellules hTert-RPE par la technique de CRISPR/Cas9. Nos résultats montrent que ces cellules accumulent anormalement des dommages à l’ADN et prolifèrent plus rapidement que des cellules normales. En outre plusieurs gènes impliqués dans la réparation des dommages à l’ADN se retrouvent diminués dans ces cellules. Dans un second temps, afin de définir si cet effet est dépendant du type cellulaire, nous avons induit la diminution de l’expression de STAU2 dans des cellules IMR90. Nous avons montré que dans ce cas, la diminution de STAU2 induit un arrêt du cycle cellulaire et une entrée des cellules en sénescence. Ainsi, les données présentées dans ce mémoire contribuent à mieux comprendre l’implication de STAU2 dans les processus cellulaires majeurs que sont la régulation du DDR et le contrôle du cycle cellulaire. / Many complex cellular pathways are induced in response to DNA damages. This cellular response is indispensable to prevent the accumulation of mutations and to avoid malignant transformation. These different pathways are highly coordinated and are organized in a global mechanism called DNA damage response (DDR). Proteins involved in the DDR are regulated at different levels of the gene expression process. Notably, several RNA binding proteins are involved in the regulation of DDR gene expression through the post-transcriptional control of their mRNA. The RBP STAU2 is known to bind various mRNAs coding for proteins involved in the DDR or cell cycle control. STAU2 is regulated at the transcriptional levels by the major transcription factor E2F1. Recent observations suggest that CHK1 could be implicated in the control of the steady-state level of STAU2. Otherwise, the cellular consequences of STAU2 downregulation remain elusive. The purpose of this research was first to elucidate the implication of CHK1 pathway in STAU2 regulation. CHK1 is a major protein involved in the DDR regulation as well as in the control of cell cycle progression in the absence of DNA damage. Our data show that the downregulation of CHK1 rapidly leads to a caspase-dependent degradation of STAU2 independently of apoptosis. The link between STAU2 and mechanisms of DNA repair was reinforced by our BioID2 experiment that identified several proteins of the DDR in close proximity with STAU2. On the other hand, the aim of this study was to determine the consequences of STAU2 downregulation in different cell lines. Given that STAU2 is an RBP, its dysregulation will inevitably change the fate of several mRNA. In order to increase our understanding of theses consequences, we generated an hTert-RPE1 STAU2-KO cell line using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Our data show that these cells accumulate DNA damage and have an increased proliferation rate. Moreover, several genes involved in the DNA repair pathway are downregulated. We also downregulated STAU2 in IMR90 to determine if the previous observations are cell-type specifics. In the latter case, STAU2 diminution triggers cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence. Altogether, these results contribute to improve our knowledge of STAU2 function, especially in DNA damage response pathway and in cell cycle regulation.

La localisation subcellulaire de l’ARN permet un déploiement prompt et spatialement restreint autant des activités protéiques que des ARN noncodant. Le trafic d’ARN est dirigé par des éléments de séquences (sous-séquences primaires, structures secondaires), aussi appelés motifs de régulation, présents en cis à même la molécule d’ARN. Ces motifs sont reconnus par des protéines de liaisons aux ARN qui médient l’acheminement des transcrits vers des sites précis dans la cellule. Des études récentes, chez l’embryon de Drosophile, indiquent que la majorité des ARN ont une localisation subcellulaire asymétrique, suggérant l’existence d’un « code de localisation » complexe. Cependant, ceci peut représenter un exemple exceptionnel et la question demeurait, jusqu’ici, si une prévalence comparable de localisation d’ARN est observable chez des cellules standards développées en culture. De plus, des informations facilement disponibles à propos des caractéristiques de distribution topologique d’instances de motifs à travers des transcriptomes complets étaient jusqu’à présent manquantes. Afin d’avoir un aperçu de l’étendue et des propriétés impliquées dans la localisation des ARN, nous avons soumis des cellules de Drosophile (D17) et de l’humain (HepG2) à un fractionnement biochimique afin d’isoler les fractions nucléaire, cytosolique, membranaire et insoluble. Nous avons ensuite séquencé en profondeur l’ARN extrait et analysé par spectrométrie de masse les protéines extraites de ces fractions. Nous avons nommé cette méthode CeFra-Seq. Par des analyses bio-informatiques, j’ai ensuite cartographié l’enrichissement de divers biotypes d’ARN (p. ex. ARN messager, ARN long non codant, ARN circulaire) et protéines au sein des fractions subcellulaires. Ceci a révélé que la distribution d’un large éventail d’espèces d’ARN codants et non codants est asymétrique. Une analyse des gènes orthologues entre mouche et humain a aussi démontré de fortes similitudes, suggérant que le processus de localisation est évolutivement conservé. De plus, j’ai observé des attributs (p. ex. la taille des transcrits) distincts parmi les populations d’ARN messagers spécifiques à une fraction. Finalement, j’ai observé des corrélations et anti-corrélations spécifiques entre certains groupes d’ARN messagers et leurs protéines. Pour permettre l’étude de la topologie de motifs et de leurs conservations, j’ai créé oRNAment, une base de données d’instances présumée de sites de liaison de protéines chez des ARN codants et non codants. À partir de données de motifs de liaison protéique par RNAcompete et par RNA Bind-n-Seq, j’ai développé un algorithme permettant l’identification rapide d’instances potentielles de ces motifs dans un transcriptome complet. J’ai pu ainsi cataloguer les instances de 453 motifs provenant de 223 protéines liant l’ARN pour 525 718 transcrits chez cinq espèces. Les résultats obtenus ont été validés en les comparant à des données publiques de eCLIP. J’ai, par la suite, utilisé oRNAment pour analyser en détail les aspects topologiques des instances présumées de ces motifs et leurs conservations évolutives relatives. Ceci a permis de démontrer que la plupart des motifs sont distribués de façon similaire entre espèces. De plus, j’ai discerné des points communs entre les sous-groupes de protéines liant des biotypes distincts ou des régions d’ARN spécifiques. La présence de tels patrons, similaires ou non, entre espèces est susceptible de refléter l’importance de leurs fonctions. D’ailleurs, l’analyse plus détaillée du positionnement d’un motif entre régions transcriptomiques comparables chez les vertébrés suggère une conservation synténique de ceux-ci, à divers degrés, pour tous les biotypes d’ARN. La topologie régionale de certaines instances de motifs répétées apparaît aussi comme évolutivement conservée et peut être importante afin de permettre une liaison adéquate de la protéine. Finalement, les résultats compilés avec oRNAment ont permis de postuler sur un nouveau rôle potentiel pour l’ARN long non codant HELLPAR comme éponge de protéines liant l’ARN. La caractérisation systématique d’ARN localisés et de motifs de régulation en cis présentée dans cette thèse démontre comment l’intégration d’information à l’échelle transcriptomique permet d’évaluer la prévalence de l’asymétrie, les caractéristiques distinctes et la conservation évolutive de collections d’ARN. / The subcellular localization of RNA allows a rapid and spatially restricted deployment of protein and noncoding RNA activities. The trafficking of RNA is directed by sequence elements (primary subsequences, secondary structures), also called regulatory motifs, present in cis within the RNA molecule. These motifs are recognized by RNA-binding proteins that mediate the transport of transcripts to specific sites in the cell. Recent studies in the Drosophila embryo indicate that the majority of RNAs display an asymmetric subcellular localization, suggesting the existence of a complex "localization code". However, this may represent an exceptional example and the question remained, until now, whether a comparable prevalence of RNA localization is observable in standard cells grown in culture. In addition, readily available information about the topological distribution of pattern instances across full transcriptomes has been hitherto lacking. In order to have a broad overview of the extent and properties involved in RNA localization, we subjected Drosophila (D17) and human (HepG2) cells to biochemical fractionation to isolate the nuclear, cytosolic, membrane and insoluble fractions. We then performed deep sequencing on the extracted RNA and analyzed through mass spectrometry the proteins extracted from these fractions. We named this method CeFra-Seq. Through bioinformatics analyses, I then profiled the enrichment of various RNA biotypes (e.g. messenger RNA, long noncoding RNA, circular RNA) and proteins within the subcellular fractions. This revealed the high prevalence of asymmetric distribution of both coding and noncoding RNA species. An analysis of orthologous genes between fly and human has also shown strong similarities, suggesting that the localization process is evolutionarily conserved. In addition, I have observed distinct attributes (e.g. transcript size) among fraction-specific messenger RNA populations. Finally, I observed specific correlations and anti-correlations between defined groups of messenger RNAs and the proteins they encode. To study motifs topology and their conservation, I created oRNAment, a database of putative RNA-binding protein binding sites instances in coding and noncoding RNAs. Using data from protein binding motifs assessed by RNAcompete and by RNA Bind-n-Seq experiments, I have developed an algorithm allowing their rapid identification in a complete transcriptome. I was able to catalog the instances of 453 motifs from 223 RNA-binding proteins for 525,718 transcripts in five species. The results obtained were validated by comparing them with public data from eCLIP. I then used oRNAment to further analyze the topological aspects of these motifs’ instances and their relative evolutionary conservation. This showed that most motifs are distributed in a similar fashion between species. In addition, I have detected commonalities between the subgroups of proteins linking preferentially distinct biotypes or specific RNA regions. The presence or absence of such pattern between species is likely a reflection of the importance of their functions. Moreover, a more precise analysis of the position of a motif among comparable transcriptomic regions in vertebrates suggests a syntenic conservation, to varying degrees, in all RNA biotypes. The regional topology of certain motifs as repeated instances also appears to be evolutionarily conserved and may be important in order to allow adequate binding of the protein. Finally, the results compiled with oRNAment allowed to postulate on a potential new role for the long noncoding RNA HELLPAR as an RNA-binding protein sponge. The systematic characterization of RNA localization and cis regulatory motifs presented in this thesis demonstrates how the integration of information at a transcriptomic scale enables the assessment of the prevalence of asymmetry, the distinct characteristics and the evolutionary conservation of RNA clusters.

During stress, eukaryotes regulate protein synthesis in part through formation of cytoplasmic, non-membrane-bound complexes called stress granules (SGs). SGs transiently store signaling proteins and stalled translational complexes in response to stress stimuli (e.g. oxidative insult, DNA damage, temperature shifts and ER dysfunction). The functional outcome of SGs is proper translational regulation and signaling, allowing cells to overcome stress. The fatal motor neuron disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) develops in an age-related manner and is marked by progressive neuronal death, with cytoplasmic protein aggregation, excitotoxicity and increased oxidative stress as major hallmarks. Fused in Sarcoma/Translocated in Liposarcoma (FUS) is an RNA-binding protein mutated in ALS with roles in RNA and DNA processing. Most ALS-associated FUS mutations cause FUS to aberrantly localize in the cytoplasm due to a disruption in the nuclear localization sequence. Intriguingly, pathological inclusions in human FUSALS cases contain aggregated FUS as well as several SG-associated proteins. Further, cytoplasmic mutant FUS incorporates into SGs, which increases SG volume and number, delays SG assembly, accelerates SG disassembly, and alters SG dynamics. I posit that mutant FUS association with stress granules is a toxic gain-of-function in ALS that alters the function of SGs by interaction with SG components. Here, I show that mutant FUS incorporates in to SGs via its Cterminal RGG motifs, the methylation of which is not required for this localization. Further, I identify protein interactions specific to full-length mutant FUS under stress conditions that are potentially capable of interacting with FUS in SGs. Finally, I demonstrate a potential change in the protein composition of SGs upon incorporation of mutant FUS. These findings advance the field of ALS and SG biology, thereby providing groundwork for future investigation.