Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Injuries to people living and working on farms in New South Wales continue to be a significant burden on the health system, Workers’ Compensation system, agricultural industries and farming families. Strategies to reduce the number and severity of injuries suffered by farmers and people working on farms rely on accurate information. Unfortunately there is no one dataset available to describe the circumstances surrounding farm injuries and the size of this burden in Australia. Hence, a number of different data sources are required to provide a picture of farm injuries. To date, there has been very little critical examination of what value each of these datasets provides to describing farm injuries. This Thesis aimed to: • Undertake surveillance of injuries occurring to people on farms or during agricultural production in NSW using data from an Emergency Department, NSW Hospital Separations information, NSW Workers’ Compensation Claims, and ABS Deaths data. • Critically examine the utility of Emergency Department, Hospital, Workers’ Compensation, and ABS Deaths Data for the surveillance of farm injuries in NSW. • Critically examine data classification systems used in Emergency Department, Hospital, Workers’ Compensation, and ABS Deaths data collections to describe the breadth of farm injuries in NSW. • Define the priority areas for farm injury prevention initiatives in NSW based on the information obtained from the examination of the data from Emergency Department, Hospital, Workers’ Compensation, and ABS Deaths. • Evaluate the effectiveness of the NSW Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) rebate scheme and examine the utility of the data currently available in NSW to measure the performance of the program. Four datasets, Tamworth Emergency Department, Hospital Separations, Workers’ Compensation and the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Deaths data were used to provide information on the surveillance of farm injuries, describe the breadth of classifications used to describe farm injuries, and define priorities for the prevention of farm injuries. There were 384 farm-related injuries which presented to the Emergency Department at the Tamworth Base Hospital between 1 September 1997 and 31 August 1998. Emergency Department data collected in this study used the Farm Injury Optimal Dataset (FIOD) for classification, which allowed for a comprehensive picture of the circumstances surrounding the injury event. The three most common external causes of injury were related to horses, motorcycles, and animals. Commonly people were working at the time of injury. Children represented 21% of the people injured. The average number of injuries per 100 farms per annum was 34.7. An examination of hospital discharge data for NSW was undertaken for the period 1 July 1992 to 30 June 2000 where the location of the injury was a farm. Classification of cases in this dataset conformed to the International Classification of Disease (ICD) versions 9 and 10. There were 14,490 people who were injured on a farm during the study period. The three most common external causes of injury were motorcycles, animals being ridden and agricultural machinery. Children represented 17% of all farm injury cases. The rate per 1,000 farms ranged from 19 to 42 per annum. An examination of Workers’ Compensation claims for agricultural industries in NSW between 1 July 1992 and 30 June 2001 was undertaken. The ‘Type of Occurrence’ classification system was used to code the claims. There were 24,332 claims of which the majority were males (82%). The incidence of injury / disease in agriculture per annum varied from 37 per 1,000 workers to 73 per 1,000 workers. The rate per 1,000 agricultural establishments varied from 54 to 76. The average cost of a claim was $10,880 and the average time lost per claims was 9.2 weeks. There were 81 deaths and 3,158 permanent disabilities. The three most common agents were sheep / goats (5%), ferrous and non-ferrous metals (5%), crates / cartons / boxes / etc (5%). Using ABS deaths data to examine the deaths of people working and living on farms was limited to males whose occupation was recorded as ‘farmer and farm manager’ and ‘agricultural labourer and related worker’. There were 952 deaths over the period 1 January 1991 and 31 December 2000. The information provided a consistent series of cases over time. Areas where prevention should be directed included motor vehicle accidents; falls; agricultural machinery; other machinery; firearms; poisoning; and drowning. Using any one of the datasets alone to examine people injured on farms not only underestimates the number of people injured, but also misses particular types of agents involved in farm injuries. Each of the datasets used in this Thesis provides a different perspective of farm injury in NSW. By examining the information together, there are a number of areas which are consistently represented in each dataset such as falls and agricultural machinery. While no one dataset provided all the information that would be useful for the prevention of injuries, the available information does provide direction for the development of prevention strategies. The overall weakness of the information provided is that it misses a number of risk factors that contribute to farm injuries such as fatigue and training. The lack of appropriate denominator information also makes it difficult to directly compare the datasets and estimate the size of the problem. There are a number of additional coding categories that could be included in each dataset that would provide a better understanding of the different groups at risk of sustaining an injury on a farm or during agricultural work. These coding categories include activity at time of injury, admission to hospital, and occupation. An example of the use of data to determine the effectiveness of a farm injury prevention program is the ‘NSW Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) Rebate Scheme’ evaluation. Tractor rollover deaths have been identified as an issue for prevention by Farmsafe Australia; however, such deaths were not identified in any of the datasets used in this Thesis due to coding limitations in the ABS data. In this Thesis information about the evaluation of the ‘NSW ROPS Rebate Scheme’ is presented. The scheme was successful in fitting 10,449 ROPS to tractors and the following lessons were learnt: when providing a rebate, the administration (i.e. sending the cheque) needs to be done well; advertising is important and should be co-ordinated, increase the awareness of the risk(s) the intervention is aiming to prevent and effectiveness of subsequent solution (s); the program should ensure there is an increased awareness of the outcome the intervention is aiming to prevent; if regulation is part of the program, enforcement needs to undertaken; and should address any barriers to uptake. The information provided in this Thesis highlights the substantial burden that farm injury places on the agricultural and rural sector of NSW. While there is no one data source that can describe the circumstances and the burden of farm injuries, the currently available datasets do provide an insight into the circumstances of farm injuries and the burden these injuries place on health, Workers’ Compensation, agricultural industries and farming families.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Injuries to people living and working on farms in New South Wales continue to be a significant burden on the health system, Workers’ Compensation system, agricultural industries and farming families. Strategies to reduce the number and severity of injuries suffered by farmers and people working on farms rely on accurate information. Unfortunately there is no one dataset available to describe the circumstances surrounding farm injuries and the size of this burden in Australia. Hence, a number of different data sources are required to provide a picture of farm injuries. To date, there has been very little critical examination of what value each of these datasets provides to describing farm injuries. This Thesis aimed to: • Undertake surveillance of injuries occurring to people on farms or during agricultural production in NSW using data from an Emergency Department, NSW Hospital Separations information, NSW Workers’ Compensation Claims, and ABS Deaths data. • Critically examine the utility of Emergency Department, Hospital, Workers’ Compensation, and ABS Deaths Data for the surveillance of farm injuries in NSW. • Critically examine data classification systems used in Emergency Department, Hospital, Workers’ Compensation, and ABS Deaths data collections to describe the breadth of farm injuries in NSW. • Define the priority areas for farm injury prevention initiatives in NSW based on the information obtained from the examination of the data from Emergency Department, Hospital, Workers’ Compensation, and ABS Deaths. • Evaluate the effectiveness of the NSW Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) rebate scheme and examine the utility of the data currently available in NSW to measure the performance of the program. Four datasets, Tamworth Emergency Department, Hospital Separations, Workers’ Compensation and the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Deaths data were used to provide information on the surveillance of farm injuries, describe the breadth of classifications used to describe farm injuries, and define priorities for the prevention of farm injuries. There were 384 farm-related injuries which presented to the Emergency Department at the Tamworth Base Hospital between 1 September 1997 and 31 August 1998. Emergency Department data collected in this study used the Farm Injury Optimal Dataset (FIOD) for classification, which allowed for a comprehensive picture of the circumstances surrounding the injury event. The three most common external causes of injury were related to horses, motorcycles, and animals. Commonly people were working at the time of injury. Children represented 21% of the people injured. The average number of injuries per 100 farms per annum was 34.7. An examination of hospital discharge data for NSW was undertaken for the period 1 July 1992 to 30 June 2000 where the location of the injury was a farm. Classification of cases in this dataset conformed to the International Classification of Disease (ICD) versions 9 and 10. There were 14,490 people who were injured on a farm during the study period. The three most common external causes of injury were motorcycles, animals being ridden and agricultural machinery. Children represented 17% of all farm injury cases. The rate per 1,000 farms ranged from 19 to 42 per annum. An examination of Workers’ Compensation claims for agricultural industries in NSW between 1 July 1992 and 30 June 2001 was undertaken. The ‘Type of Occurrence’ classification system was used to code the claims. There were 24,332 claims of which the majority were males (82%). The incidence of injury / disease in agriculture per annum varied from 37 per 1,000 workers to 73 per 1,000 workers. The rate per 1,000 agricultural establishments varied from 54 to 76. The average cost of a claim was $10,880 and the average time lost per claims was 9.2 weeks. There were 81 deaths and 3,158 permanent disabilities. The three most common agents were sheep / goats (5%), ferrous and non-ferrous metals (5%), crates / cartons / boxes / etc (5%). Using ABS deaths data to examine the deaths of people working and living on farms was limited to males whose occupation was recorded as ‘farmer and farm manager’ and ‘agricultural labourer and related worker’. There were 952 deaths over the period 1 January 1991 and 31 December 2000. The information provided a consistent series of cases over time. Areas where prevention should be directed included motor vehicle accidents; falls; agricultural machinery; other machinery; firearms; poisoning; and drowning. Using any one of the datasets alone to examine people injured on farms not only underestimates the number of people injured, but also misses particular types of agents involved in farm injuries. Each of the datasets used in this Thesis provides a different perspective of farm injury in NSW. By examining the information together, there are a number of areas which are consistently represented in each dataset such as falls and agricultural machinery. While no one dataset provided all the information that would be useful for the prevention of injuries, the available information does provide direction for the development of prevention strategies. The overall weakness of the information provided is that it misses a number of risk factors that contribute to farm injuries such as fatigue and training. The lack of appropriate denominator information also makes it difficult to directly compare the datasets and estimate the size of the problem. There are a number of additional coding categories that could be included in each dataset that would provide a better understanding of the different groups at risk of sustaining an injury on a farm or during agricultural work. These coding categories include activity at time of injury, admission to hospital, and occupation. An example of the use of data to determine the effectiveness of a farm injury prevention program is the ‘NSW Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) Rebate Scheme’ evaluation. Tractor rollover deaths have been identified as an issue for prevention by Farmsafe Australia; however, such deaths were not identified in any of the datasets used in this Thesis due to coding limitations in the ABS data. In this Thesis information about the evaluation of the ‘NSW ROPS Rebate Scheme’ is presented. The scheme was successful in fitting 10,449 ROPS to tractors and the following lessons were learnt: when providing a rebate, the administration (i.e. sending the cheque) needs to be done well; advertising is important and should be co-ordinated, increase the awareness of the risk(s) the intervention is aiming to prevent and effectiveness of subsequent solution (s); the program should ensure there is an increased awareness of the outcome the intervention is aiming to prevent; if regulation is part of the program, enforcement needs to undertaken; and should address any barriers to uptake. The information provided in this Thesis highlights the substantial burden that farm injury places on the agricultural and rural sector of NSW. While there is no one data source that can describe the circumstances and the burden of farm injuries, the currently available datasets do provide an insight into the circumstances of farm injuries and the burden these injuries place on health, Workers’ Compensation, agricultural industries and farming families.

Diploma thesis is devoted to tractor cabin's suspension. First part of the work consists of the overview of used suspension designs and their various modifications. Next, law requirements for roll-over protective structure are described. Subsequently, the suspension design for small-sized tractor is explored. Law compliance is revised via ROPS procedure simulation using finite element method. In the last part of the work, virtual prototype of agricultural tractor in Multi-body environment is built and it is used for studying the dynamic characteristics of proposed cabin suspension design.

A ênfase deste t rabalho está vol tada à utilização da simulação computacional dentro do contexto do processo de desenvolvimento de produto. Foi utilizado o método dos elementos finitos para simular o teste de bancada que é realizado para val idar a resistência mecânica e a capacidade de absorção de energia de estruturas de proteção contra capotamento (EPCC) de t ratores agrícolas. Foi feita uma proposta de design de uma cabina para t ratores estreitos e a parti r dela foi executado o teste vi rtual para a sua validação. A simulação foi fei ta considerando as característ icas não lineares dos materiais, uma vez que a deformação atinge o regime plástico dos mesmos. Como a cabina é uma est rutura soldada relativamente complexa, foram feitas idealizações para se reduzi r o tempo computacional. De posse dos resultados vi rtuais, foi possível prever as regiões mais e menos solici tadas da estrutura sem a necessidade de real izar o teste real, propondo assim alterações de design e de materiais da cabina para tornar a absorção da energia de deformação mais eficiente. / The emphasis of this work is focused on the use of computer simulation within the context of product development. The finite element method was used to simulate the real test that is conducted to validate the st rength and energy absorption capacity of rollover protective st ructures (ROPS) of agricul tural tractors. From a design proposal of a cab to a narrow tractor, the test was performed to validate it . The simulation was made by adopt ing the nonlinear characteristics of the materials, since the deformation reaches the plastic regime. As the cab is a welded structure relatively complex, idealizations were made to reduce the computational time. With the results vi rtual , it was possible to predict the most and least requested regions of the st ructure without the need to run the real test, proposing design and material changes to make the absorption of strain energy more efficiently.

A ênfase deste t rabalho está vol tada à utilização da simulação computacional dentro do contexto do processo de desenvolvimento de produto. Foi utilizado o método dos elementos finitos para simular o teste de bancada que é realizado para val idar a resistência mecânica e a capacidade de absorção de energia de estruturas de proteção contra capotamento (EPCC) de t ratores agrícolas. Foi feita uma proposta de design de uma cabina para t ratores estreitos e a parti r dela foi executado o teste vi rtual para a sua validação. A simulação foi fei ta considerando as característ icas não lineares dos materiais, uma vez que a deformação atinge o regime plástico dos mesmos. Como a cabina é uma est rutura soldada relativamente complexa, foram feitas idealizações para se reduzi r o tempo computacional. De posse dos resultados vi rtuais, foi possível prever as regiões mais e menos solici tadas da estrutura sem a necessidade de real izar o teste real, propondo assim alterações de design e de materiais da cabina para tornar a absorção da energia de deformação mais eficiente. / The emphasis of this work is focused on the use of computer simulation within the context of product development. The finite element method was used to simulate the real test that is conducted to validate the st rength and energy absorption capacity of rollover protective st ructures (ROPS) of agricul tural tractors. From a design proposal of a cab to a narrow tractor, the test was performed to validate it . The simulation was made by adopt ing the nonlinear characteristics of the materials, since the deformation reaches the plastic regime. As the cab is a welded structure relatively complex, idealizations were made to reduce the computational time. With the results vi rtual , it was possible to predict the most and least requested regions of the st ructure without the need to run the real test, proposing design and material changes to make the absorption of strain energy more efficiently.

A ênfase deste t rabalho está vol tada à utilização da simulação computacional dentro do contexto do processo de desenvolvimento de produto. Foi utilizado o método dos elementos finitos para simular o teste de bancada que é realizado para val idar a resistência mecânica e a capacidade de absorção de energia de estruturas de proteção contra capotamento (EPCC) de t ratores agrícolas. Foi feita uma proposta de design de uma cabina para t ratores estreitos e a parti r dela foi executado o teste vi rtual para a sua validação. A simulação foi fei ta considerando as característ icas não lineares dos materiais, uma vez que a deformação atinge o regime plástico dos mesmos. Como a cabina é uma est rutura soldada relativamente complexa, foram feitas idealizações para se reduzi r o tempo computacional. De posse dos resultados vi rtuais, foi possível prever as regiões mais e menos solici tadas da estrutura sem a necessidade de real izar o teste real, propondo assim alterações de design e de materiais da cabina para tornar a absorção da energia de deformação mais eficiente. / The emphasis of this work is focused on the use of computer simulation within the context of product development. The finite element method was used to simulate the real test that is conducted to validate the st rength and energy absorption capacity of rollover protective st ructures (ROPS) of agricul tural tractors. From a design proposal of a cab to a narrow tractor, the test was performed to validate it . The simulation was made by adopt ing the nonlinear characteristics of the materials, since the deformation reaches the plastic regime. As the cab is a welded structure relatively complex, idealizations were made to reduce the computational time. With the results vi rtual , it was possible to predict the most and least requested regions of the st ructure without the need to run the real test, proposing design and material changes to make the absorption of strain energy more efficiently.

The Rollover of heavy vehicles operating in the construction, mining and agricultural sectors is a common occurrence that may result in death or severe injury for the vehicle occupants. Safety frames called ROPS (Rollover Protective Structures) that enclose the vehicle cabin, have been used by heavy vehicle manufacturers to provide protection to vehicle occupants during rollover accidents. The design of a ROPS requires that a dual criteria be fulfilled that ensures that the ROPS has sufficient stiffness to offer protection, whilst possessing an appropriate level of flexibility to absorb some or most of the impact energy during a roll. Over the last four decades significant research has been performed on these types of safety devices which has resulted in the generation of performance standards that may be used to assess the adequacy of a ROPS design for a particular vehicle type. At present these performance standards require that destructive full scale testing methods be used to assess the adequacy of a ROPS. This method of ROPS certification can be extremely expensive given the size and weight of many vehicles that operate in these sectors. The use of analytical methods to assess the performance of a ROPS is currently prohibited by these standards. Reasons for this are attributed to a lack of available fundamental research information on the nonlinear inelastic response of safety frame structures such as this. The main aim of this project was to therefore generate fundamental research information on the nonlinear response behaviour of ROPS subjected to both static and dynamic loading conditions that could be used to contribute towards the development of an efficient analytical design procedure that may lessen the need for destructive full scale testing. In addition to this, the project also aspired to develop methods for promoting increased levels of operator safety during vehicle rollover through enhancing the level of energy absorbed by the ROPS. The methods used to fulfil these aims involved the implementation of an extensive analytical modelling program using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in association with a detailed experimental testing program. From these studies comprehensive research information was developed on both the dynamic impact response and energy absorption capabilities of these types of structures. The established finite element models were then used to extend the investigation further and to carry out parametric studies. Important parameters such as ROPS post stiffness, rollslope inclination and impact duration were identified and their effects quantified. The final stage of the project examined the enhancement of the energy absorption capabilities of a ROPS through the incorporation of a supplementary energy absorbing device within the frame work of the ROPS. The device that was chosen for numerical evaluation was a thin walled tapered tube known as frusta that was designed to crush under a sidewards rollover and hence lessen the energy absorption demand placed upon the ROPS. The inclusion of this device was found to be beneficial in absorbing energy and enhancing the level of safety afforded to the vehicle occupants.

This thesis deals with the design of the protective frame protecting occupants in rollover (ROPS). The creation of the calculation model, in order to perform a stress-strain analysis of the frame under the conditions of the homologation test. Execution modal analysis with the inclusion of the mass of the auxiliary device. A motion for a protective frame is designed so that it can be subjected to destructive test according to standards ČSN EN ISO 3471. The strength and modal analysis was carried out using the finite element method (FEM). The diploma thesis was conducted in cooperation with the company, the Tatra Truck a.s.

This diploma thesis deals with stress analysis and optimization of two-way cab excavator MH Plus S with total weight of machine 19375 kg. Stress analysis has been performed using the finite element method (FEM). As next step the structure design of protective frame and strength analysis of the cab and protective frame, which protect crew when the machine is rolled over protective structure (ROPS) according to ČSN EN ISO 3471 standard, have been made. The design documentation is a part of diploma thesis. This diploma thesis was conducted in cooperation with the firm Agrotec a.s.

1868, Bruxelles, trente-quatre artistes, principalement des peintres belges, s’organisent en groupe sous la dénomination de « Société libre des Beaux-Arts ». Parmi eux, de nombreux peintres tenants du réalisme tels que Louis Artan, Alfred Verwée, Louis Dubois, Félicien Rops et Marie Collart. Désireux d’enrôler de nouveaux membres, ils publient leurs statuts et leur programme dont les axes principaux sont l’opposition au dogmatisme des peintres « conservateurs » et l’appui d’un « renouvellement des arts » à l’aune de la « liberté », du « progrès » et d’un respect de « (…) l’école nationale ». Durant son existence, la société organisera trois expositions en marge de l’institution et se munira d’une revue L’Art libre. / En se focalisant sur la Société libre des Beaux-Arts (1868-1876) et ses artistes, notre thèse a pour objectif de contribuer à l’étude du fonctionnement et de la restructuration du monde artistique en Belgique dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. La création d’une société d’artistes véhiculant des valeurs tant identitaires qu’esthétiques constitue en effet une nouvelle façon de s’imposer comme artiste dans la sphère publique. Auparavant, seules les infrastructures étatiques (Salons, Musées, Classe des Beaux-Arts, etc.) posaient les critères de mise en valeur d’une élite artistique. / Par le biais d’une étude des stratégies médiatiques et commerciales de la société et des trajectoires professionnelles de quarante-trois peintres membres, nous proposons de confronter la posture collective d’artistes « indépendants » véhiculée à la réalité de leurs pratiques. Quels étaient les enjeux d’une telle structure adoptant une posture d’avant-garde à l’image de celle qui s’était forgée quelques années plus tôt à Paris ? Derrière cette construction identitaire, peut-on véritablement considérer ces artistes comme des « révolutionnaires » et des « indépendants » ? Qui étaient ces artistes ? Où exposaient-ils et quel type d’œuvre montraient-ils ? Ont-ils pu compter sur les moyens d’automédiation mis en place par le groupe pour assurer leur reconnaissance, trouver un public et vivre de leur art ? Quel fut leur rapport effectif aux institutions officielles ?Il s’agit d’observer les actions concrètes posées par ces acteurs afin d’assurer leur émergence et leur reconnaissance dans un champ artistique en mutation. Pour ce faire, nous avons ciblé trois « moyens de médiation » soit trois moments de mise en relation de leur personne et de leurs œuvres avec le public que sont l’exposition, la critique d’art et le marché de l’art. / My research is focused on the careers of the painters who were members of the « Société libre des Beaux-Arts » (1868-1876), Belgium's first independent association of artists based on an aesthetic principle. With the aim of increasing the recognition and visibility of naturalistic paintings on the art scene, the association organized several exhibitions and published periodicals by supporting art critics. The « Société libre des Beaux-Arts » included approximately forty painters such as L. Artan, L. Dubois, C. Meunier and F. Rops. By analysing their use of exhibitions and the media, their critical reception and their place in the art market, I try to explore the emergence of the « independent artist » and the eventual transition from « the academic system » to « the dealer-critic system » in Belgium. / Doctorat en Histoire, histoire de l'art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished