The thesis gives overview of complex aerodynamic optimization approach applied to business-jet aircraft wing design. Response surface method (RSM) potential was explored particularly. The efficiency of RSM approach for CFD based aerodynamic optimization was demonstrated. Basic structural requirements were successfully integrated to optimization – real multidisciplinary problem was solved. Some methods for evaluation of forces distribution along wingspan were explored. Thesis was solving within the frame of 6th EU FP integrated project CESAR.

This study was concerned with the most common reverse flow type of cyclones where the flow enters the cyclone through a tangential inlet and leaves via an axial outlet pipe at the top of the cyclone. Numerical computations of two different cyclones were based on the so-called Stairmand cyclone. The difference in geometry between these two cyclones was basically characterized by the geometrical swirl number Sg of 3.5 and 4. Turbulent secondary flows inside a straight square channel have been studied numerically by using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) in order to verify the implementation process. Prandtl’s secondary motion calculated by LES shows satisfying agreement with both, Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) and experimental results. Numerical calculations were carried out at various axial positions and at the apex cone of a gas cyclone separator. Two different NS-solvers (a commercial one, and a research code), based on a pressure correction algorithm of the SIMPLE method have been applied to predict the flow behavior. The flow was assumed as unsteady, incompressible and isothermal. A k − epsilon turbulence model has been applied first using the commercial code to investigate the gas flow. Due to the nature of cyclone flows, which exhibit highly curved streamlines and anisotropic turbulence, advanced turbulence models such as RSM (Reynolds Stress Model) and LES (Large Eddy Simulation) have been used as well. The RSM simulation was performed using the commercial package CFX4.4, while for the LES calculations the research code MISTRAL/PartFlow-3D code developed in our multiphase research group has been applied utilizing the Smagorinsky model. It was found that the k − epsilon model cannot predict flow phenomena inside the cyclone properly due to the strong curvature of the streamlines. The RSM results are comparable with LES results in the area of the apex cone plane. However, the application of the LES reveals qualitative agreement with the experimental data, but requires higher computer capacity and longer running times than RSM. These calculations of the continuous phase flow were the basis for modeling the behavior of the solid particles in the cyclone separator. Particle trajectories, pressure drop and the cyclone separation efficiency have been studied in some detail. This thesis is organized into five chapters. After an introduction and overview, chapter 2 deals with continuous phase flow turbulence modeling including the governing equations. The emphasis will be based on LES modelling. Furthermore, the disperse phase motion is treated in chapter 3. In chapter 4, the validation process of LES implementation with channel flow is presented. Moreover, prediction profiles of the gas flow are presented and discussed. In addition, disperse phase flow results are presented and discussed such as particle trajectories; pressure drop and cyclone separation efficiency are also discussed. Chapter 5 summarizes and concludes the thesis.

Ces derniers temps, des procédés commerciaux basés sur la technologie photocatalytique, sont arrivés sur le marché, afin de satisfaire la demande croissante du traitement de l’air intérieur. L’objectif de ce présent travail est de développer une nouvelle méthodologie pour évaluer l’efficacité de ce nouveau procédé. Pour l’étude de l’application de la photocatalyse au traitement de l’air intérieur, un dispositif expérimental a été mis au point et deux méthodes analytiques ont été développées (ATD-GCMS et GC-PDHID). La performance de la dégradation photocatalytique du 2-propanol et du toluène à faibles concentrations (ppbv) a été étudiée. L’influence des différents paramètres (humidité relative, débit, concentration initiale, etc.) et leurs interactions sur la conversion, la formation des intermédiaires et la minéralisation au CO2 a été établie / Many commercial systems based in the photocatalytic technology have reached the market recently in order to address the growing demand for improve poor indoor air qualities. The present work deals with the development of a new methodology in order to evaluate the efficiency of this process. For the study of photocatalytic oxidation for indoor air applications, an experimental set-up was designed and two analytical tools (ATD-GC-MS and GC-PDHID) were developed. The performance of the photocatalytic treatment of 2-propanol and toluene at indoor air concentrations levels (ppbv) were realised. The influence of several parameters and their interactions effects on the conversion, by-product formation and mineralization to CO2 were established

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-04-10T19:08:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Laís Benvenutti.pdf: 1732667 bytes, checksum: 0cbf85a73624f6269213298d5973c50f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-10T19:08:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Laís Benvenutti.pdf: 1732667 bytes, checksum: 0cbf85a73624f6269213298d5973c50f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A maçã apresenta alta concentração de compostos fenólicos, distribuídos em diferentes classes as quais apresentam capacidade antioxidante. Além disso, conferem efeito positivo na formação do sabor, cor e aroma em bebidas derivadas da fruta. No entanto, durante o processamento, parte da composição fenólica fica retida no bagaço, principal subproduto da agroindústria da maçã. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo a otimização da extração de compostos fenólicos presentes no bagaço da maçã utilizando solvente de grau alimentício, visando sua aplicação em sidras a fim de melhorar as características tecnológicas, nutricionais e sensoriais do produto final. Nos ensaios de extração foram avaliados os efeitos da concentração de solvente (etanol), temperatura e razão sólido/líquido sobre o rendimento e atividade antioxidante dos extratos, utilizando o método de superfície de resposta (MSR). Além disso, foi estudada a cinética da extração, bem como a estabilidade do extrato. A análise de regressão linear múltipla acoplada ao MSR sugeriu que a extração seja efetuada utilizando etanol 60%, a 50 °C, na razão sólido/líquido de 1:20 (m/v). Por meio de um modelo cinético de primeira ordem foram avaliados os efeitos do tempo e da temperatura sobre a concentração de equilíbrio da extração, a qual foi atingida aproximadamente aos 50 minutos, independente da temperatura, com teores de 1852,77; 1728,35 e 1265,29 mg CAT/kg para as temperaturas de 50, 35 e 20 °C, respectivamente. A partir desses resultados, a energia de ativação necessária para que ocorra a transferência do soluto foi 9,01 kJ/mol. Em geral, os flavonoides apresentaram boa estabilidade durante período de 90 dias, sendo sugerido armazenamento ou aplicação sob temperatura de 10 °C em pH de aproximadamente 3,5. O extrato obtido nas melhores condições foi adicionado ao mosto antes do inóculo de levedura e a fermentação foi monitorada por meio do estudo cinético. Os mostos e pontos da fermentação (1, 4, 7, 11 e 15 dias) foram avaliados quanto aos fenóis individuais, açúcares e etanol em cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Além disso, foi avaliada a composição fenólica total, flavonoides totais, flavanóis, flavonóis e atividade antioxidante, bem como, o teor de acidez total titulável, pH e cor. Os produtos finais foram analisados sensorialmente quanto à intensidade de cor, acidez, adstringência e amargor por meio de uma escala estruturada, e quanto à qualidade do odor em escala hedônica de aceitação. A adição do extrato aumentou cerca 40% a concentração de flavonoides totais, apresentando glicosídeos de quercetina, compostos presentes apenas no epicarpo da maçã, os quais foram um dos compostos relacionados com o aumento da atividade antioxidante na sidra com adição de extrato. A adição do extrato também resultou em maior intensidade de cor e percepção do amargor e adstringência. Apesar das alterações na composição fenólica, a adição do extrato não prejudicou a qualidade do odor do produto final. Portanto, o extrato fenólico obtido com etanol em condições otimizadas foi capaz de reincorporar parte dos compostos bioativos retidos no bagaço, aumentando a capacidade antioxidante e alterando características sensoriais responsáveis pela aceitabilidade da bebida. / Apple has high amounts of phenolic compounds, distributed in different classes which show antioxidant capacity. In addition, the phenolic compounds contribute to flavor, color and aroma in apple beverages. However, most of the phenolic compounds, especially the flavonoids, are retained in the apple pomace, during processing. In this way, this work aimed to optimize the flavonoids extraction from apple pomace using food grade solvent, and to apply the extracts in ciders in order to improve the technological, nutritional and sensorial characteristics of the final product. In the extraction experiments, the effects of solvent concentration (ethanol), temperature and solid/liquid ratio on process yield and antioxidant activity of the extracts were evaluated using response surface methodology (RSM). In addition, the extraction kinetics as well as the stability of the extract were studied. The multiple linear regression analysis coupled to RSM suggested that the extraction be performed using ethanol 60% at 50 °C and with solute-solvent ratio of 1:20 (w/v). The effects of time and temperature on the equilibrium concentration of the extraction were evaluated, which was reached at approximately 50 minutes with contents of 1852.77; 1728.35 and 1265.29 mg CAT/kg for the temperatures of 50, 35 and 20 ° C, respectively. The activation energy required for solute transfer to occur was determined, 9.01 kJ mol-1. In general, the flavonoids showed good stability during the period of 90 days, being suggested its storage or application under a temperature of 10 °C and pH about 3.5. The extract obtained under the best conditions was added to the must prior to addition of the yeast inoculum and the fermentation was monitored by kinetic study. The musts and ciders (1, 4, 7, 11 and 15 days) were evaluated as to the individual phenols and sugar and ethanol contents were quantified in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, the total phenolic composition, total flavonoids, flavanols, flavonols and antioxidant activity, as well as total titratable acidity, pH and color were evaluated. The final products were sensorially analyzed for color intensity, acidity, astringency and bitterness by means of a structured scale. The odor quality was evaluated in a hedonic scale of acceptance. The addition of the extract increased about 40% in the total flavonoid content. Quercetin glycosides, compounds present only in the apple epicarp, were found, being one of the compounds associated for the increase in antioxidant activity. The cider with the extract addition showed higher intensity of color and perception of the bitterness and astringency. Despite the changes in phenolic composition, the addition of the extract did not affect the odor quality of the final product. Therefore, the phenolic extract obtained with ethanol under optimized conditions was able to reincorporate bioactive compounds retained in the pomace, increasing the antioxidant capacity and changing sensorial characteristics responsible for the acceptability of the beverage.

This master's thesis analyses fluid flow in an open cylindrical tank with vortex using numerical simulation. The theoretical part introduces a set of equations governing fluid flow and relations used to describe vortex motion. A general overview of terms used in computational fluid dynamics is presented. The experimental section consists of three parts. The vortex modelling is performed using ANSYS Fluent software. Data are consequently analysed within ANSYS CFD-Post software tool. Special focus is put on the vortex shape that is fitted with a curve corresponding to a probability density function of the Cauchy distribution. Results are then plotted in MATLAB software.

Energy traps at the silicon surface originating from discontinuities in the lattice is detrimental to the performance of solar cells. Acting as recombination centers, they offer a location where the charge carriers may easily return to their original energy band after excitation. Surface passivation is an effective method to combat this and can be done either by suppressing traps (lowering trap density) or by forming an electric field, preventing the carriers from reaching the defect states. Silicon oxide, SiO2, and aluminum oxide, Al2O3, are two materials which have previously been shown to provide good passivating qualities. In this thesis, SiO2 and Al2O3 have been used both as single layers and in a stack configuration to passivate the surface of crystalline silicon (c-Si). Using a response surface methodology approach, temperature optimization with respect to deposition and annealing temperature has been conducted for SiO2/Al2O3 stacks deposited with plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition, PEALD. It was shown that the same deposition temperature (Tdeposition = 140 °C, Tanneal = 395 °C) could be used for both materials and provide good passivation with an effective surface recombination velocity, Seff, of 5.3 cm/s (1Ωcm n-type Si wafers). From FTIR measurements, an increase in hydroxyl groups was seen as the SiO2 deposition temperature increased while the opposite was observed for Al2O3 which also showed fewer carbon related impurities with increasing temperature. Increasing the SiO2 temperature strongly affected the fixed charge density, causing it to decrease and even switch polarity. The fixed charge density could also be controlled by varying the thickness of the intermediate SiO2 layer. At a thickness of 1-2 nm, a minimum in the effective lifetime was observed and was correlated to Si close to flat-band conditions. N-type wafers showed a larger negative fixed charge density than p-type wafers which results in stronger field-effect passivation. For phosphorous doped emitters (200 Ω/sq on 10 Ωcm p-type wafer), it was seen that SiO2/Al2O3 stacks with a SiNx anti-reflection coating performed better than SiO2 or Al2O3 single layers. By depositing SiO2 at 130 °C in SiO2/Al2O3 stacks and annealing at 450 °C, an implied open circuit voltage (iVoc) of 710 mV was measured (AM1.5G) together with an implied fill factor (iFF) of 84.1% and a recombination parameter (J0) of 19.2 fA/cm2. Al2O3 single layer showed an extremely low J0 of 10 fA/cm2 but suffered from a decreased iFF and strong injection dependent lifetimes which originates from an inversion layer. ALD ozone processes were successfully developed for SiO2 and Al2O3.  The deposition rate per cycle for SiO2 was found to be only ~0.175 Ǻ/cycle (PEALD ~1.1 Ǻ/cycle), making it rather unpractical for use outside of research. Single layer SiO2 deposited with ozone showed, similarly to a plasma process, almost no surface passivation. Al2O3 however proved to be highly passivating on its own with a τeff = 3.8 ms, Seff = 1.2 cm/s (1 Ωcm n-type) after depositing at 250 °C. Studies on the effect of annealing showed that an annealing temperature of 450 °C is necessary to completely activate the passivation. The low Seff values were attributed to a very high negative fixed charge density ~1013 cm-2 together with strong chemical passivation.

In this study, the effects of bioprocess parameters on glucose isomerase roduction by Bacillus thermoantarcticus (DSMZ 9572) were investigated. For his purpose, firstly, in laboratory scale shake-bioreactors, a defined medium was designed in terms of its carbon and nitrogen sources, to achieve the highest glucose isomerase activity. Optimum concentrations of medium components were determined by a statistical approach, namely Response Surface Methodology (RSM). RSM defined the relationship between the response, glucose isomerase activity and the independent variables, medium components. The highest glucose isomerase volumetric activity was obtained as 1630 U L-1 in the optimized medium containing 10.64 kg m-3 xylan, 5.66 kg m-3 yeast extract, 5.92 kg m-3 (NH4)2SO4, 0.25 kg m-3 MgSO4.7H2O, 0.001 kg m-3 FeSO4.7H2O, 0.001 kg m-3 ZnSO4.7H2O , 0.000075 kg m-3 MnSO4. H2O, and 0.00001 kg m-3 CuSO4.5H2O at conditions: pH0= 6.0, T=55&deg / C, N=200 min-1. Then by using the designed medium, pH and oxygen transfer conditions of the bioprocess were investigated in 3.0 dm3 pilot scale bioreactor. The effect of pH was analyzed at pH=6 uncontrolled and controlled operations with the following conditions: air inlet rate of Q0/VR=0.5 vvm and agitation rate of N=500 min-1. The effects of oxygen transfer parameters were examined, at pH=6 controlled condition, at an air inlet rate of Q0/VR=0.5 vvm and the agitation rates of N=300,500,750 min-1. The variations in glucose isomerase activity, cell, amino acid and organic acid concentrations with the cell cultivation time, specific cell growth rate, the oxygen uptake rate, the liquid phase coefficient by using the dynamic method, maintenance coefficient for oxygen and yield coefficients were determined. The highest glucose isomerase volumetric activity and cell concentration, 1838 U L-1 and 2.26 kg m-3 at the 24th of the cell cultivation were attained at 0.5 vvm, 500 min 1 and pH=6 uncontrolled operation.

Liquid waste discharged from industrial outfalls is categorized into two major classes based on their density. One type is the effluent that has a higher density than that of the ambient water body. In this case, the discharged effluent has a tendency to sink as a negatively buoyant jet. The second type is the effluent that has a lower density than that of the ambient water body and is hence defined as a (positively) buoyant jet that causes the effluent to rise. Negatively/Positively buoyant jets are found in various civil and environmental engineering projects: discharges of desalination plants, discharges of cooling water from nuclear power plants turbines, mixing chambers, etc. This thesis investigated the mixing and dispersion characteristics of such jets numerically. In this thesis, mixing behavior of these jets is studied using a finite volume model (OpenFOAM). Various turbulence models have been applied in the numerical model to assess the accuracy of turbulence models in predicting the effluent discharges in submerged outfalls. Four Linear Eddy Viscosity Models (LEVMs) are used in the positively buoyant wall jet model for discharging of heated waste including: standard k-ε, RNG k-ε, realizable k-ε and SST k-ω turbulence models. It was found that RNG k-ε, and realizable k-ε turbulence models performed better among the four models chosen. Then, in the next step, numerical simulations of 30˚ and 45˚ inclined dense turbulent jets in stationary ambient water have been conducted. These two angles are examined in this study due to lower terminal rise height for 30˚ and 45˚, which is very important for discharges of effluent in shallow waters compared to higher angles. Five Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence models are applied to evaluate the accuracy of CFD predictions. These models include two LEVMs: RNG k-ε, and realizable k-ε; one Nonlinear Eddy Viscosity Model (NLEVM): Nonlinear k-ε; and two Reynolds Stress Models (RSMs): LRR and Launder-Gibson. It has been observed that the LRR turbulence model as well as the realizable k-ε model predict the flow more accurately among the various turbulence models studied herein.

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of microwave frying process on the quality of potato slices and to optimize the process by using different statistical optimization techniques. Use of microwave frying for food products may be considered as a new way of improving the quality of the fried foods. In the first part of the study, the effects of microwaves on quality of fried potatoes (moisture content, oil content, color and hardness) were studied and the process was optimized by using Taguchi Technique. Microwave power level (400W, 550W and 700W), frying time (2.0, 2.5, 3.0 minutes) and oil type (sunflower, corn and hazelnut oil) were the parameters used in the study. Moisture content of potatoes decreased whereas oil content, hardness and &amp / #916 / E values of the potatoes increased with increasing frying time and microwave power level. The potatoes with the highest oil content were found to be the ones that were fried in the hazelnut oil. The optimum condition was found as frying at 550W microwave power level, for 2.5 minutes in sunflower oil. The potatoes that were fried at the optimum condition were determined to have lower oil contents compared to the ones fried conventionally.In the second part of the study, osmotic dehydration was applied prior to microwave frying process in order to reduce oil uptake and to evaluate the effect of osmotic dehydration with microwaves on quality of fried potatoes. The process was optimized by using both Taguchi Technique and Response Surface Methodology. Microwave power level (400W, 550W and 700W), frying time (1.5, 2.0, 2.5 minutes) and osmotic dehydration time (15, 30, 45 minutes) were the parameters used in the study. Osmotic dehydration treatment was conducted in a salt solution of 20 % (w/w) at 30oC. Moisture content decreased whereas oil content, hardness and &amp / #916 / E value of potatoes increased with increasing frying time and microwave power level. Dehydration of potatoes osmotically prior to frying reduced the oil content of fried potatoes. The optimum condition was found as frying at 400 W microwave power level for 1.5 min after 30 min of osmotic dehydration time according to Taguchi Technique. Microwave power level and frying time were the same as Taguchi Technique but osmotic dehydration time was 39 min for the optimum condition found using response surface methodology.

Submitted by João Paulo de Oliveira Freitas null (joaopaulo.web@gmail.com) on 2016-08-02T01:52:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Mestrado_Joao_Paulo_de_Oliveira_Freitas_Versao_Final.pdf: 4118612 bytes, checksum: 1c718cf34ece9e66c44529e9ab3f5ece (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-03T16:21:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 freitas_jpo_me_bauru.pdf: 4118612 bytes, checksum: 1c718cf34ece9e66c44529e9ab3f5ece (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:21:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 freitas_jpo_me_bauru.pdf: 4118612 bytes, checksum: 1c718cf34ece9e66c44529e9ab3f5ece (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-22 / Nas últimas décadas implantes dentários vêm sendo bem aceitos por odontologistas e pacientes devido à sua grande capacidade de reabilitação de funções e estética. Sendo assim, é constante a busca por soluções que forneçam boa estabilidade para o implante que está diretamente relacionada às características do sistema e do osso. A principal região de estudo é a interface osso-implante, em destaque para o osso cortical, onde a alta compressão acarreta o desgaste ósseo e instabilidade do implante. O trabalho em questão propõe a realização da análise paramétrica e a otimização da estrutura de um implante unitário em estado plano de deformação. Sendo assim, funções denominadas superfícies de resposta foram desenvolvidas. Nelas são fornecidos dados de geometria, carga e rigidez do osso cortical e como resposta são obtidas tensões de Von Mises no osso cortical. Simultaneamente, são identificados os parâmetros mais e menos influentes na resposta. Para isso, foram aplicados os conceitos de RSM (Response Surface Methodology) e DOE (Design of Experiments) juntamente com modelos em elementos finitos no plano bidimensional. Com a superfície de resposta definida, soluções de otimização estrutural foram desenvolvidas, para as quais objetivou-se a minimização da tensão no osso cortical e ao mesmo tempo a redução da área de osso removida, selecionando assim os melhores implantes para cada ponderação de objetivo. Assim, apresenta-se não só a interpretação da influência de cada parâmetro na resposta mecânica no osso, mas também um processo mais ágil na estimativa de tensões críticas através de funções e, com soluções multiobjetivas, dá suporte à escolha correta do implante, à investigação mais rápida de falhas e à proposta de soluções de forma mais apurada. / Over recent decades dental implants have been well accepted by dentists and patients due to its great capacity for rehabilitation of function and aesthetics. Thus, it is a constant search for solutions that provide good stability to the implant that is directly related to system characteristics and bone. The main study area is the bone-implant interface, especially the cortical bone, where high compression causes bone wear and instability of the implant. The work in question proposes the realization of parametric analysis and optimization of the structure of a single implant in plane strain state. So, functions denominated as response surface have been developed. For them are provided data like geometry, load and cortical bone stiffness and as response are obtained Von Mises stress in cortical bone. At the same time more and less influential parameters are identified in the response. For this were applied the concepts of RSM (Response Surface Methodology) and DOE (Design of Experiments) with finite element models in two-dimensional plane. With the response surface defined, structural optimization solutions have been developed to which the goal was to minimize the stress in the cortical bone while reducing the area of bone removed, thus selecting the best implants for each weighing goal. Therefore, it presents not only the interpretation of the influence of each parameter on the mechanical response in the bone, but also a faster process in the estimation of critical stress functions and with multiobjective solutions, supports the correct choice of implant, faster research of failures and the proposal for more accurate form of solutions.