The rotational microwave spectra of the three isotopes (^13CH_3^12C^15N, ^12CH_3^13C^15N, and ^13CH_3^13C^15N) of the methyl cyanide molecule in the v_8=3, v_8=2, v_7=1 and v_4=1 vibrational energy levels for the rotational components 1£J£5 (for a range of frequency 17-95 GHz.) were experimentally and theoretically examined. Rotational components in each vibration were measured to determine the mutual interactions in each vibration between any of the vibrational levels investigated. The method of isotopic substitution was employed for internal tuning of each vibrational level by single and double substitution of ^13C in the two sites of the molecule. It was found that relative frequencies within each vibration with respect to another vibration were shifted in a systematic way. The results given in this work were interpreted on the basis of these energy shifts. Large departure between experimentally measured and theoretically predicted frequency for the quantum sets (J, K=±l, ϑ=±1), Kϑ-l in the v_8=3 vibrational states for the ^13c and ^15N tagged isotopes of CH_3CN showed anomalous behavior which was explained as being due to Fermi resonance. Accidently strong resonances (ASR) were introduced to account for some departures which were not explained by Fermi resonance.

Le test de rotation mentale (TRM) est robuste pour faire émerger une grande différence de sexe en faveur des hommes. Il existe un stéréotype, communément admis, de moins bonnes performances des femmes en aptitude spatiale. Deux théories explicatives cohabitent. La première, biologique, est liée à une masculinisation du cerveau des garçons sous l'action des androgènes durant la vie fœtale. Dans cette hypothèse, et en raison d'un transfert d'hormones supposé durant la vie intra-utérine, les femmes qui ont un cojumeau doivent avoir des performances meilleures que celles ayant une cojumelle (Vuoksimaa et al., 2010). L'autre hypothèse, que nous défendons, suppose que les différences de sexe au TRM peuvent être socialement construites ou activées par des éléments du Contexte évaluatif et ceci quel que soient les compétences des personnes. Nous avons, pour la première fois dans une étude gémellaire, confronté ces deux hypothèses. Des paires de jumeaux jeunes adultes dizygotes de même sexe (DZMS), 23 paires d'hommes et 34 paires de femmes, et de sexe différent (DZSD), 62 paires, ont passé un TRM informatisé dans deux conditions expérimentales où l'exactitude des réponses et les temps de réponse sont enregistrés. Dans une condition, les consignes du test rendent la situation de comparaison au cojumeau possible (CSP) : « vous et votre jumeau ferez le même test aujourd'hui », dans l'autre condition (CSI) la comparaison est rendue improbable : « vous et votre jumeau ferez des tâches différentes ». Nos résultats n'accréditent pas la théorie biologique et sont en faveur d'une explication en termes d'interférence du stéréotype. / The mental rotation test (MRT) is the most robust test revealing that men outperform women. Two major causes have been proposed for explaining the origin of this difference. The first focused on brain masculinization under the action of androgen during the fetal development. Vuoksimaa et al., (2010) showed that dizygotic opposite-sex female have greater performances than dizygotic same-sex female. For the second hypothesis, sex difference is mainly due to social regulation factors and stereotype threat interaction. We test here this second hypothesis. In a twin design we tested, for the first time, these two causal explanations. Same-sex dizygotic young adult pairs (23 pairs of males and 34 pairs of females), and opposite-sex dizygotic pairs (62 pairs) took a computerized MRT in two experimental co-action conditions. In the first condition, the experimental situation make the co-twin comparison possible (CSP): “you and your co-twin do the same test today”, and in the other experimental condition called, improbable comparison situation (CSI), they are told that: “you and your co-twin do different test today”. Accuracy and responses time where analyzed. Our results do not support the biological model but, in contrary, support the social regulation and stereotype threat model.

Le cannabidiol (CBD), constituant majeur non-psychotrope du Cannabis sativa, possède un grand nombre de propriétés pharmacologiques. Des dérivés du CBD présentant une rotation restreinte autour de la liaison simple aryl-C(sp3) ont été synthétisés avec deux modifications majeures apportés sur l’un ou/et l’autre cycle dans le but d’atteindre et de contrôler l’atropisomérie.Des phénylcyclohexanes diversement substitués ont été préparés par hydrogénation catalytique des phénylcyclohexènes correspondants. Des études de RMN dynamique et de modélisation moléculaire ont permis l’identification des épimères (1R/1S) et de leurs conformères (M/P). Selon la nature des substituants, de bons résultats de diastéréosélectivité et d’atroposélectivité ont été obtenus. Les conformères de l’épimère (1S) ont des barrières de rotation élevées jusqu’à 92 kJ.mol-1, contrairement à ceux de (1R) avec des barrières de seulement ~72 kJ.mol-1. L’atropisomérie dépend non seulement des substituants autour l’axe de chiralité mais aussi de la position d’un groupe méthyle sur le cycle monoterpénique (en C1).Des dérivés ortho-soufrés ont été préparés à partir de leurs analogues oxygénés via le réarrangement de Newman-Kwart. La substitution de l’atome d’oxygène par le soufre ralentit significativement l’échange conformationnel, les barrières énergétiques augmentent d’environ 10 kJ.mol-1. / Cannabidiol (CBD) is the major non-psychoactive constituent of Cannabis sativa with a large number of pharmaceutical interests. CBD derivatives with restricted rotation about the aryl-C(sp3) single bond have been synthesized with two major changes on one and/or both cycles in order to reach and control atropisomerism.Diversely substituted phenylcyclohexanes were prepared by catalytic hydrogenation from their corresponding phenylcyclohexenes. Dynamic NMR experiments and DFT calculations allowed us to identify the epimers (1R/1S) and their conformers (M/P). According to the nature of the substituents, high diastereoselectiviy and atrop-selectivity were obtained in these natural product derivatives. The conformers of epimers (1S) show high rotational barriers of up to 92 kJ.mol-1, unlike those of (1R) and with much lower barriers of ~72 kJ.mol-1. Atropisomerism not only depends on the substituents at the axis of chirality but also is influenced by the position of a methyl group on the monterpene ring (at C1).Ortho-thio derivatives were prepared from their oxygenated analogs via the Newman-Kwart rearrangement. The substitution of the oxygen atom by the sulfur slows the conformational exchange significantly increasing the rotational barriers of around 10 kJ.mol-1.

Dans les systèmes de télécommunications l'isolateur est le seul élément qui n'a pas encore été intégré, en raison du traitement thermique élevé (~ 700 °C) nécessaire à la cristallisation des matériaux magnétiques le constituant. Ce composant autorise le passage de la lumière dans une seule direction, en bloquant la propagation dans le sens retour et évite les risques des dommages ou d’instabilités. Il est basé sur l'effet non-réciproque de la rotation Faraday des matériaux magnéto-optiques. Pour surmonter ce problème de compatibilité tout en exaltant l'effet magnéto-optique, un matériau composite structuré en cristal photonique 3D a été élaboré par imprégnation d’un opale direct de polystyrène avec une solution de précurseurs métalliques dopés avec des nanoparticules magnétiques (CoFe2O4) à basse température en utilisant le procédé sol-gel. Premièrement, nous avons montré par le calcul, que l'utilisation d'un matériau magnétique diluée avec un indice de réfraction relativement faible dans un cristal photonique 1D, peut augmenter le facteur de mérite par rapport à une seule monocouche magnéto-optique. Pour obtenir une rotation Faraday suffisante, la fraction volumique de nanoparticules magnétiques dans la couche composite a tout d’abord été augmentée de quelques pour cent à une valeur aussi importante que 40%. Le résultat principal de cette thèse est enfin que la rotation de Faraday des cristaux magnéto-photoniques réalisés a montré une amélioration sur les bords de la bande interdite photonique en comparaison à la seule monocouche / For telecommunication systems the isolator is the only element, which has not been integrated yet, because of the high temperature (~700 °C) annealing process which is required for the crystallization of magnetic materials. Due to the non-reciprocal behavior of the magneto-optical effects, this device assures that the transmitted light passes in one direction, but it blocks the backward propagation into the laser and avoids damage risk or instabilities. To overcome this compatibility problem and increase the magneto-optical effect, a composite material arranged as 3D photonic crystal has been elaborated by impregnating polystyrene direct opals with magnetic nanoparticles(CoFe2O4) doped metallic precursor solution using low temperature sol-gel process. Firstly, we have shown by calculation, that the use of a dilute magnetic material with a relatively low refractive index in a 1D photonic crystal can increase the merit factor compared to a single magnetic monolayer. To obtain a sufficient Faraday rotation, the volume fiaction of magnetic nanoparticles had to be increased. We managed to reach 40%, whereas this rate was only a few percent at the beginning of this work. The main result of this thesis is that the Faraday rotation of the realized magneto-photonic crystals showed an enhancement at the edges of the photonic band gap comparing to the single monolayer

<b>Résumé:</b> Dans le but de décrire la rotation résonante rigide de Mercure, différents modèles de rotation résonante de type 3 : 2 à deux et trois dimensions, moyennisés sur les courtes périodes et exprimés en formalisme hamiltonien sont proposés. Dans le premier modèle, l'axe de rotation de Mercure est confondu avec son plus petit axe d'inertie et la planète n'est soumise à l'action d'aucune force autre que celle de la gravitation. Le couplage de ces 2 degrés de liberté est mis en évidence. Un modèle à 3 degrés de liberté tenant compte de la dissociation de l'axe du moment angulaire et de l'axe de figure est ensuite présenté. Dans ces deux modèles, le développement du potentiel est limité à l'ordre 2 en excentricité. Afin d'estimer l'erreur commise par ce choix de troncature, les Hamiltoniens sont développés à des ordres plus élevés; les nouveaux termes ainsi obtenus sont considérés comme des perturbations et traités à l'aide de la théorie de Lie. L'influence des autres planètes du Système Solaire est enfin étudiée en incluant, dans un premier temps, une précession constante du noeud ascendant et du péricentre dans notre modèle de base et, dans un second temps, en considérant que l'inclinaison et l'excentricité sont des fonctions lentes du temps permettant l'utilisation de la théorie de l'invariant adiabatique étendue à 2 degrés de liberté. Une étude des équilibres et des périodes propres de chaque modèle est réalisée.// <b>Abstract:</b> In the aim to describe the Mercury's rigid resonant rotation, different 3: 2 spin-orbit resonant rotation models with two and three dimensions , averaged on the short periods and expressed in Hamiltonian formalism is proposed. In the first model, Mercury's rotation axis and its smallest axis of inertia aren't distinct and no force except the gravitation one acts on the planet. The coupling between these 2 degrees of freedom is underlined. A 3 degrees of freedom model taking into account the dissociation of the angular momentum axis from the figure axis is aftewards presented. In these two models, the potential devellopment is limited to the second order in eccentricity. In order to estimate the error due to this troncature choice, the Hamiltonians are devellopped up to higher orders; the new terms so obtained are considered as perturbations et treated thanks to Lie theory. The influence of the other planets of the Solar System is finally studied by including, in a first time, a constant precession of the ascending node and of the pericenter in our basis model and, in a second time, by considering that the inclination and the excentricity are slow functions of time allowing the use of the adiabatique invariant extended to 2 degrees of freedom. A study of the equilibria and of the proper periods of each model is realized.

Auf der Sonne sind viele Phänomene zu sehen die mit der solaren magnetischen Aktivität zusammenhängen. Das dafür zuständige Magnetfeld wird durch einen Dynamo erzeugt, der sich vermutlich am Boden der Konvektionszone in der sogenannten Tachocline befindet. Angetrieben wird der Dynamo teils von der differenziellen Rotation, teils von den magnetischen Turbulenzen in der Konvektionszone. Die differentielle Rotation kann an der Sonnenoberfläche durch beobachten der Sonnenfleckbewegungen gemessen werden.<br>Um einen größeren Parameterraum zum Testen von Dynamotheorien zu erhalten, kann man diese Messungen auch auf andere Sterne ausdehnen. Das primäre Problem dabei ist, dass die Oberflächen von Sternen nicht direkt beobachtet werden können. Indirekt kann man dies jedoch mit Hilfe der Doppler-imaging Methode erreichen, die die Doppler-Verbreitung der Spektrallinien von schnell rotierenden Sternen benützt. Um jedoch ein Bild der Sternoberfläche zu erhalten, bedarf es vieler hochaufgelöster spektroskopischer Beobachtungen, die gleichmäßig über eine Sternrotation verteilt sein müssen. Für Sterne mit langen Rotationsperioden sind diese Beobachtungen nur schwierig durchzuführen. Das neue robotische Observatorium STELLA adressiert dieses Problem und bietet eine auf Dopplerimaging abgestimmte Ablaufplanung der Beobachtungen an. Dies wird solche Beobachtungen nicht nur leichter durchführbar machen, sondern auch effektiver gestalten.<br>Als Vorschau welche Ergebnisse mit STELLA erwartet werden können dient eine Studie an sieben Sternen die allesamt eine lange (zwischen sieben und 25 Tagen) Rotationsperiode haben. Alle Sterne zeigen differentielle Rotation, allerdings sind die Messfehler aufgrund der nicht zufriedenstellenden Datenqualität von gleicher Größenordnung wie die Ergebnisse, ein Problem das bei STELLA nicht auftreten wird. Um die Konsistenz der Ergebnisse zu prüfen wurde wenn möglich sowohl eine Kreuzkorrelationsanalyse als auch die sheared-image Methode angewandt. Vier von diesen sieben Sternen weisen eine differentielle Rotation in umgekehrter Richtung auf als auf der Sonne zu sehen ist. Die restlichen drei Sterne weisen schwache, aber in der Richtung sonnenähnliche differentielle Rotation auf.<br>Abschließend werden diese neuen Messungen mit bereits publizierten Werten kombiniert, und die so erhaltenen Daten auf Korrelationen zwischen differentieller Rotation, Rotationsperiode, Evolutionsstaus, Spektraltyp und Vorhandensein eines Doppelsterns überprüft. Alle Sterne zusammen zeigen eine signifikante Korrelation zwischen dem Betrag der differenziellen Rotation und der Rotationsperiode. Unterscheidet man zwischen den Richtungen der differentiellen Rotation, so bleibt nur eine Korrelation der Sterne mit antisolarem Verhalten. Darüberhinaus zeigt sich auch, dass Doppelsterne schwächer differentiell rotieren. / The sun shows a wide variety of magnetic-activity related phenomena. The magnetic field responsible for this is generated by a dynamo process which is believed to operate in the tachocline, which is located at the bottom of the convection zone. This dynamo is driven in part by differential rotation and in part by magnetic turbulences in the convection zone. The surface differential rotation, one key ingredient of dynamo theory, can be measured by tracing sunspot positions.<br>To extend the parameter space for dynamo theories, one can extend these measurements to other stars than the sun. The primary obstacle in this endeavor is the lack of resolved surface images on other stars. This can be overcome by the Doppler imaging technique, which uses the rotation-induced Doppler-broadening of spectral lines to compute the surface distribution of a physical parameter like temperature. To obtain the surface image of a star, high-resolution spectroscopic observations, evenly distributed over one stellar rotation period are needed. This turns out to be quite complicated for long period stars. The upcoming robotic observatory STELLA addresses this problem with a dedicated scheduling routine, which is tailored for Doppler imaging targets. This will make observations for Doppler imaging not only easier, but also more efficient.<br>As a preview of what can be done with STELLA, we present results of a Doppler imaging study of seven stars, all of which show evidence for differential rotation, but unfortunately the errors are of the same order of magnitude as the measurements due to unsatisfactory data quality, something that will not happen on STELLA. Both, cross-correlation analysis and the sheared image technique where used to double check the results if possible. For four of these stars, weak anti-solar differential rotation was found in a sense that the pole rotates faster than the equator, for the other three stars weak differential rotation in the same direction as on the sun was found.<br>Finally, these new measurements along with other published measurements of differential rotation using Doppler imaging, were analyzed for correlations with stellar evolution, binarity, and rotation period. The total sample of stars show a significant correlation with rotation period, but if separated into antisolar and solar type behavior, only the subsample showing anti-solar differential rotation shows this correlation. Additionally, there is evidence for binary stars showing less differential rotation as single stars, as is suggested by theory. All other parameter combinations fail to deliver any results due to the still small sample of stars available.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att ta reda på hur elevers uppfattningar om de rörelser som sker i vårt solsystem stämmer överens med de vetenskapliga fakta som finns. I våra vardagliga situationer refererar vi till det vi med ögats hjälp kan uppfatta i fråga om vad som rör sig eller ej. Hur påverkas eleverna av de dagliga uttryck som de får höra sedan de är mycket små, och har de en möjlighet att med skolans hjälp förändra dessa tankesätt? Undersökningen genomfördes med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer av elever i skolår 1 respektive 5. Detta för att se hur stor skillnaden är mellan de elever som inte har erhållit någon undervisning om solsystemet och de elever som ska ha uppnått de mål för fysik som skolverket har ställt upp. Eleverna som deltog i studien valdes slumpmässigt ur respektive klasser. De fick besvara 14 frågor, var och en för sig. De besvarade frågorna olika utförligt, vissa var mycket fåordiga. Ibland var jag tvungen att ställa följdfrågor, eftersom jag ville förstå eleverna på ett bra sätt. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att elevernas kunskaper inom området har en stor variation, även inom samma åldrar. Detta kan härledas till elevernas eget intresse av vårt solsystem. Den slutsats som jag har dragit av undersökningen är att det är viktigt att ta reda på vilka föreställningar som eleverna har inför arbetet med arbetsområdet. / The purpose of this degree project is to find pupils´ understanding about the movements which occur in our solar system and compare them with the scientific facts we know about. In our daily life we refer to what we can see with the help from our eyes whether something moves or not. How do the pupils´ get affected by these daily expressions they hear from early ages, and do they have an opportunity with the help from the school to change these ways of thinking? The survey was carried out with help of qualitative interviews of pupils´ in class 1 and 5. This because to see how large the difference is between pupils´ who hasn’t received any education about the solar system and the pupils´ who are supposed to have reached the goals compiled by The National Agency for Education. The pupils´ who took part in this study were chosen by random from both classes. They answered to 14 questions, each and everyone on their own. They answered the questions with various details, some were very taciturn. Sometimes I had to ask resulting questions, since I wanted to understand the pupils´ properly. The result of the survey shows that the pupils´ knowledge within the area have a large variation, even within the same ages. This can be deduced to the interest of the pupils´ in our solar system. The conclusion I have maid from this survey are that it is important to find out which understandings the pupils´ have before the work with the subject area.

A review of recent literature and the research effort underlying this dissertation indicates that fractional order differential equations have significant potential to advance dynamical system methods broadly. Particular promise exists in the area of control and estimation, even for systems where fractional order models do not arise “naturally”. This dissertation is aimed at further building of the base methodology with a focus on robust feedback control and state estimation. By setting the mathematical foundation with the fractional derivative Caputo definition, we can expand the concept of the fractional order calculus in a way that enables us to build corresponding controllers and estimators in the state-space form. For the robust eigenstructure assignment, we first examine the conditioning problem of the closed-loop eigenvalues and stability robustnesss criteria for the fractional order system, and we find a unique application of an n-dimensional rotation algorithm developed by Mortari, to solve the robust eigenstructure assignment problem in a novel way. In contradistinction to the existing Fractional Kalman filter developed by using Gru ̈ndwald-Letnikov definition, the new Fractional Kalman filter that we establish by utilizing Caputo definition and our algorithms provide us with powerful means for solving practical state estimation problems for fractional order systems.

Background: The twisting motion of the left ventricle (LV), with clockwise rotation at the base and counter clockwise rotation at the apex during systole, is a vital part of LV function. Even though LV rotation has been studied for decades, the rotation pattern has not been described in detail. By the introduction of speckle tracking echocardiography measuring rotation has become easy of access. However, the axis around which the LV rotates has never before been assessed. The aims of this thesis were to describe the rotation pattern of the LV in detail (study I), to assess RV apical rotation (study II), develop a method to assess the rotation axis (study III) and finally to study the effect of regional ischemia to the rotation pattern of the LV (study IV). Methods: Healthy humans were examined in study I-III and the final study populations were 40 (60±14 years), 14 (62±11 years) and 39 (57±16 years) subjects, respectively. In study IV six young pigs (32-40kg) were studied. Standard echocardiographic examinations were performed. In study IV the images were recorded before and 4 minutes after occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Rotation was measured in short axis images by using a speckle tracking software. By development of custom software, the rotation axis of the LV was calculated at different levels in every image frame throughout the cardiac cycle. Results: Study I showed significant difference in rotation between basal and apical rotations, as well as significant differences between segments at basal and mid ventricular levels. The rotation pattern of the LV was associated with different phases of the cardiac cycle. Study II found significant difference in rotation between the LV and the RV. RV rotation was heterogeneous and bi-directional, creating a ´tightening belt action´ to reduce it circumference. Study III indicated that the new method could assess the rotation axis of the LV. The motion of the rotation axes in healthy humans displayed a physiological and consistent pattern. Study IV found a significant difference in the rotation pattern, between baseline and after LAD occlusion, by measuring the rotation axes, but not by conventional measurements of rotation. AV-plane displacement and wall motion score (WMS) were also significantly changed after inducing regional ischemia. Conclusion: There are normally large regional differences in LV rotation, which can be associated anatomy, activation pattern and cardiac phases, indicating its importance to LV function. In difference to the LV, the RV did not show any functional rotation. However, its heterogeneous circumferential motion could still be of importance to RV function and may in part be the result of ventricular interaction. The rotation axis of the LV can now be assessed by development of a new method, which gives a unique view of the rotation pattern. The quality measurements and results in healthy humans indicate that it has a potential clinical implication in identifying pathological rotation. This was supported by the experimental study showing that the rotation axis was more sensitive than traditional measurements of rotation and as sensitive as AV-plane displacement and WMS in detecting regional myocardial dysfunction.

Graduation date: 1992